Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology最新文献_第9页

Cortisol, Temperament and Serotonin in Karate Combats: An Evolutionary Psychobiological Perspective 空手道Combats的皮质醇、气质和血清素：进化的心理生物学视角

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-10-04 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00178-0

Davide Ponzi, Harold Dadomo, Laura Filonzi, Paola Palanza, Annalisa Pelosi, Graziano Ceresini, Stefano Parmigiani, Francesco Nonnis Marzano

Objectives

There is evidence suggesting that in martial arts competitions athletes characterized by higher anxiety and harm avoidance may be more likely to lose a fight. This psychological profile has been hypothesized to explain in part the observation that cortisol is higher in losers before and in response to a competition. An important research target that needs further exploration is the identification of phenotypic traits that can be helpful in predicting athletes’ performance. Here we present a brief description of the theoretical bases that drives our research in the evolutionary psychobiology of sports and illustrate preliminary data on the relationship between the 5HTTLPR genotype, salivary cortisol, temperament and competition.

Methods

Sixty-five healthy male non-professional athletes provided saliva samples 10 min before and after a kumite session and filled out the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire.

Results

Salivary cortisol levels 10 min before the competition were higher in losers and in athletes with the S allele. Temperament was associated with competition outcome and cortisol: losers were characterized by higher scores of harm avoidance and harm avoidance was positively correlated with cortisol levels.

Conclusions

The results confirm previous findings linking temperamental traits, pre-and post- competition physiological stress response with competition outcome in kumite fight. Moreover, they indicate an association between the 5HTTLPR polymorphism and pre-competition salivary cortisol, thus providing a preliminary but non-conclusive evidence on the role played by the 5HTTLPR genotype as a vulnerability factor in sport competition.

有证据表明，在武术比赛中，具有较高焦虑和避免伤害特征的运动员可能更容易输掉比赛。这一心理特征被假设在一定程度上解释了失败者在比赛前和比赛后皮质醇较高的观察结果。一个需要进一步探索的重要研究目标是识别有助于预测运动员表现的表型特征。在这里，我们简要描述了推动我们在运动进化心理生物学研究的理论基础，并说明了5HTTLPR基因型、唾液皮质醇、气质和竞争之间关系的初步数据。方法65名健康男性非职业运动员在比赛前和比赛后10分钟提供唾液样本，并填写《三维人格问卷》。结果失败者和携带S等位基因的运动员赛前10分钟唾液皮质醇水平较高。气质与比赛结果和皮质醇有关：失败者的特点是避免伤害得分较高，避免伤害与皮质醇水平呈正相关。结论该结果证实了先前的研究结果，这些研究结果将气质特征、赛前和赛后的生理应激反应与比赛结果联系起来。此外，他们表明5HTTLPR多态性与赛前唾液皮质醇之间存在关联，从而为5HTTLPR基因型在体育比赛中作为脆弱因素所起的作用提供了初步但非决定性的证据。

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引用次数: 0

Family and Gendered Fitness Interests Effects on Attitudes Toward Women’s Veiling, Status-Seeking and Stereotyping of Women in Pakistan 家庭和性别健身兴趣对巴基斯坦妇女戴面纱、追求地位和刻板印象态度的影响

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00174-4

Khandis R. Blake, Gulnaz Anjum, Robert C. Brooks

Objective

Although male relatives tend to sway people toward, and female relatives tend to sway people away from conservative political attitudes, there exist many ways in which family composition might cause these effects. Here we test several pathways whereby family might influence attitudes toward female veiling, gender stereotypes, and status-seeking in Pakistan.

Methods

Research assistants administered a survey to a diverse sample of 538 adults in Karachi neighborhoods of varying socio-economic status. Within each neighborhood we selected households and available adults within households randomly. Surveys captured socio-demographic data about the participant and their household, and their opinion on family structures, culture, gender roles, religion, and female attire.

Results

We find that likelihood of deriving future reproductive fitness from males increases status-seeking and stereotypes of women as warm and kind but decreases support for women having the right to choose whether to wear a veil in public. In contrast, deriving future fitness from females leads people to stereotype women as less warm but highly competent. Family effects were distinguishable from those deriving from an individual’s own sex.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that the inclusive fitness people gain through relatives of each gender may be one of the factors responsible for family effects, shifting dimensions of social cognition and swaying attitudes relevant to sexual conflict.

尽管男性亲属倾向于使人们倾向于保守的政治态度，女性亲属倾向于让人们远离保守的政治观点，但家庭构成可能会以多种方式造成这些影响。在这里，我们测试了家庭可能影响巴基斯坦对女性面纱、性别刻板印象和寻求地位的态度的几种途径。方法研究助理对卡拉奇社区538名不同社会经济地位的成年人进行了一项调查。在每个社区中，我们随机选择了家庭和家庭中可用的成年人。调查收集了参与者及其家庭的社会人口统计数据，以及他们对家庭结构、文化、性别角色、宗教和女性着装的看法。结果我们发现，从男性身上获得未来生殖健康的可能性增加了对地位的追求和对女性热情善良的刻板印象，但减少了对女性有权选择是否在公共场合戴面纱的支持。相比之下，从女性身上获得未来的健身能力会导致人们对女性的刻板印象，认为她们不那么热情，但能力很强。家庭影响与个人自身性别的影响是不同的。结论研究表明，人们通过各种性别的亲属获得的包容性健身可能是造成家庭效应、社会认知维度的转变和与性冲突相关的态度摇摆的因素之一。

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引用次数: 2

Do Early Life Experiences Predict Variation in the General Factor of Personality (GFP)? 早期生活经历能预测人格一般因素(GFP)的变异吗?

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-09-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00177-1

Kristine J. Chua, Aaron W. Lukaszewski, J. Manson

引用次数: 0

Do Early Life Experiences Predict Variation in the General Factor of Personality (GFP)? 早期的生活经历可以预测人格的一般因素（GFP）的变化吗？

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-09-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00177-1

Kristine J. Chua, Aaron W. Lukaszewski, Joseph H. Manson

Objective

The controversial General Factor of Personality (GFP) has been proposed as an indicator of social effectiveness and a slower life history strategy. An alternative hypothesis holds that only meta-trait alpha, comprising agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability, is a slow life history indicator. This study tested whether the GFP and/or alpha emerges from both self- and stranger-ratings, and whether either is predicted by indicators of harsh childhood ecologies.

Methods

U.S. undergraduate participants (N = 366) completed a Big Five instrument, a measure of socially desirable response bias, and brief (thin slice) videotaped interviews. Raters scored the interviews using the same Big Five instrument.

Results

Structural equation modeling of the self-report data yielded a well-fitting GFP, which was positively associated with father closeness. Meta-trait alpha, based on self-report, was associated with both father closeness and neighborhood stress, but showed positive loadings only for agreeableness and emotional stability. Stranger-rating data failed to yield either a well-fitting GFP or metatrait alpha.

Conclusions

Our findings are equivocal regarding the usefulness of the GFP specifically, and higher-order personality factors generally, in evolutionary personality science.

目的有争议的一般人格因素（GFP）被认为是社会有效性的指标，也是一种较慢的生活史策略。另一种假设认为，只有包括宜人性、尽责性和情绪稳定性在内的元特质阿尔法是一个缓慢的生活史指标。这项研究测试了GFP和/或α是否来自自我和陌生人的评分，以及两者是否都是由严酷的儿童生态指标预测的。方法美国本科生（N = 366）完成了一个五大工具，一个衡量社会期望的反应偏见的指标，以及简短的（薄片）录像采访。评分者使用相同的五大工具对采访进行评分。结果自我报告数据的结构方程模型产生了一个拟合良好的GFP，它与父亲的亲密度呈正相关。基于自我报告的元特质α与父亲亲密度和邻里压力都相关，但仅对宜人性和情绪稳定性表现出正负荷。Stranger评级数据未能产生良好拟合的GFP或metatraitα。结论关于GFP在进化人格科学中的作用，我们的发现是模棱两可的。

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引用次数: 0

Crowd Salience Heightens Tolerance to Healthy Facial Features 人群突出提高对健康面部特征的容忍度

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-09-21 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00176-2

Mitch Brown, Ryan E. Tracy, Steven G. Young, Donald F. Sacco

Objective

Recent findings suggest crowd salience heightens pathogen-avoidant motives, serving to reduce individuals’ infection risk through interpersonal contact. Such experiences may similarly facilitate the identification, and avoidance, of diseased conspecifics. The current experiment sought to replicate and extend previous crowding research.

Methods

In this experiment, we primed participants at two universities with either a crowding or control experience before having them evaluate faces manipulated to appear healthy or diseased by indicating the degree to which they would want to interact with them.

Results

Crowding-primed participants reported a more heightened preferences for healthy faces than control-primed participants. Additionally, crowd salience reduced aversion toward healthy faces but did not heighten aversion to diseased faces.

Conclusion

Results suggest crowding appears to heighten tolerance for health cues given the heightened proximal threat of infections through interpersonal contact within crowded environments. Conversely, this work extends previous findings by indicating this preference is not rooted in an aversion to cues of poor health. We frame findings from a threat management perspective in understanding how crowding fosters sensitivity toward pathogenic threats.

最近的研究结果表明，群体显著性增强了病原体回避动机，有助于降低个体通过人际接触感染的风险。类似地，这些经验可能有助于识别和避免患病的同种动物。目前的实验试图复制和扩展以前的拥挤研究。方法在这项实验中，我们让两所大学的参与者有拥挤或控制的经历，然后让他们通过指示他们想与他们互动的程度来评估被操纵的脸是否看起来健康或有病。结果人群引导的参与者比对照引导的参与者对健康面孔的偏好更高。此外，人群显著性降低了对健康面孔的厌恶，但并没有增加对患病面孔的厌恶。结论研究结果表明，考虑到在拥挤环境中通过人际接触感染的近端威胁增加，拥挤似乎提高了对健康提示的耐受性。相反，这项工作扩展了之前的发现，表明这种偏好并非源于对健康状况不佳的厌恶。我们从威胁管理的角度来理解拥挤如何培养对致病威胁的敏感性。

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引用次数: 5

Maternal Cortisol and Paternal Testosterone Correlated with Infant Growth via Mini Puberty 母亲皮质醇和父亲睾酮通过小青春期与婴儿生长相关

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00175-3

Randy Corpuz, Sophia E. D’Alessandro, Julia M. Moon

Objectives

Infant testosterone (T) surges early in life. This period (known as mini puberty) is crucial to development. Little is known as to what the ultimate function of mini puberty might be. We predicted that parents with putative endocrine signatures of challenging environments (elevated levels of maternal cortisol and paternal T) may be related to elevated levels of infant T. In turn, these endocrine relationships are hypothesized to influence infant growth.

Methods

In a U.S. sample (n = 225 families) of first-time parents and their infants, we measured infant length and weight at three occasions—birth, 3 months old, and 10 months old. We conducted salivary assays of infants for T, mothers for cortisol, and paternal T during the early postnatal period.

Results

We utilized latent growth curve modeling to explore changes in length and weight as predicted by infant T. Infant T predicted the slope of length gains across the study period. Maternal cortisol and paternal T (positively correlated with one another) were positively related to infant T. Neither maternal cortisol nor paternal T predicted the slope of length gains. In an exploratory model, temperament was not related to neuroendocrine measures. Gains in weight—unlike length—were not related to infant T.

Conclusions

The ultimate function of mini puberty in infant growth is nuanced. In addition—at a time of rapid hormone changes across mothers, fathers, and infants—our results suggest that a tripartite neuroendocrine relationship is conceivable. Discussion surrounds the potential role of mini puberty and the numerous limitations of the study.

目的胎儿睾酮（T）在生命早期激增。这个时期（称为小青春期）对发育至关重要。关于小青春期的最终功能，我们知之甚少。我们预测，具有挑战性环境内分泌特征的父母（母体皮质醇和父亲T水平升高）可能与婴儿T水平升高有关。反过来，这些内分泌关系被假设会影响婴儿的生长。方法在美国样本（n = 225个家庭），我们在三个场合测量了婴儿的身高和体重——出生、3个月大和10个月大。在出生后早期，我们对婴儿的T、母亲的皮质醇和父亲的T进行了唾液检测。结果我们利用潜在生长曲线模型来探索婴儿T预测的长度和体重的变化。婴儿T预测了整个研究期间长度增加的斜率。母亲的皮质醇和父亲的T（彼此呈正相关）与婴儿T呈正相关。母亲的皮质醇或父亲的T都不能预测长度增加的斜率。在一个探索性模型中，气质与神经内分泌指标无关。与身高不同，体重的增加与婴儿T无关。结论青春期对婴儿生长的最终作用是微妙的。此外，在母亲、父亲和婴儿荷尔蒙快速变化的时候，我们的研究结果表明，三方神经内分泌关系是可以想象的。讨论围绕着小青春期的潜在作用和该研究的众多局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Testing Mate Choice Hypotheses in a Transitional Small Scale Population 在过渡小规模人群中检验配偶选择假设

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00173-5

Lynda G. Boothroyd, Jean-Luc Jucker, Tracey Thornborrow, Martin J. Tovee, Carlota Batres, Ian Penton-Voak

Objective

Tests of theories of mate choice often rely on data gathered in White, industrialised samples and this is especially the case for studies of facial attraction. Our understanding of preferences for sexual dimorphism is currently in flux and a number of hypotheses require testing in more diverse participant samples. The current study uses opportunistically gathered facial dimorphism preference data from 271 participants in rural Nicaragua, and 40 from the national capital Managua. We assess pre-registered hypotheses drawn from sexual selection theory, and from more recent approaches which consider the impacts of economic development and cultural ‘modernisation’ on mate preferences.

Methods

Participants verbally reported demographic data, and indicated preferences for five male and five female pairs of faces manipulated to differ in sexually dimorphic facial structure based on a sample of Salvadoran individuals.

Results

While urban participants showed a preference for more feminine female faces, this preference was not evident in the rural participants. Neither urban nor rural participants showed any directional preference for masculinised/feminised male faces. Furthermore, there was no support for any other pre-registered hypothesis.

Conclusions

Our results are consistent with previous studies showing no interest in facial dimorphism in less globally-acculturated, or market integrated, populations. Together, this suggests that while facial dimorphism may be subject to systematically varying preferences amongst some low-fertility, industrialised populations, it is not a feature which is likely to have been important in ancestral populations. We call for further work attempting to replicate well known mate choice phenomena in more diverse samples.

择偶理论的客观测试通常依赖于从白人工业化样本中收集的数据，尤其是面部吸引力的研究。我们对两性异形偏好的理解目前正在不断变化，许多假设需要在更多样的参与者样本中进行测试。目前的研究使用了机会主义收集的来自尼加拉瓜农村271名参与者和首都马那瓜40名参与者的面部二态偏好数据。我们评估了从性选择理论和最近的方法中得出的预先注册的假设，这些方法考虑了经济发展和文化“现代化”对配偶偏好的影响。方法参与者口头报告人口统计数据，并根据萨尔瓦多个体的样本，表示对五对男性和五对女性面孔的偏好，这两对面孔被操纵以使面部结构在性二型方面有所不同。结果虽然城市参与者表现出对女性面孔的偏好，但这种偏好在农村参与者中并不明显。无论是城市还是农村的参与者都没有表现出对男性化/女性化男性面孔的任何定向偏好。此外，没有任何其他预先登记的假设得到支持。结论我们的研究结果与之前的研究一致，之前的研究表明，在全球文化适应程度较低或市场整合程度较低的人群中，对面部二型性不感兴趣。总之，这表明，虽然在一些低生育率的工业化人群中，面部二型可能会受到系统性的不同偏好的影响，但这在祖先群体中可能并不重要。我们呼吁进一步努力，试图在更多样化的样本中复制众所周知的择偶现象。

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引用次数: 0

Self-Perceived Facial Attractiveness, Fluctuating Asymmetry, and Minor Ailments Predict Mental Health Outcomes 自我感知的面部吸引力、波动不对称和小病预测心理健康结果

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00172-6

Javier I. Borráz-León, Markus J. Rantala, Severi Luoto, Indrikis A. Krams, Jorge Contreras-Garduño, Tatjana Krama, Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina

Objective

Phenotypic markers associated with developmental stability such as fluctuating asymmetry, facial attractiveness, and reports of minor ailments can also act as indicators of overall physical health. However, few studies have assessed whether these markers might also be cues of mental health. We tested whether self- and other-perceived facial attractiveness, fluctuating asymmetry, and minor ailments are associated with psychopathological symptoms in a mixed sample of 358 college students, controlling for the effects of body mass index, age, and sex.

Methods

We applied the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaire to assess psychopathological symptoms, a battery of questionnaires about self-perceptions of facial attractiveness, and gathered information about the number of previous minor ailments as well as demographic data. Other-perceived attractiveness was assessed by an independent mixed sample of 109 subjects. Subjects’ facial fluctuating asymmetry was determined by geometric morphometrics.

Results

The results revealed that in both men and women, higher self-perceived attractiveness and fewer minor ailments predicted lower scores of Somatization, Obsessive–Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism, and a General Psychopathology Index. Higher facial fluctuating asymmetry was associated with higher Interpersonal Sensitivity, but did not contribute to its prediction when controlling for the other studied variables.

Conclusions

The observed strong associations between self-perceived attractiveness, minor ailments, and psychopathology indicate common developmental pathways between physiological and psychological symptomatology which may reflect broader life history (co)variation between genetics, developmental environment, and psychophysiological functioning.

与发育稳定性相关的表型标志物，如波动的不对称性、面部吸引力和小病报告，也可以作为整体身体健康的指标。然而，很少有研究评估这些标志物是否也可能是心理健康的线索。我们在358名大学生的混合样本中测试了自我和其他感知的面部吸引力、波动的不对称性和轻微疾病是否与精神病理学症状有关，并控制了体重指数、年龄和性别的影响。方法我们采用症状自评量表（SCL-90-R）来评估精神病理学症状，这是一组关于面部吸引力自我感知的问卷，并收集了有关既往小病数量的信息以及人口统计数据。其他感知吸引力由109名受试者组成的独立混合样本进行评估。受试者的面部波动不对称性由几何形态计量学确定。结果结果显示，在男性和女性中，自我感知吸引力越高，小病越少，预示着躯体化、强迫症、人际敏感度、抑郁、焦虑、恐惧焦虑、偏执理想、精神病和一般精神病理学指数的得分越低。较高的面部波动不对称性与较高的人际敏感性相关，但在控制其他研究变量时，对其预测没有贡献。结论观察到的自我感知吸引力、小病和精神病理学之间的强烈关联表明，生理和心理症状学之间存在共同的发展途径，这可能反映了遗传学、发育环境和心理生理功能之间更广泛的生活史（共）变化。

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引用次数: 9

Do 3D Face Images Capture Cues of Strength, Weight, and Height Better than 2D Face Images do? 3D人脸图像比2D人脸图像更好地捕捉力量、体重和身高的线索吗？

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00170-8

Iris J Holzleitner, Alex L Jones, Kieran J O’Shea, Rachel Cassar, Vanessa Fasolt, Victor Shiramizu, Benedict C Jones, Lisa M DeBruine

Objectives

A large literature exists investigating the extent to which physical characteristics (e.g., strength, weight, and height) can be accurately assessed from face images. While most of these studies have employed two-dimensional (2D) face images as stimuli, some recent studies have used three-dimensional (3D) face images because they may contain cues not visible in 2D face images. As equipment required for 3D face images is considerably more expensive than that required for 2D face images, we here investigated how perceptual ratings of physical characteristics from 2D and 3D face images compare.

Methods

We tested whether 3D face images capture cues of strength, weight, and height better than 2D face images do by directly comparing the accuracy of strength, weight, and height ratings of 182 2D and 3D face images taken simultaneously. Strength, height and weight were rated by 66, 59 and 52 raters respectively, who viewed both 2D and 3D images.

Results

In line with previous studies, we found that weight and height can be judged somewhat accurately from faces; contrary to previous research, we found that people were relatively inaccurate at assessing strength. We found no evidence that physical characteristics could be judged more accurately from 3D than 2D images.

Conclusion

Our results suggest physical characteristics are perceived with similar accuracy from 2D and 3D face images. They also suggest that the substantial costs associated with collecting 3D face scans may not be justified for research on the accuracy of facial judgments of physical characteristics.

目的大量文献研究了从面部图像中准确评估身体特征（如力量、体重和身高）的程度。虽然这些研究中的大多数都使用了二维（2D）人脸图像作为刺激，但最近的一些研究使用了三维（3D）人脸图像，因为它们可能包含在2D人脸图像中不可见的线索。由于3D人脸图像所需的设备比2D人脸图像所需要的设备贵得多，我们在这里研究了2D和3D人脸图像对身体特征的感知评级是如何比较的。方法通过直接比较182张同时拍摄的二维和三维人脸图像的力量、重量和身高评级的准确性，我们测试了三维人脸图像是否比二维人脸图像更好地捕捉力量、体重和身高的线索。分别由66名、59名和52名评分者对力量、身高和体重进行评分，他们同时观看了2D和3D图像。结果与以往的研究一致，我们发现通过面部可以在一定程度上准确地判断体重和身高；与之前的研究相反，我们发现人们在评估力量方面相对不准确。我们没有发现任何证据表明，从3D图像中可以比从2D图像中更准确地判断物理特征。结论我们的研究结果表明，从2D和3D人脸图像中可以以相似的精度感知身体特征。他们还认为，与收集3D人脸扫描相关的大量成本可能不足以用于研究面部对身体特征判断的准确性。

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引用次数: 0

Correction to: Do Testosterone and Cortisol Jointly Relate to Adolescent Dominance? A Pre‑registered Multi‑method Interrogation of the Dual‑Hormone Hypothesis 修正:睾丸激素和皮质醇是否共同与青少年支配感有关?双激素假说的预登记多方法询问

IF 1.6 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

Pub Date : 2021-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00171-7

Allison N. Shields, Cassandra M. Brandes, Kathleen W. Reardon, Raul A. España, Jennifer L. Tackett

引用次数: 0