Addictive behaviors最新文献

The relationship between adult attachment (anxious attachment and avoidant attachment) and problematic social media use is controversial and contradictory. Hence, the present study clarified the relationship between adult attachment dimensions and problematic social media use through meta-analysis. To better explain the relationship, this study also established meta-analytic structural equation modeling to examine the mediating role of social anxiety in the relationship. This study used CMA and R software for data analysis. Forty-five effect sizes were included in the study, including 11,746 individuals. Results showed that anxious attachment was strongly correlated with problematic social media use (r = 0.319, 95 %CI[0.271, 0.366]), whereas avoidant attachment was weakly correlated with problematic social media use (r = 0.091, 95 %CI[0.011,0.170]). Moderating effects showed that the relationship between anxious attachment and problematic social media use was moderated by the measurement instrument. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling showed that anxious attachment had a significant positive effect on PSMU through social anxiety, anxious attachment had a significant positive effect on PSMU through social anxiety. This study clarifies inconsistencies in the existing literature through meta-analysis, providing reliable conclusions and novel perspectives. It assists clinical practitioners in developing tailored treatment programs for practical interventions. It is suggested that treatment for problematic social media use requires attention to individuals with insecure adult attachment and social anxiety. For individuals with high anxious attachment and social anxiety, it is essential to help them manage their social media use effectively and reduce their dependence on it. Concurrently, interventions for attachment avoidant individuals should focus on enhancing their social self-confidence to reduce the influence of social anxiety on their social media use.

Introduction

The internet is a crucial platform for individuals to gain social support, enhancing their well-being. However, research indicated that while online social support (OSS) has positive aspects, it also carries potential drawbacks and can lead to problematic Internet use (PIU). This study aims to examine the complex relationship between OSS and PIU.

Methods

Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed across five English and three Chinese databases. A total of 1966 articles were initially screened by title, followed by abstract, and finally, full text. And the random-effects model was used to synthesize the included 31 studies.

Results

31 studies were identified, encompassing a total sample of 22,375 participants. Meta-analysis revealed a moderate and significant correlation between OSS and PIU (r = 0.293), and it was significantly moderated by gender and the measurement methods of PIU. Notably, the relationship was more pronounced in studies with a higher proportion of female participants; when PIU was measured by problematic social media use, the relationship with OSS was stronger than studies that measured PIU by general problematic Internet use or problematic mobile phone use.

Conclusion

These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the association between OSS and PIU, and carry implications for identifying and addressing the potential risks associated with social support provision in the digital realm.

Public concern around gambling advertising in the UK has been met not by government action but by industry self-regulations, such as a forthcoming voluntary ban on front-of-shirt gambling sponsorship in Premier League soccer. “Safer gambling” (harm prevention) adverts are one recent example, and are TV commercials which inform viewers about gambling-related harm. The present work is the first independent evaluation of safer gambling adverts by both gambling operators and a charity called GambleAware. In an online experiment, we observed the change in participants’ (N = 2,741) Gambling Urge Scale (GUS) scores after viewing either: a conventional financial inducement gambling advert, a gambling operator’s safer gambling advert, an advert from the GambleAware “bet regret” campaign, an advert from the GambleAware “stigma reduction” campaign, or a control advert that was not about gambling. Relative to a neutral control advert, GUS scores increased after viewing a financial inducement or an operator’s safer gambling advert. In comparison to the neutral control condition, GUS score changes were similar after viewing a bet regret advert, but showed a significant decrease after viewing a stigma reduction advert. Those at higher risk of harm reported larger decreases in GUS after watching a bet regret or stigma reduction advert. Overall, this study introduced a novel experimental paradigm for evaluating safer gambling adverts, uncovered a potential downside from gambling operators’ safer gambling adverts, and revealed variation in the potential effectiveness of charity-delivered safer gambling adverts.

Objective

Reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes decreases their addictiveness and abuse liability, including among adolescents. Whether these effects differ by race/ethnicity is unknown. This study is a secondary analysis of previously published data collected between 2014–2017. We examined racial/ethnic differences in the effects of smoking cigarettes with varying nicotine content levels on subjective effects and tobacco withdrawal among adolescents who smoke daily.

Methods

Across two counterbalanced sessions, 50 adolescents recruited from Rhode Island (ages 15–19; 30 % Underrepresented Minorities [URM], 20 % Asians and Pacific Islanders [API]; 50 % Non-Hispanic Whites) self-administered a very low nicotine content (VLNC; 0.4 mg nicotine/g of tobacco) or normal nicotine content control (NNC; 15.8 mg/g) research cigarette following overnight abstinence. Subjective effects were reported post-administration and tobacco withdrawal outcomes were calculated from pre- to post-administration scores. Multilevel linear models tested main and interactive effects between cigarette nicotine content and race/ethnicity on all study outcomes.

Results

Participants reported lower positive subjective effects and reductions in smoking urges after smoking a VLNC cigarette relative to smoking an NNC cigarette (ps < 0.01). A main effect of race/ethnicity emerged, such that API (vs. URM and White) adolescents reported lower positive subjective effects, greater craving reduction, and higher cigarette aversion after smoking, regardless of nicotine content (ps < 0.05). Significant interactions were found between race/ethnicity and nicotine content for cigarette aversion, such that API adolescents rated VLNC (vs. NNC) cigarettes as less aversive than White and URM adolescents did (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Findings provide evidence that VLNC cigarettes may reduce abuse liability and tobacco withdrawal symptoms for adolescents across racial/ethnic groups and particularly for API youth.

Background

Researchers have drawn attention to the need for modifying survey questions on cigars for distinguishing use intended for tobacco versus cannabis (i.e. blunt) consumption. Yet, most surveys do not distinguish persons who only smoke blunts (POSB) from persons who smoke blunts and unmodified cigars/cigarillos (PSBC). This study was intended to evaluate existing measures in U.S. national surveys for establishing a standard for the field.

Methods

Two of six leading U.S national surveys, the NSDUH and PATH, measured dual use of blunts and cigars. The analytical sample of this study included adult participants of the 2017 NSDUH (n = 2493) and Wave 4 PATH (n = 3175) who smoked a cigar or blunt in the past month and reported cigar brand usually or last smoked; the latter was used as a validation measure.

Results

Odds of using Swisher Sweets and other brands (vs. Black & Mild) increased with more frequent blunt use relative to persons who only smoked unmodified cigars/cigarillos (POSC). Further, regression coefficients for the three subgroups of PSBC differed significantly, highlighting the utility of an ordinal versus aggregated measure. Estimates of the former were diminished in magnitude upon expanding the sample to persons who smoked any cigar product.

Conclusions

Validation of the ordinal measure of blunt-cigarillo use in PATH supports the measure’s implementation as a standard for U.S. national surveys. Implementation of the measure in other surveys (e.g., NSDUH) would provide a more consistent and accurate assessment of blunt and cigar use for monitoring health risks.

Gambling disorder (GD) is a behavioral addiction that causes serious harm to individuals’ mental health and social functioning. This study aimed to explore whether gamblers’ illness representations (IR) for GD are related to disordered and/or controlled patterns of gambling under the framework of commonsense model of self-regulation (CSM). Based on CSM, different facets of IR do not exist in isolation but together form a total illness schema; we hence used a person-centered analysis method, latent profile analysis (LPA), to classify gamblers by their overall IR for GD (including consequences, personal and treatment control, timeline cyclical, emotional representations, and coherence) into groups and then tested whether these groups differed in GD symptoms, controlled gambling behaviors, and help-seeking intention. An anonymous online survey was conducted on a social media platform, and valid responses from 589 past-year adult gamblers were collected. LPA results supported a four-profile model, revealing four profiles of GD representations: the weak-perception profile, average profile, tensed-up profile, and rational profile. Significant differences were found in all outcome variables in these four profile groups. In particular, the rational group exhibited the lowest levels of GD symptoms and impaired behavioral control, the highest levels of responsible and controlled gambling, and the highest levels of help-seeking intention, whereas the weak-perception group reported the lowest levels of responsible and controlled gambling behaviors. The findings provide empirical support for the application of CSM to addictive behaviors, as well as preliminary evidence for the potential use of CSM-based interventions for GD prevention.

Background

Cannabis legalization has made cannabis accessible via dispensaries which sell a wide variety of cannabis products. Importantly, the various routes of administration are associated with differing consequences. As such, it’s crucial to understand the prevalence and correlates of different cannabis products. Unfortunately, research has yet to examine the prevalence of certain forms of cannabis use, and little is known about the prevalence of using multiple forms of cannabis, and whether individual-level factors are associated with using different forms of cannabis.

Methods

The current study uses data from the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to examine the prevalence and correlates of eight different types of cannabis use (smoking, vaping, eating/drinking, dabbing, drops/lozenges, topical, pills, and other), as well as a cannabis variety scale, on samples of adult and adolescent cannabis users.

Results

The results suggest that certain routes of administration are more prevalent than others and that these patterns are fairly consistent between adults and adolescents. Similarly, for both adults and adolescents, the majority of users used more than one cannabis product. Lastly, several individual-level factors are associated with the various forms of cannabis use and many of these associations vary by the route of administration examined.

Conclusions

The results of the current study demonstrate that there are differences among cannabis users. If we can develop an understanding of who uses the various forms of cannabis, we could identify the users of the more dangerous forms and provide these individuals with more resources.

Frequently mentioned anecdotally, hangovers are under-investigated within the scientific study of alcohol, as is the role of physical activity (PA) on hangovers. The well-established positive association between PA and AC (AC) suggests that PA may buffer negative physiological consequences of AC, including hangovers. The present study was therefore conducted in order to determine whether PA influences hangovers. Undergraduates (N=1676) from two large universities in the United States who experienced at least one hangover in the past three months and who engaged in at least 30 min of moderate PA per week were recruited to participate. Participants completed online questionnaires about their AC, PA, and frequency and severity of hangover symptoms. Both between- and within-person associations between AC and hangover were examined, factoring in the potential moderating effects of both moderate and vigorous PA. Small effects were observed for correlations between PA and outcomes assessing AC and hangovers (rs ranged from 0.09 to 0.15). Results also revealed that individuals who consumed more alcohol per month experienced hangovers more frequently and had more severe symptoms. These associations were attenuated among individuals who spent more hours engaging in vigorous but not moderate PA. The current study is the first to show PA influences the experience of hangovers, and we posit this may be a mechanism underlying the positive relationship between PA and AC. Our findings advance the growing literature on alcohol use and PA and may contribute to the development of interventions for alcohol-related problems and alcohol use disorders.

Introduction

Little is known about the adverse events (AEs) of cytisine versus varenicline among individuals with mental health disorders (MHDs), highlighting the necessity for further exploration to inform clinical practice. This secondary analysis of clinical trial data aimed to investigate the effect of varenicline vs. cytisine regarding mental-health-related AEs (MH-related AEs) on smokers with and without MHDs.

Methods

Australian daily smokers interested in quitting were randomised to varenicline (84 days) or cytisine (25 days) and categorised by self-reported MHD diagnosis or treatment in the past year (MHD or non-MHD groups). Treatment adherence was assessed by self-reported number of doses taken during the active treatment phase via two check-in calls (at one month), while AEs were evaluated through four phone interviews: two check-in calls (one month) and follow-up calls at four and seven months. Logistic regression analysis compared MH-related AEs between groups, including only participants taking at least one dose.

Results

Of 1452 smokers 246 reported MHDs, 725 received cytisine and 727 received varenicline. Median number of doses taken was comparable between MHD (34 cytisine and 12 varenicline) and non-MHD (33 cytisine and 13 varenicline) groups. MH-related AEs were: 14.1 % (n = 30) in MHD (12.5 % in cytisine and 15.4 % in varenicline), and 11.8 % (n = 126) in non-MHD group (10.9 % in cytisine and 13.7 % in varenicline). No significant difference in MH-related AE occurrence was identified between medication groups (aOR=0.96, 95 % CI 0.4 to 2.2, p-value = 0.94).

Conclusion

Comparable MH-related AEs were observed between smokers with and without MHDs, suggesting that cytisine, like varenicline, may be well-tolerated by those with MHDs. However, larger clinical trials focused on MH-related AEs are needed for more conclusive evidence.

Mindfulness has garnered attention for its potential in alleviating cigarette cravings; however, the neural mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain inadequately understood. This study (N=46, all men) aims to examine the impact of a mindfulness strategy on regulating cue-induced craving and associated brain activity. Twenty-three smokers, consuming over 10 cigarettes daily for at least 2 years， were compared to twenty-three non-smokers. During a regulation of craving task, participants were asked to practice mindfulness during smoking cue-exposure or passively view smoking cues while fMRI scans were completed. A 2 (condition: mindfulness-cigarette and look-cigarette) $\times$ 2 (phase: early, late of whole smoking cue-exposure period) repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant interaction of the craving scores between condition and phase, indicating that the mindfulness strategy dampened late-phase craving. Additionally, within the smoker group, the fMRI analyses revealed a significant main effect of mindfulness condition and its interaction with time in several brain networks involving reward, emotion, and interoception. Specifically, the bilateral insula, ventral striatum, and amygdala showed lower activation in the mindfulness condition, whereas the activation of right orbitofrontal cortex mirrored the strategy-time interaction effect of the craving change. This study illuminates the dynamic interplay between mindfulness, smoking cue-induced craving, and neural activity, offering insights into how mindfulness may effectively regulate cigarette cravings.