Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology最新文献_第10页

Beards Increase the Speed, Accuracy, and Explicit Judgments of Facial Threat 胡须可以提高面部威胁的速度、准确性和明确判断

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-06-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00169-1

Barnaby J. W. Dixson, Claire L. Barkhuizen, Belinda M. Craig

Objectives

To test whether intra-sexual selection has influenced perceptions of male facial hair. We predicted that beards would increase the speed and accuracy of perceptions of angry but not happy facial expressions. We also predicted that bearded angry faces would receive the highest explicit ratings of masculinity and aggressiveness, whereas higher prosociality ratings would be ascribed to clean-shaven happy faces.

Methods

A total of 106 participants, ranging from 17 to 59 years of age (M = 27.27, SD = 10.03); 59 were female and 47 were male (44.3%) completed an emotion categorization tasks and an explicit ratings task. Participants viewed faces of the same men when bearded, clean-shaven, and 10 days of natural growth (i.e. stubble) when posing angry and happy facial expressions.

Results

Angry facial expressions were categorised most rapidly and with the greatest accuracy on bearded faces, followed by faces with stubble then clean-shaven faces. Conversely, happy facial expressions were categorised most rapidly and with the greatest accuracy on clean-shaven faces, followed by stubbled faces then bearded faces. Irrespective of facial expression, full bearded faces received the highest ratings of masculinity followed by faces with stubble then clean-shaven faces. Aggressiveness ratings were highest for angry faces with full beards, followed by angry faces with stubble, with clean-shaven angry faces receiving the lowest ratings. In contrast to our prediction, bearded smiling faces were rated as significantly more prosocial than stubbled and clean-shaven smiling faces.

Conclusions

These findings contribute further evidence that men’s beardedness represents an intra-sexually selected badge of status that enhances nonverbal threat potentially by augmenting underlying masculine facial structures.

目的检验性内选择是否影响了对男性面部毛发的感知。我们预测，胡须会提高人们对愤怒但不快乐的面部表情的感知速度和准确性。我们还预测，留胡子的愤怒脸将获得最高的男性气概和攻击性的明确评分，而更高的亲社会性评分将归因于剃干净的快乐脸。方法共有106名参与者，年龄从17岁到59岁不等（M = 27.27，标准差 = 10.03）；59名女性和47名男性（44.3%）完成了情绪分类任务和明确评分任务。参与者在留着胡子、刮得干干净净时观察同一个男人的脸，在摆出愤怒和快乐的面部表情时观察10天的自然生长（即胡茬）。结果愤怒的面部表情在留胡子的脸上分类最快、准确度最高，其次是留胡茬的脸，然后是剃干净的脸。相反，快乐的面部表情在剃干净的脸上被分类得最快、最准确，其次是胡子脸，然后是胡子脸。无论面部表情如何，留着胡子的脸都获得了最高的男性气质评价，其次是留着胡茬的脸，然后是剃得干干净净的脸。蓄满胡子的愤怒脸的攻击性评分最高，其次是留着胡茬的愤怒脸，剃干净的愤怒脸评分最低。与我们的预测相反，留胡子的笑脸被认为比留胡子、剃干净的笑脸更亲社会。结论这些发现进一步证明，男性的胡须代表了一种性别内部选择的身份徽章，通过增强潜在的男性面部结构，可能会增强非语言威胁。

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引用次数: 11

Mate Availability and Sexual Disgust 伴侣可得性与性厌恶

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-05-13 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00168-2

Courtney L. Crosby, Patrick K. Durkee, Anna G. B. Sedlacek, David M. Buss

Objective

One of the factors that sexual disgust should be calibrated to is the size of the mating pool. This study tested this hypothesis by examining whether perceptions of mate availability explain variance in levels of sexual disgust towards potential mates.

Methods

Participants (N = 853; 373 women) rated how sexually disgusting they found 60 potential mates that have previously been rated on attractiveness by a separate group of raters. We also measured participants’ perceptions of mate availability in their local environment, self-perceived attractiveness and mate value, and relevant control variables.

Results

Multilevel models revealed a negative association between sexual disgust towards potential mates and perceived mate availability—the opposite of what we predicted. We found support for our prediction that women had higher levels of sexual disgust than men, but only after addressing the confounding sex difference in target attractiveness. We also found the predicted negative association between target attractiveness and sexual disgust. Finally, as predicted, sexual disgust levels were more strongly related to potential mates’ attractiveness in individuals who perceived there to be many available mates in their local environment.

Conclusions

These findings generally bolster functional accounts of sexual disgust while highlighting the need for more evidence to ascertain the role of mate availability in the calibration of sexual disgust. Specifically, future research should examine the extent to which disgust levels may truncate mental representations of the mating pool instead of being calibrated by them.

性厌恶应该根据交配池的大小来衡量。这项研究通过检验对配偶可用性的感知是否可以解释对潜在配偶的性厌恶程度的差异来检验这一假设。方法参与者（N = 853；373名女性）对他们发现的60名潜在伴侣的性厌恶程度进行了评分，这些伴侣之前曾被另一组评分者根据吸引力进行过评分。我们还测量了参与者对当地环境中伴侣可用性的感知、自我感知的吸引力和伴侣价值，以及相关的控制变量。结果多层次模型显示，对潜在伴侣的性厌恶与感知到的伴侣可用性之间存在负相关，这与我们的预测相反。我们发现，我们的预测得到了支持，即女性的性厌恶程度高于男性，但这是在解决了目标吸引力中令人困惑的性别差异之后。我们还发现了目标吸引力和性厌恶之间的预测负相关。最后，正如预测的那样，在那些认为当地环境中有很多可用伴侣的人中，性厌恶程度与潜在伴侣的吸引力更密切相关。结论这些发现总体上支持了性厌恶的功能解释，同时强调需要更多的证据来确定配偶可得性在性厌恶校准中的作用。具体来说，未来的研究应该考察厌恶程度在多大程度上会截断交配池的心理表征，而不是由它们来校准。

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引用次数: 3

Do Testosterone and Cortisol Jointly Relate to Adolescent Dominance? A Pre-registered Multi-method Interrogation of the Dual-Hormone Hypothesis 睾丸激素和皮质醇是否与青少年支配力有关?双激素假说的预登记多方法质疑

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-04-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00167-3

Allison N. Shields, Cassandra M. Brandes, Kathleen W. Reardon, Raul A. España, Jennifer L. Tackett

Objective

The goal of the present study was to extend the findings of the dual-hormone hypothesis (DHH) literature by assessing whether the interaction between testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) is associated with dominance in an adolescent sample via multiple methods of measuring T, C, and dominance, and with pre-registration of hypotheses and analyses.

Methods

In a sample of 337 adolescents (M_age = 14.98, SD = 1.51; 191 girls) and their caregivers, hormonal assays were obtained from hair and saliva, and dominance behavior was assessed across four operationalizations (behavioral ratings in a leadership task, self- and caregiver reported dominance motivations, and self-reported social potency).

Results

T and C main effects were generally null across hormone and dominance operationalizations, except that observer-rated dominance was negatively associated with salivary T, and social potency was positively associated with salivary T and negatively associated with salivary C. Support for the DHH was weak. Point estimates reflected a small negative T × C interaction for behavioral ratings of dominance, consistent with the DHH, whereas interaction effects for report-based dominance measures were close to zero or positive.

Conclusions

The results contribute to a growing evidence base suggesting T × C interaction effects are variable across measures and methods used to assess hormones and dominance and highlight the need for comprehensive, multi-method examinations employing best practices in scientific openness and transparency to reduce uncertainty in estimates. Measurement of hormones and dominance outcomes vary across labs and studies, and the largely null results should be considered in that context.

目的本研究的目的是通过多种测量T、C和优势的方法，以及假设和分析的预先登记，评估睾酮（T）和皮质醇（C）之间的相互作用是否与青少年样本中的优势有关，从而扩展双激素假说（DHH）文献的发现。方法对337名青少年（Mage = 14.98，标准差 = 1.51；191名女孩）及其照顾者，从头发和唾液中获得激素测定，并在四个操作中评估支配行为（领导任务中的行为评级、自我和照顾者报告的支配动机以及自我报告的社会效能），除了观察者评定的优势与唾液T呈负相关，社会效能与唾液T呈正相关，与唾液C呈负相关。对DHH的支持较弱。点估计值反映了一个小的负T × C支配行为评级的交互作用，与DHH一致，而基于报告的支配测量的交互作用效应接近于零或正。结论这些结果有助于增加证据基础，表明T × C相互作用效应在用于评估激素和优势的措施和方法中是可变的，并强调需要采用科学公开和透明的最佳实践进行全面、多方法的检查，以减少估计的不确定性。激素和优势结果的测量在实验室和研究中各不相同，在这种情况下应该考虑基本无效的结果。

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引用次数: 2

Differences between Behavior and Maturation: Developmental Effects of Father Absence 行为与成熟的差异:父亲缺失对发育的影响

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-04-14 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00166-4

Jessica A. Hehman, Catherine A. Salmon

Objective

A substantial body of research has investigated the effects of early family environments on sexual maturity and behavior, focusing mostly on effects on females. The purpose of the current study was to test the assumption that physiological maturation and casual sexual behavior are similarly influenced by early environmental stressors such as father absence (FA). Specifically, the current study investigated whether FA affects males’ and females’ casual sexual behavior and pubertal timing in the same way.

Methods

Young adults (89 females, 46 males) were asked to report the ages at which they lived with their biological father, their casual sexual behavior, and the age at which they experienced a major pubertal marker (menarche for females, first nocturnal emission for males).

Results

FA by itself did not predict casual sexual behavior, although it did predict pubertal timing such that FA was associated with earlier pubertal timing. Interaction effects, however, indicate the effect of FA on behavior and maturation was sex-specific. For females, FA was associated with more casual sexual behavior; whereas, for males, FA was associated with less casual sexual behavior. With regard to maturation, FA was associated with earlier pubertal timing for males but did not have much an effect on females’ pubertal timing.

Conclusions

Findings from the current study suggest the effects of FA on pubertal timing and casual sexual behavior are not specific to females. Furthermore, these findings suggest that sexual maturation and behavior may not be influenced in the same way by early environmental stressors.

大量研究调查了早期家庭环境对性成熟和性行为的影响，主要集中在对女性的影响上。本研究的目的是检验这样一种假设，即生理成熟和随意性行为同样受到早期环境压力源的影响，如父亲缺席（FA）。具体而言，目前的研究调查了FA是否以同样的方式影响男性和女性的随意性行为和青春期时间。方法让年轻人（89名女性，46名男性）报告他们与生父一起生活的年龄、他们的随意性行为，以及他们经历青春期主要标志物（女性月经初潮，男性首次夜间活动）的年龄。结果FA本身并不能预测随意性行为，尽管它确实预测了青春期的时间，因此FA与青春期的早期时间有关。然而，相互作用效应表明FA对行为和成熟的影响是性别特异性的。对于女性，FA与更随意的性行为有关；而对于男性来说，FA与不那么随意的性行为有关。在成熟方面，FA与男性的青春期提前有关，但对女性的青春期没有太大影响。结论本研究的结果表明，FA对青春期时机和随意性行为的影响并非女性特有。此外，这些发现表明，早期环境压力可能不会以同样的方式影响性成熟和性行为。

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引用次数: 2

Does Verbal Street Harassment Signal Perpetrator Dominance to Male and Female Observers? 街头言语骚扰是否向男性和女性观察者发出犯罪者支配地位的信号?

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00161-9

Faye T. Nitschke, Michael Lam

Objective

It is difficult to explain why verbal street harassment, where typically a male harasser yells sexually harassing statements at a female victim, has survived as a behaviour. We propose that verbal street harassment may signal a harasser’s dominance and aimed to test this in our registered report.

Methods

Participants (N = 443) read one of two vignettes describing either a street harassment incident (in which a male perpetrator harasses a female victim) or a street incident without harassment. Participants were asked to evaluate whether the male target possessed a range of traits (including dominance) and to evaluate any harm the female target suffered from the incident.

Results

Results suggested that the male target who verbally harassed a female victim on the street was perceived by participants as more dominant and as having a darker personality than a male target who did not engage in street harassment. Participants also perceived the female target as more harmed when she was harassed. However, results did not support the predicted interaction of participant sex and incident type on participants’ perceptions of the male and female targets.

Conclusions

These results suggest that verbal street harassment may signal a harasser’s dominance which may be why the behaviour has been maintained. To establish whether verbal street meets the conditions to be classed as a costly signal, these findings should be replicated and extended. Understanding why street harassment persists as a behaviour is critical to designing effective intervention to prevent street harassment and protect harassment victims.

很难解释为什么街头言语骚扰（通常是男性骚扰者对女性受害者大喊性骚扰言论）作为一种行为得以幸存。我们建议，街头言语骚扰可能表明骚扰者的主导地位，并旨在在我们的注册报告中测试这一点。方法参与者（N = 443）阅读了两个小插曲中的一个，描述了街头骚扰事件（男性施暴者骚扰女性受害者）或没有骚扰的街头事件。参与者被要求评估男性目标是否具有一系列特征（包括优势），并评估女性目标在事件中受到的任何伤害。结果表明，在街头对女性受害者进行言语骚扰的男性目标被参与者认为比不参与街头骚扰的男性对象更具统治力，性格更阴暗。参与者还认为女性目标在受到骚扰时受到的伤害更大。然而，研究结果并不支持预测的参与者性别和事件类型对参与者对男性和女性目标认知的交互作用。结论这些结果表明，街头言语骚扰可能标志着骚扰者的主导地位，这可能是这种行为得以维持的原因。为了确定言语街头是否符合被归类为代价高昂的信号的条件，这些发现应该被复制和扩展。了解街头骚扰作为一种行为持续存在的原因，对于设计有效的干预措施以防止街头骚扰和保护骚扰受害者至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Parenting, Cortisol, and Risky Behaviors in Emerging Adulthood: Diverging Patterns for Males and Females 育儿、皮质醇和成年初期的危险行为:男性和女性的不同模式

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00164-6

Erin E. Wood, Ray Garza, Shelia M. Kennison, Jennifer Byrd-Craven

Objective

Parenting behaviors in early development are associated with risk-taking behaviors in emerging adulthood. Risky behaviors are also shown to be associated with cortisol response to stressors. This study examined the moderating effect of neuroendocrine response to stressors on the link between parenting behaviors in early development and risky behaviors in emerging adulthood.

Methods

Participants were 78 healthy college students (38 males). Following a habituation session, participants completed a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Task prior to completing measures of risky behavior. Salivary cortisol was measured before the stressor, 20, and 40 min post-stressor.

Results

Parenting behaviors and cortisol response to stressor were seen to be linked risky behavior. For males, the link between harsh father behaviors and risky behavior was significantly moderated by cortisol response to stressor such that higher cortisol response was related to decreased risky behaviors. For females, risk-taking was associated with harsh and warm parenting behaviors, but the link between parenting and risky behaviors was not related to or moderated by cortisol response.

Conclusions

These results provide evidence that parents might have separate effect on predicting risky behaviors and provides support for literature that chronic stressors can influence sensitivity to acute stressors and subsequent risk-taking behaviors.

客观发育早期的养育行为与成年后的冒险行为有关。危险行为也被证明与皮质醇对压力源的反应有关。这项研究考察了神经内分泌对压力源的反应对早期发育中的养育行为和成年后的危险行为之间联系的调节作用。方法健康大学生78名（男38名）。在习惯化课程之后，参与者在完成风险行为的测量之前，完成了Trier社会压力任务的修改版本。在应激前、应激后20分钟和40分钟测量唾液皮质醇。结果父母行为和皮质醇对应激的反应被认为与危险行为有关。对于男性来说，严厉的父亲行为和危险行为之间的联系受到皮质醇对压力源的反应的显著调节，因此皮质醇反应越高，危险行为越少。对于女性来说，冒险与严厉和温暖的育儿行为有关，但育儿与危险行为之间的联系与皮质醇反应无关，也不受皮质醇反应的调节。结论这些结果提供了证据，证明父母在预测危险行为方面可能有单独的作用，并为慢性压力源会影响对急性压力源和随后的冒险行为的敏感性的文献提供了支持。

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引用次数: 1

Motives and Laterality: Exploring the Links 动机与侧面性：探索联系

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-03-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00165-5

Oliver C. Schultheiss, Olivia S. Schwemmer, Ksenia Khalaidovski

Objectives

We explored associations between the needs for power, achievement, and affiliation and functional cerebral asymmetries (FCAs), guided by three established hypotheses about the nature of these associations.

Methods

One-hundred-and-seven participants completed picture-story measures of dispositional motives and activity inhibition (AI), a frequent moderator of motive-behavior associations, tasks measuring FCAs (line bisection, chimeric emotional face judgments, turning bias, perceptual and response asymmetries on the Poffenberger task), self-reported laterality preferences (handedness, footedness, ear and eye preference), and interhemispheric interaction (crossed-uncrossed difference). They also completed an experiment manipulating hand contractions (left, right, both, neither) while they worked on a second picture-story motive measure.

Results

Dispositional power motivation was associated with stronger rightward asymmetry and less interhemispheric transfer in high-AI and stronger leftward asymmetry and more interhemispheric transfer in low-AI individuals. For the affiliation motive, findings were fewer and in the opposite direction of those for the power motive. These findings emerged for men, but not for women. Left- or right-hand contractions led to increases in power and achievement motivation, but not affiliation motivation. Only left-hand contractions led to decreased AI.

Conclusions

We discuss these findings in the context of sex-dimorphic organizing and activating effects of steroids on motives and laterality.

目的我们探讨了对权力、成就和从属关系的需求与功能性大脑不对称（FCAs）之间的关系，并以关于这些关系性质的三个既定假设为指导。方法107名参与者完成了倾向动机和活动抑制（AI）的图片故事测量，这是动机-行为关联的常见调节因子，测量FCA的任务（线平分、嵌合情绪面孔判断、转向偏见、Poffenberger任务中的感知和反应不对称），自我报告的偏侧性偏好（利手、脚、耳朵和眼睛偏好）和半球间互动（交叉-非交叉差异）。他们还完成了一项操纵手部收缩的实验（左、右、两者都没有），同时进行第二个故事动机测量。结果高AI个体的倾向性权力动机与更强的向右不对称性和更少的半球间转移有关，而低AI个体则与更强的向左不对称性和更多的半球间迁移有关。对于从属动机，研究结果较少，与权力动机的研究结果相反。这些发现适用于男性，但不适用于女性。左收缩或右收缩导致权力和成就动机的增加，但不是从属动机。只有左侧收缩导致AI降低。结论我们在性别二态组织和类固醇对动机和偏侧性的激活作用的背景下讨论这些发现。

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引用次数: 2

Does Self-rated Attractiveness Predict Women’s Preferences for Facial Masculinity? Data From an Arab Sample 自我评价的吸引力能预测女性对面部男性气质的偏好吗？阿拉伯样本数据

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-03-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00163-7

Sarah A. H. Alharbi, Iris J. Holzleitner, S. Adil Saribay, Benedict C. Jones, Anthony J. Lee

Objectives

Because more attractive women may be better able to attract and/or retain masculine mates, many researchers have proposed that women who consider themselves to be more physically attractive will show stronger preferences for men displaying masculine facial characteristics. Empirical evidence for this putative association between women’s self-rated attractiveness and preference for facial masculinity has come almost entirely from studies of Western women. Thus, we investigated whether this pattern of results also occurs in a sample of non-Western women.

Methods

We investigated the relationship between self-rated attractiveness and facial-masculinity preferences in a sample of Arab women (N = 281). Facial-masculinity preferences were assessed from attractiveness judgments of masculinized versus feminized versions of face images.

Results

By contrast with previous findings for Western women’s self-rated attractiveness, we observed no compelling evidence that Arab women who considered themselves to be more attractive showed stronger preferences for masculine men.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that previously reported associations between self-rated attractiveness and masculinity preferences might be somewhat culture specific, potentially reflecting cultural differences in typical mating strategies.

由于更有魅力的女性可能更能吸引和/或留住男性伴侣，许多研究人员提出，认为自己身体更有吸引力的女性会对展现男性面部特征的男性表现出更强的偏好。女性自我评价的吸引力和对面部男性气质的偏好之间存在这种假定联系的经验证据几乎完全来自对西方女性的研究。因此，我们调查了这种结果模式是否也发生在非西方女性的样本中。方法以阿拉伯女性（N = 281）。面部男性化偏好是根据男性化和女性化版本的面部图像的吸引力判断来评估的。结果与西方女性自我评价吸引力的研究结果相反，我们没有观察到令人信服的证据表明，认为自己更有吸引力的阿拉伯女性对男性有更强的偏好。结论我们的研究结果表明，先前报道的自我评价吸引力和男性偏好之间的联系可能是特定于文化的，可能反映了典型交配策略中的文化差异。

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引用次数: 1

Diurnal Within-Person Coupling Between Testosterone and Cortisol in Healthy Men: Evidence of Positive and Bidirectional Time-Lagged Associations Using a Continuous-Time Model 健康男性体内睾酮和皮质醇之间的每日耦合:使用连续时间模型的积极和双向时间滞后关联的证据

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00162-8

Blair T Crewther, Martin Hecht, Christian J Cook

Objective

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and -adrenal (HPA) axes are traditional viewed as mutually inhibitory systems. However, several diurnal studies have reported positive within-person testosterone and cortisol relationships, as evidence of facilitative processes, but with some constraints (e.g., low-frequency sampling, use of static longitudinal models). Continuous-time (CT) models can help illuminate testosterone-cortisol “coupling” by testing for bidirectional, cross-lagged effects.

Methods

This study investigated diurnal testosterone and cortisol coupling in healthy males (n = 30) using high-frequency sampling protocols. Participants self-collected saliva at work or home using one of three sampling formats; every 10 mins for 9 h, 15 mins for 8 h, and 30 mins for 10 h. After detrending, daily within-person fluctuations in testosterone and cortisol concentration were modeled in a CT framework.

Results

Autoregressive effects for each hormone indicated moderate stability over a shorter period (~6 mins), as a mean-reverting process, and higher stability over longer time periods. Cross-lagged effects were also demonstrated, with testosterone showing a positive relationship to cortisol (.12 within-person standardized effect) and cortisol to testosterone (.08). Both linkages followed a non-linear trajectory, rising in strength from a zero-time lag to peak with a lag of ~8 mins before dissipation beyond this period.

Conclusion

We verified reports of positive within-person coupling between testosterone and cortisol across the day in healthy men. Added novelty comes from bidirectional and time-lagged associations on hormonal pulses, although the effect sizes were small. Hence, we offer a more nuanced understanding of HPG and HPA crosstalk within a CT framework.

目的传统上认为下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）和肾上腺（HPA）轴是相互抑制的系统。然而，几项日间研究报告称，体内睾酮和皮质醇的关系呈阳性，这是促进过程的证据，但有一些限制（例如，低频采样、使用静态纵向模型）。连续时间（CT）模型可以通过测试双向、交叉滞后效应来帮助阐明睾酮-皮质醇的“耦合”。方法对健康男性（n = 30）使用高频采样协议。参与者在工作或家中使用三种采样形式之一自行采集唾液；每10分钟9小时，15分钟8小时，30分钟10小时。去逼尿肌后，在CT框架中模拟睾酮和皮质醇浓度的每日人内波动。结果每种激素的自回归效应表明，作为一个平均恢复过程，在较短的时间内（~6分钟）具有中等的稳定性，在较长的时间内具有较高的稳定性。交叉滞后效应也得到了证明，睾酮与皮质醇呈正相关（人内标准化效应为.12），皮质醇与睾酮呈正相关关系（.08）。这两种联系都遵循非线性轨迹，强度从零时间滞后上升到峰值，滞后约8分钟，然后消散。结论我们证实了健康男性一天中睾酮和皮质醇之间的人内耦合呈阳性的报告。增加的新颖性来自荷尔蒙脉冲的双向和时间滞后关联，尽管影响的大小很小。因此，我们在CT框架内对HPG和HPA串扰提供了更细致的理解。

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引用次数: 6

Estimating the Associations between Big Five Personality Traits, Testosterone, and Cortisol 五大人格特征、睾酮和皮质醇相关性的估计

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-01-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-020-00159-9

Zachary W. Sundin, William J. Chopik, Keith M. Welker, Esra Ascigil, Cassandra M. Brandes, Kristi Chin, Sarah Ketay, Erik L. Knight, Tobias L. Kordsmeyer, Amber R. McLarney-Vesotski, Smrithi Prasad, Zachary A. Reese, Ashlin R. K. Roy, Lester Sim, Julia Stern, Justin M. Carré, Robin S. Edelstein, Pranjal H. Mehta, Lars Penke, Richard B. Slatcher, Jennifer L. Tackett

Objective

Hormones are often conceptualized as biological markers of individual differences and have been associated with a variety of behavioral indicators and characteristics, such as mating behavior or acquiring and maintaining dominance. However, before researchers create strong theoretical models for how hormones modulate individual and social behavior, information on how hormones are associated with dominant models of personality is needed. Although there have been some studies attempting to quantify the associations between personality traits, testosterone, and cortisol, there are many inconsistencies across these studies.

Methods

In this registered report, we examined associations between testosterone, cortisol, and Big Five personality traits. We aggregated 25 separate samples to yield a single sample of 3964 (50.3% women; 27.7% of women were on hormonal contraceptives). Participants completed measures of personality and provided saliva samples for testosterone and cortisol assays.

Results

The results from multi-level models and meta-analyses revealed mostly weak, non-significant associations between testosterone or cortisol and personality traits. The few significant effects were still very small in magnitude (e.g., testosterone and conscientiousness: r = −0.05). A series of moderation tests revealed that hormone-personality associations were mostly similar in men and women, those using hormonal contraceptives or not, and regardless of the interaction between testosterone and cortisol (i.e., a variant of the dual-hormone hypothesis).

Conclusions

Altogether, we did not detect many robust associations between Big Five personality traits and testosterone or cortisol. The findings are discussed in the context of biological models of personality and the utility of examining heterogeneity in hormone-personality associations.

激素通常被概念化为个体差异的生物学标志，并与各种行为指标和特征有关，如交配行为或获得和保持优势。然而，在研究人员为激素如何调节个人和社会行为建立强有力的理论模型之前，还需要了解激素如何与占主导地位的人格模型相关联。尽管有一些研究试图量化人格特征、睾酮和皮质醇之间的关系，但这些研究中存在许多不一致之处。方法在这份注册报告中，我们研究了睾酮、皮质醇和五大人格特征之间的关系。我们汇总了25个单独的样本，得出3964个样本（50.3%的女性；27.7%的女性服用激素避孕药）。参与者完成了人格测量，并提供唾液样本进行睾酮和皮质醇测定。结果多层次模型和荟萃分析的结果显示，睾酮或皮质醇与人格特征之间的相关性大多较弱，不显著。少数显著影响的幅度仍然很小（例如，睾酮和尽责性：r = −0.05）。一系列适度测试显示，无论是否使用激素避孕药，无论睾酮和皮质醇之间的相互作用如何（即双重激素假说的变体），男性和女性的激素个性关联大多相似，我们没有发现五大人格特征与睾酮或皮质醇之间有很多强有力的联系。这些发现是在人格生物学模型的背景下讨论的，以及检查激素-人格关联异质性的效用。

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引用次数: 13