Nanotechnologies in Russia最新文献

A study of the design and removable wooden elements of a two-part cabinet (four doors) from the collection of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts is presented. The cabinet is made in the style of the second French Renaissance of the Burgundian-Lyon school of the late 16th–early 17th centuries with renovation in the 19th century. X-ray tomography studies reveal areas of natural damage to the wood material caused by woodworm, the methods for joining the door parts, and areas of later modifications of the design. According to infrared (IR) spectroscopy data, it is established that all door parts are made of hardwood, presumably walnut.

The chemical composition of the metal of the staters of the Bosporan King Rhescuporis V with the date ΔΞФ (564 Bosporan era = AD 267/8) is studied. For the first time, the presence of chlorine is detected not only on the surface of coins, which is associated with the technique of using special silvering pastes based on silver chlorides, but precisely in the core of the coin, which is rich in copper. The discovery of copper chloride in the core of the coin suggests that the raw material for the coinage alloy could be metal from oxidation zones of copper deposits in the steppe zone or deserts, or deposits located near the Black Sea coast. Similar deposits with chlorine-containing copper ores, which were mined in ancient times, are known in the Eastern Black Sea region, the Caucasus, Anatolia, the Urals, and Kazakhstan.

Photogrammetric methods for collecting and analyzing data at disappearing cultural-heritage sites represent a solution that will not only be the basis for compiling graphic measurement and visual materials, but will also serve for training neural networks that will fill in lost architectural and picturesque elements of architectural structures. The object of the study is a church complex in Ostrov village, Gavrilov-Yamsky district, Yaroslavl oblast. To obtain a three-dimensional model, ground and aerial photography with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), geodetic measurements, and an architectural survey are carried out. The results are: a digital terrain model, a model of the church complex (inside and outside) in the form of a dense point cloud and a polygonal model. The models are created in real dimensions with accuracies corresponding to a scale of 1 : 50 or 1 : 200.

The chemical composition of glass of 19 items (mostly vessels) from the Eski-Kermen plateau in southwestern Crimea has been studied with LA-ICP-MS and SEM-EDX techniques. The findings originate from the destruction layer of the late 13th century AD as well as from two churches and a manor of a noble citizen. The studied samples are made of Eastern Mediterranean plant ash glass, mainly of the Levantine origin, and of glass with high concentrations of boron and lithium, which origin is associated with Western Anatolia. It does not necessarily imply that the vessels themselves originate from these glassmaking regions, because raw glass, at least Eastern Mediterranean (Levantine), was a long-distance trade commodity and could have been imported into Byzantium or elsewhere. Glass of presumably Western Anatolian origin is heterogeneous in composition and likely originate from glassmaking centers that used raw materials from different sources. Most glass of this group features signs of the extensive recycling. The glass with a high B and Li content appears in Esky-Kermen in the 10th century AD at the latest. According to an earlier study of window glass composition from the site, its emergence here before the 13th century remained doubtful. Two early Islamic marvered vessels are made of glass with elevated content of boron and lithium, featuring signs of recycling. Such examples have already been recorded earlier among glassware made in this style from Pergamon and Branichevo in Serbia. This raises the question of possible manufacturing centers for some vessels with marvered décor.

The impact of the allelic state of the plastid glutamine synthase genes TaGS2-A1 and vernalization gene VRN-B1, along with the translocation 1RS.1BL, on economically valuable traits of spring common wheat in the Omsk oblast was investigated. The study focused on the spring wheat collection from the Omsk Agricultural Research Center. Through genotyping of the collection and statistical analysis of field data from 2022 and 2023, it was determined that the translocation 1RS.1BL and the TaGS2-A1a allele exert the most substantial positive influence on plant productivity and spike structure. The effect of the TaGS2-A1a allele was more pronounced in plants lacking the translocation 1RS.1BL: the difference in grain weight per spike between the TaGS2-A1a and TaGS2-A1b alleles ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 g (18 to 56%). Additionally, the influence of VRN-B1 on heading dates was more significant in plants without the translocation: those with the spring allele Vrn-B1 outpaced plants with the winter allele vrn-B1 by three days. Therefore, the presence of the translocation 1RS.1BL appears to mask the phenotypic expression of TaGS2-A1 and VRN-B1. Plants carrying the allelic combination TaGS2-A1a+1RS.1BL+vrn-B1 demonstrated greater productivity than other allelic combinations.

The structure and pigment composition of paint layers of Paul Gauguin’s painting Sunflowers are studied by investigating cross sections with fragments of the painting using polarization microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. It is found that the painting is painted on a striped colored cotton will canvas. The results of the study show that the primer consists of two layers: a lower chalk layer and an upper layer consisting of lithopone. Pigments such as cadmium yellow, barite yellow, ultramarine, cinnabar, arsenic copper, zinc white, lead white, chalk, and barite are found in the paint layers. It is found by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry that linseed oil is used as a binder, and beeswax is applied to the painting surface to strengthen it. It is shown that the much better state of preservation of Sunflowers (relative to other paintings by Gauguin) is due to the choice of a twill canvas and adherence to painting technology.

Orthodox churches and their paintings are an important part of the historical heritage. Along with well-preserved and maintained churches, there are a large number of dilapidated buildings included in the list of cultural heritage sites, which are in a deplorable state due to lack of funds for restoration. The expanding possibilities of collecting diverse information on cultural heritage make it possible to accumulate and systematize information about sites in order to be able to document their reconstruction and restoration in the future. This study addresses the problem of analyzing changes in the wall paintings of Orthodox churches based on remote-sensing data using multi-temporal interior images, including amateur photography.

The wide practical application of carbon nanomaterials (CNM) is limited by their potential ecological toxicity, various aspects of which remain debatable. This work assesses the effect of graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the growth, viability, oxidative stress, and content of photosynthetic pigments in the cells of a common microalga of the genus Desmodesmus. The study shows differences in the effects of different carbon nanomaterials at the same concentrations. Thus, GO does not have a negative effect on the viability and cell growth of the microalga Desmodesmus armatus with the exception of an increase in the level of oxidative stress, which ultimately affects growth of the culture. At the same time, when MWCNTs are added at concentrations of 100 and 1000 μg/L, a significant decrease in the growth of the cell number is recorded already on the 7th day of the experiment, with the effect maintained at the end of the experiment (14th day). At the same concentrations, a significantly higher level of oxidative stress is observed on the 14th day of the experiment. The analyzed CNMs do not have a reliable effect on the content of photosynthetic pigments. Thus, in the studied concentrations, GO turns out to be practically safe for the studied microalgae, unlike MWCNTs, which show noticeable toxicity. This can be taken into account in the future when developing practical applications for such CNMs, and can also be used in environmental regulation of their content in the environment.

A study of the mineralogy and geochemical features of copper metallurgical slags and ore fragments from the Late Bronze Age settlements of Kuduksay and Ushkatta I in Orenburg oblast is carried out. Settlements located near Elenovskoe and Ushkattinskoe ore sources. In ancient times, the upper horizons of the oxidation zone were subject to exploitation. The final metal was pure copper with a low trace elements content. Metal smelting took place in an oxidizing (rarely weakly reducing) atmosphere without the use of fluxes. The marker of ores mined at Elenovskoe and Ushkattinskoe is an association of tourmaline of the dravite-schorl series, and W-containing rutile and monazite. Some of the ores, judging by the findings at the Bronze Age sites of the Southern Trans-Urals, could have been exported to the north.

The results of studying an engraved image on a bronze mirror belonging to the Maeotian-Sarmatian culture, an accidental find from Eastern Trans-Kuban in the Northwestern Caucasus, are presented. X‑ray tomography makes it possible to significantly enhance the details of the scene on the back of the mirror, which has been hidden by corrosion. In particular, in the battle scene located in the center of the mirror, the ethnographic features of the man’s costume, which is likely characteristic of the ancient population of the Northwestern Caucasus of the 2nd–1st centuries BC, are revealed.