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Simple modification of phenylphosphonic acid to construct polyester-cotton fabrics with high flame retardancy 通过简单改性苯基膦酸构建高阻燃性聚酯-棉织物
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2024.03.001
Li-Yao Zhang, Wan-Meng Song, Yun Liu

Polyester-cotton fabrics (PTCO) have excellent properties and are ubiquitous in daily life, but their serious flammability brings great safety hazards to people's lives. This study used phenylphosphonic acid (PPOA) and urea as raw materials to prepare a flame retardant named POU. PTCO/POU was prepared by the pad-dry-cure technique, and the performance was compared with that of PTCO/PPOA, revealing many interesting phenomena. Based on the gas phase and condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism brought by P/N synergy, PTCO/POU had better flame retardancy than PTCO/PPOA did. The damaged length was 6.7 cm, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was 30.1%. The char residues after burning were complete and denser with a higher degree of graphitization. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that POU can significantly reduce the Rmax of PTCO, and improve its thermal stability in high temperature zones. The CCT results showed that PTCO/POU had the longest time to ignition and the smallest fire growth index, which was of great significance for reducing fire risk. The TG-FTIR results showed that the volatile products of PTCO/POU were greatly reduced, and during the burning process, NH3 was produced to dilute the concentration of combustible gases. In addition, PTCO/POU also had better whiteness performance than PTCO/PPOA did. This work greatly improved the flame retardancy of PTCO in a simple way and expanded its application prospects.

涤棉织物(PTCO)性能优良,在日常生活中无处不在,但其严重的易燃性给人们的生活带来了极大的安全隐患。本研究以苯基膦酸(PPOA)和尿素为原料,制备了一种名为 POU 的阻燃剂。采用垫干固化技术制备了 PTCO/POU,并与 PTCO/PPOA 进行了性能对比,发现了许多有趣的现象。基于 P/N 协同作用带来的气相和凝聚相阻燃机理,PTCO/POU 的阻燃性能比 PTCO/PPOA 更好。受损长度为 6.7 厘米,极限氧指数(LOI)值为 30.1%。燃烧后的残炭完整而致密,石墨化程度较高。热重分析表明,POU 能显著降低 PTCO 的 Rmax,提高其在高温区的热稳定性。CCT 结果表明,PTCO/POU 的着火时间最长,火势增长指数最小,这对降低火灾风险具有重要意义。TG-FTIR 结果表明,PTCO/POU 的挥发物大大减少,在燃烧过程中产生的 NH3 稀释了可燃气体的浓度。此外,PTCO/POU 的白度性能也优于 PTCO/PPOA。这项工作以简单的方法大大提高了 PTCO 的阻燃性,拓展了其应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in flame retardancy of asphalt pavement: A review 沥青路面阻燃性方面的进展:综述
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2024.01.001
Lu He , Yong Cao , Hui-Ming Qu , Yong-Kui Zhang , Qing-Qing Bi , De-Yi Wang

Asphalt pavement is widely applied to the surface in high-grade highway tunnels due to its prominent preponderance in road performance. However, asphalt is flammable as the binder material to adhere the aggregates and other additives, resulting that a fire in the semi-closed space of the tunnel can ignite and burn asphalt pavement to generate a large amount of heat and smoke. Therefore, further promoting the advance of flame-retardant asphalt pavement is essential to ensure security in tunnels. We gathered the relevant standards or regulations of diverse nations and test methods concerning flame retardancy of asphalt. Then we reviewed the research status of flame-retardant asphalt mixture, including thermal characteristics of the asphalt and four fractions, the flame retardants applicable to asphalt, and effects on other components. This review demonstrated that establishing universal standards and test methods is a research basis specifically for flame-retardant asphalt pavement. To optimize the flame retardancy of asphalt pavement, it should focus on the synergy with diversified aspects such as asphalt binders, multiple flame retardants, aggregates, mineral powders, fibers, and other additives.

由于沥青路面在路面性能方面的突出优势,沥青路面被广泛应用于高等级公路隧道的面层。然而,沥青作为粘结骨料和其他添加剂的粘结材料,具有易燃性,导致隧道半封闭空间内发生火灾时,沥青路面会被点燃燃烧,产生大量的热量和烟雾。因此,进一步推进阻燃沥青路面的发展对确保隧道安全至关重要。我们收集了各国关于沥青阻燃的相关标准或法规以及测试方法。然后,我们回顾了阻燃沥青混合料的研究现状,包括沥青和四种组分的热特性、适用于沥青的阻燃剂以及对其他组分的影响。综述表明,建立通用标准和测试方法是专门针对阻燃沥青路面的研究基础。要优化沥青路面的阻燃性能,应注重与沥青胶结料、多种阻燃剂、集料、矿粉、纤维和其他添加剂等多方面的协同作用。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the flame retardancy properties of PLA/PC blends 改善聚乳酸/聚碳酸酯混合物的阻燃性能
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.09.003
Yoldas Seki , Merve Saglam , Sibel Aker , Akın Isbilir , Mehmet Sarikanat , Lutfiye Altay

Polylactic acid/Polycarbonate (PLA/PC) blend was prepared via twin screw extruder by taking the bio-based content as much as possible and the better mechanical, thermal, and impact properties into consideration. Flame retardant (FR) performance of the PLA/PC blend was improved by using the mixture of ammonium polyphosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and zinc borate. FR properties of PLA/PC blend was evaluated according to the UL 94 test standard. The variations in tensile and flexural strength, and Izod-notched impact strength values were determined. In order to reduce the total amount of flame retardant additive, instead of using a mixture of TPP and APP (weight ratio of 2/1) at 21 wt% weight fraction, 1 wt% Zinc borate together with 18 wt% TPP-APP mixture was used and obtained V0 rating for the thickness of 1.5 mm. It was reported that weight fraction of flame retardant additives (APP and TPP) was successfully reduced by using a mixture of APP, TPP and ZnB without degrading the mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strengths. Using less total FR additive weight (19 wt%) led to 15 and 24% higher tensile and flexural strength values, respectively, compared to higher FR additive weight (21 wt%).

通过双螺杆挤压机制备了聚乳酸/聚碳酸酯(PLA/PC)共混物,在制备过程中考虑了尽可能多的生物基含量以及更好的机械、热和冲击性能。通过使用聚磷酸铵、磷酸三苯酯和硼酸锌的混合物,聚乳酸/聚碳酸酯共混物的阻燃(FR)性能得到了改善。根据 UL 94 测试标准对聚乳酸/聚碳酸酯混合物的阻燃性能进行了评估。测定了拉伸和弯曲强度的变化以及 Izod 缺口冲击强度值。为了减少阻燃添加剂的总量,研究人员没有使用重量分数为 21 wt%的 TPP 和 APP 混合物(重量比为 2/1),而是使用了 1 wt% 的硼酸锌和 18 wt% 的 TPP-APP 混合物,并在厚度为 1.5 mm 时获得了 V0 等级。据报道,通过使用 APP、TPP 和硼酸锌混合物,成功降低了阻燃添加剂(APP 和 TPP)的重量分数,而不会降低拉伸和弯曲强度等机械性能。与较高的阻燃添加剂重量(21 wt%)相比,使用较少的阻燃添加剂总重量(19 wt%)可使拉伸和弯曲强度值分别提高 15% 和 24%。
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引用次数: 0
Fire performance durability of flame retardants in polymers and coatings 聚合物和涂料中阻燃剂的防火性能和耐久性
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.05.002
Juergen H. Troitzsch

The fire performance durability of products containing flame retardants may be significantly affected after aging and mechanical recycling. Publications of the last ten years show that even under severe conditions simulating outdoor applications, progress has been made in using halogenated and halogenfree flame retardants with high temperature stability, stabilizers acting as flame retardants, improved coating formulations for wood and steel less sensible to hydrolysis by using topcoats and layer by layer approaches. Mechanical recycling is possible for halogenated and non-halogenated flame retardant systems, but has only been studied for virgin thermoplastics which may be available from post-industrial waste. Post-consumer waste is still unsuitable due to its mixed contents. Examples from practice show that the lifetime of products containing flame retardants may be durable for decades in indoor and probably for a much shorter time in outdoor applications.

含有阻燃剂的产品在老化和机械回收后,其防火性能的耐久性可能会受到严重影响。过去十年的出版物表明,即使在模拟室外应用的严酷条件下,在使用具有高温稳定性的卤化和无卤阻燃剂、用作阻燃剂的稳定剂、通过使用面漆和逐层方法来改进不易水解的木材和钢材涂料配方等方面也取得了进展。卤化和非卤化阻燃剂系统都可以进行机械回收,但目前只对原始热塑性塑料进行了研究,而原始热塑性塑料可以从工业废弃物中获得。消费后废料由于含有混合成分,仍然不适合使用。实践中的例子表明,含有阻燃剂的产品在室内的使用寿命可能长达数十年,而在室外的使用寿命可能要短得多。
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引用次数: 0
Review of thermal conductivity in epoxy thermosets and composites: Mechanisms, parameters, and filler influences 环氧热固性树脂和复合材料导热性能的研究进展:机理、参数和填料的影响
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.08.003
Mei-Hui Zhou , Guang-Zhong Yin , Silvia González Prolongo

Rapid development of energy, electrical and electronic technologies has put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivities of epoxy resins and their composites. However, the thermal conductivity of conventional epoxy resins is relatively low, which could cause major heat dissipation issues. Therefore, the thermal conductivity enhancement of epoxy resins has long been a hot research topic in both academia and industry. In recent years, many promising advances have been made at the technical and mechanistic levels. This review includes the different approaches, the thermal conduction mechanisms implied, and the main research progresses. The research and academic achievements are mainly focused on the development of intrinsically liquid crystal epoxy resins and their composites, and the addition of fillers on amorphous epoxy resins. Finally, the challenges and prospects for thermal conductive epoxy resins are provided. Notably, this review can provide a more comprehensive understanding of thermally conductive epoxy resins and a guideline for the cutting-edge development direction of thermally conductive epoxy resins.

能源、电气和电子技术的快速发展对环氧树脂及其复合材料的导热性提出了更高的要求。然而,传统环氧树脂的导热率相对较低,会造成严重的散热问题。因此,提高环氧树脂的导热性一直是学术界和工业界的热门研究课题。近年来,在技术和机械层面取得了许多可喜的进展。本综述包括不同的研究方法、其中蕴含的热传导机理以及主要的研究进展。研究和学术成果主要集中在开发本征液晶环氧树脂及其复合材料,以及在非晶环氧树脂中添加填料。最后,介绍了导热环氧树脂面临的挑战和发展前景。值得注意的是,本综述可以让人们更全面地了解导热环氧树脂,并为导热环氧树脂的前沿发展方向提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetic-Responsive Triple Shape Memory Polymer from Bio-Based Benzoxazine/Urethane Polymer Alloys with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 生物基苯并恶嗪/聚氨酯聚合物合金与氧化铁纳米粒子的磁响应三重形状记忆聚合物
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2024.07.001
Kullanard Ruenpanya, P. Mora, Panagiotis Karagiannidis, Kittipon Bunyanuwat, S. Rimdusit
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引用次数: 0
Intramolecular cooperation and biphasic flame retardant mode of action: Effectiveness of hexa(1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamine) cyclotriphosphazene in epoxy resin 分子内合作和双相阻燃作用模式:环氧树脂中六(1,2,4-三唑-3-基胺)环三磷嗪的有效性
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2024.03.003
Yun-Fei He , Kai Ning , Cong-Yun Zhang , Zhu-Bao Shao , Bin Zhao

The substitutional structure of cyclotriphosphazene derivatives significantly influences their flame-retardant effectiveness. A cyclotriphosphazene derivative with triazole group, referred to as hexa(1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamine) cyclotriphosphazene (HATA), was utilized to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis were employed to characterize the thermal properties of EP/HATA thermosets. HATA facilitated the curing of EP due to its triazole and secondary amine structure. EP/HATA thermosets exhibited improved char-forming ability and storage modulus, attributed to the rigid cyclophosphonitrile structure of HATA. As a result of incorporating 5% HATA with 0.73 wt% phosphorus, EP passed UL-94 V-0 level. Subsequent analysis using a cone calorimeter revealed obvious reductions in the peak heat release rate, fire growth rate, and total smoke production of EP with the addition of HATA. Simultaneously, there was a significant enhancement in the char yield of EP during combustion, indicating notable improvements in fire safety. Additional investigations, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, TG-FTIR, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, were employed to analyze the char residue and gaseous volatiles. HATA promoted the formation of a dense, continuous, and intumescent char layer containing cyclophosphonitrile structure in EP. Moreover, the decomposition of HATA released a notable quantity of nitrogen-containing volatiles, effectively mitigating flammable gases originating from the EP matrix in gaseous phase. A biphasic flame-retardant mode of action was proposed, underscoring cooperative flame-retardant effects arising from the interaction between triazole substituents and cyclophosphonitrile structure in HATA molecular for EP.

环三唑膦衍生物的取代结构对其阻燃效果有很大影响。一种带有三唑基团的环三唑膦衍生物被称为六(1,2,4-三唑-3-基胺)环三唑膦(HATA),它被用来提高环氧树脂(EP)的阻燃性。差示扫描量热法、热重分析和动态机械分析被用来表征 EP/HATA 热固性材料的热性能。HATA 的三唑和仲胺结构促进了 EP 的固化。由于 HATA 具有刚性环磷腈结构,因此 EP/HATA 热固性塑料的成炭能力和储存模量都有所提高。由于加入了 5% 的 HATA 和 0.73 wt% 的磷,EP 通过了 UL-94 V-0 级认证。随后使用锥形量热仪进行的分析表明,添加 HATA 后,EP 的峰值放热率、火势增长速度和总产烟量明显降低。同时,EP 在燃烧过程中的产炭量也有显著提高,这表明其在防火安全性方面有明显改善。其他研究包括 X 射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、TG-傅立叶变换红外光谱和热解气相色谱/质谱,用于分析炭残留物和气体挥发物。结果表明,HATA 促进了 EP 中含有环磷腈结构的致密、连续和膨胀性炭层的形成。此外,HATA 的分解还释放出大量的含氮挥发物,有效缓解了气相 EP 基质中产生的可燃气体。该研究提出了一种双相阻燃作用模式,强调了用于 EP 的 HATA 分子中的三唑取代基和环膦腈结构之间的相互作用所产生的协同阻燃效果。
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引用次数: 0
Surface grafting POSS to improve the hydrophobicity and fire safety of polyrotaxane based smart phase change materials 表面接枝POSS提高聚轮烷基智能相变材料的疏水性和防火安全性
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.12.006
Guang-Zhong Yin , Mei-Hui Zhou , María Fernanda Acosta , Pedro Rincón Arévalo

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-based flexible phase change materials have broad and practical application value in thermal management of flexible electronic devices. Considering the typical application cases and safety of phase change materials (PCMs), in this work, we grafted molecular nanoparticles, POSS, with both hydrophobic and flame retardant functions to the surface of PLR sheets through amidation reaction. The successful grafting of POSS has been fully verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and surface contact angle. The formation of the cross-linked structure and the introduction of POSS make the phase change latent heat of the phase change material slightly decrease from 102.4 J g−1 to 94.4 J g−1, but there is still a high retention rate. It is worth pointing out that the PCMs have excellent shape stability and leakage resistance, cycle stability, and shape memory performance (Rf-99%, Rr-99%). The introduce of cross-linked structure and POSS significantly enhanced the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the PCM. The surface POSS functionalization endowed the PCM with significantly enhanced hydrophobicity. Specifically, the contact angle of the material was significantly increased from 71° for PLR to 123° for POSS-PLR, and it also had enhanced fire safety with pHRR reduction by 18.4% and THR reduction by 19.1%.

基于聚乙二醇(PEG)的柔性相变材料在柔性电子设备的热管理方面具有广泛而实用的应用价值。考虑到相变材料(PCMs)的典型应用案例和安全性,本研究通过酰胺化反应将具有疏水和阻燃功能的分子纳米颗粒 POSS 接枝到 PLR 片材表面。傅立叶变换红外光谱、能量色散光谱和表面接触角充分验证了 POSS 的成功接枝。交联结构的形成和 POSS 的引入使相变材料的相变潜热从 102.4 J g-1 微降至 94.4 J g-1,但仍有较高的保留率。值得注意的是,PCM 具有优异的形状稳定性和抗渗漏性、循环稳定性以及形状记忆性能(Rf-99%、Rr-99%)。交联结构和 POSS 的引入显著提高了 PCM 的杨氏模量和拉伸强度。表面 POSS 功能化赋予 PCM 显著增强的疏水性。具体而言,该材料的接触角从 PLR 的 71° 显著增加到 POSS-PLR 的 123°,同时还提高了防火安全性,pHRR 降低了 18.4%,THR 降低了 19.1%。
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引用次数: 0
Novel four-in-one intumescent flame retardants for polypropylene: Synthesis, characterization and properties 用于聚丙烯的新型四合一膨胀型阻燃剂:合成、表征和性能
IF 9.9 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2024.03.002
Yu Zhang , Xiaowei Zhao , Xiaohong Li , Zhijun Zhang , Zhiwei Li

To address the shortcomings of traditional intumescent flame retardants (IFRs), a novel four-in-one IFR (M [APP/NiCo2O4]) was constructed for the first time. It integrates acid source, gas source, carbon source (crosslinking β-CD), and synergistic agent (NiCo2O4 nanoparticles) into a single entity by a co-encapsulation technology. Under the loading of 20 wt%, its flame retardant performance was significantly better than that of simple mixed flame retardants, and it could increase the limiting oxygen index of polypropylene (PP) from 18 to 30.2 and pass the UL-94 V-0 rating. At the same time, it could reduce the peak of heat release rate, total heat release, and peak of CO production of PP by 77%, 22%, and 80%, respectively, showing excellent flame retardant performance. The excellent flame retardant performance is mainly because the synergist NiCo2O4 nanoparticles in the four-in-one flame retardant can easily combine and efficiently interact with the acid source, carbon source, and gas source in the intumescent flame retardant to form a more stable protective char residue. In addition, the crosslinking β-CD shell enhances both the water resistance and initial thermal decomposition temperature of PP containing the four-in-one IFR compared to PP with simple mixed control samples. After 72 h of water resistance test, it can still maintain the UL-94 V-0 rating. The presence of the crosslinking β-CD shell also improves the compatibility of the four-in-one flame retardant in PP, and its adverse effects on the mechanical properties of PP are also significantly smaller than those of the mixed control sample.

针对传统膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)的缺点,我们首次构建了一种新型四合一膨胀型阻燃剂(M [APP/NiCo2O4])。它通过共包覆技术将酸源、气源、碳源(交联β-CD)和增效剂(纳米镍钴氧化物)融为一体。在 20 wt%的添加量下,其阻燃性能明显优于单纯的混合阻燃剂,可将聚丙烯(PP)的极限氧指数从 18 提高到 30.2,并通过 UL-94 V-0 级认证。同时,它还能使聚丙烯的放热峰值、总放热峰值和 CO 生成峰值分别降低 77%、22% 和 80%,显示出优异的阻燃性能。优异的阻燃性能主要是由于四合一阻燃剂中的增效剂镍钴氧化物纳米粒子能与膨胀型阻燃剂中的酸源、碳源和气源轻松结合并有效作用,形成更稳定的保护性炭渣。此外,与含有简单混合对照样品的 PP 相比,交联β-CD 外壳可提高含有四合一 IFR 的 PP 的耐水性和初始热分解温度。经过 72 小时的耐水性测试后,它仍能保持 UL-94 V-0 等级。交联β-CD外壳的存在还提高了四合一阻燃剂在聚丙烯中的相容性,其对聚丙烯机械性能的不利影响也明显小于混合对照样品。
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引用次数: 0
PDMS Microspheres as Rheological Additives for PDMS-Based DIW Inks 用作 PDMS 基 DIW 油墨流变添加剂的 PDMS 微球
Q1 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2024.06.001
Utkarsh Ramesh, Jonathan Miller, Bryce Stottelmire, James Beach, Steven Patterson, Laura Cumming, Sabrina Wells Torres, Dakota Even, P. Dvornic, Cory Berkland
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引用次数: 0
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Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research
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