Nanotechnologies in Russia最新文献

The biological activity of chemically synthesized nanocomposites (NCs) based on nanoparticles (NPs) of copper(I) oxide (NC Cu₂O/AG) and manganese hydroxide (NC Mn(OH)₂/AGs) based on an arabinogalactan (AG) natural polymer matrix is investigated for the development of a novel growth promoter for potato plants. Potato plants are grown on a nutrient medium, to which, instead of CuSO₄·4H₂O and MnSO₄·4H₂O salts, the corresponding NCs are added separately or in combination. It is found that NC Mn(OH)₂/AGs at a concentration of 0.0132%, both individually and in combination with NC Cu₂O/AG at a concentration of 0.0084%, stimulates incremental growth by 20% compared to the control in vitro potato plants. This NC enhances the growth of potato plants by elongation of the internodes and increases the biomass of the roots and aerial parts. The biomass of roots in plants, growing on a medium with two NCs, is 70% higher than in the control. Stimulation of the increase in biomass may be associated with the enhanced intensity of photosynthesis due to an increase in the amount of pigments in response to this NC. The content of carotenoids increases by 40% in response to the manganese-containing NC. Treatment with the studied NC reduces the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in root tissues from 35 to 68% due to the enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes. Catalase activity is boosted by 16 to 120% compared to the control. These data and previously obtained results suggest that the manganese NC shows considerable promise as a growth promoter in cultivated plants.

As a result of studies of colchicine-treated proembryogenic cell suspensions and globular somatic embryoids of the hybrid form E-342 in liquid-medium variants, a universal methodology for the development of globular, heart-shaped, and torpedo-shaped embryoids for various grape genotypes is developed. Using the VMC7f2 and p3_VvAGL11 marker-assisted selection (MAS) markers associated with seedlessness, we detect hybrids with alleles linked to the seedless trait in the population of hybrid seedlings.

The increasing demand for products manufactured using nanotechnology contributes to a major increase in the synthesis of nanoscale materials and their inflow into the aquatic environment. TiO₂ nanoparticles as micropollutants in the aquatic environment directly affect many living organisms with generally negative effects. Microalgae have proven efficacy in bioremediation, which makes them a potential agent for the bioremediation of nanoparticles from wastewater. Evaluation of the capacity of microalgae from the genus Desmodesmus for the bioaccumulation of TiO₂ nanoparticles is carried out and the degree of resistance of microalgae cells to the action of environmentally relevant concentrations of these nanoparticles is determined. Spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles with a size of 30–40 nm are used. It is found by flow cytometry that TiO₂ nanoparticles at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L have no significant effect on the viability of microalgae cells and level of oxidative stress. Nanoparticles at a concentration of 1000 µg/L increase the concentration of photosynthetic pigments by 18–33% by day 13 of the experiment. Desmodesmus sp. appears to be a culture relatively resistant to nanoparticles; the increased bioaccumulation of titanium by microalgae cells in the experimental groups is detected by ICP-MS. All this indicates the significant potential of Desmodesmus sp. for the removal of nanostructured pollutants from the aquatic environment.

Sheep pox virus is one of the most serious diseases of livestock. The virus causes damage to integuments, spreads rapidly within the herd, and often leads to serious economic losses. The set of sanitary and epidemiological measures during outbreaks of the infection largely depends on identification of the virus strain and unambiguous differentiation of the infectious strain from vaccine ones. The most modern and precise approach to identifying virus strains is the whole metagenome sequencing of samples followed by assembly and analysis of the virome of the sample. We evaluate the applicability of shotgun metagenomic sequencing to accurately confirm the species of the virus and to identify it to the level of the strain using de novo assembly of the virome. It is shown that this approach allows one not only to accurately determine the strain affiliation of an infectious agent, but also to reveal and identify possible coinfections of both viral and bacterial natures.

The dynamics of the de novo generation of biogenic metal nanoparticles clearly reflects the features of the interaction of the used cells with cations. With this taken into account, we develop a methodological approach that makes it possible to assess the level of metabolic activity of cells by measuring the linear parameters of biogenic metal nanoparticles that are formed in situ in minutes (DBNG, detection of biogenic-nanoparticle generation/growth). This work shows examples of the practical use of this research approach, which makes it possible to detect the contamination of growth media, assess the physiological state of pure cultures of microorganisms during their cultivation, compare the physiological state of natural microbial communities under changing environmental conditions, identify metabolic differences when comparing genetically closely related cultures of microorganisms, search for cultures with an increased level of target metabolic activities for practical use, and differentiate types of human tumor tissues.

The effect of iron, copper, and, for comparison, cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) on agricultural plants is studied for the creation of new-generation fertilizers and growth stimulants. The effect of metallic NPs 20–100 nm in size is determined in the concentration range from 0.01 to 100 g per hectare of the seeding rate of vetch and wheat. The results obtained clearly show an increase in the seed-germination capacity and viability, as well as in the metric parameters of seedlings, under the action of NPs. This is due to the fact that NPs can release an additional amount of hydrogen (protons and electrons) in an aqueous medium due to their high reducing ability. Aqueous solutions of iron, copper, and cobalt NPs are characterized by a decrease in the pH value of the suspensions upon dissolution, which is an additional source of energy in the plant-respiration process.