Natural Products and Bioprospecting最新文献_第9页

Activation of SIK1 by phanginin A regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake by phosphorylating HADC4/5/7 and enhancing GLUT4 expression and translocation phanginin A激活SIK1通过磷酸化HADC4/5/7和增强GLUT4的表达和易位来调节骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00504-z

Yu Shi, Xing-de Wu, Yanli Liu, Yu Shen, Hui Qu, Qin-Shi Zhao, Ying Leng, Suling Huang

Salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) participates in various physiological processes, yet its involvement in regulating skeletal muscle glucose uptake remains unclear. Previously, we showed that phanginin A, a natural compound isolated from Caesalpinia sappan Linn, activated SIK1 to suppress gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes. Here, we aimed to elucidate the effects of SIK1 on skeletal muscle glucose uptake by using phanginin A. The C2C12 myotubes were incubated with phanginin A and then glucose uptake, mRNA levels, membrane GLUT4 content, phosphorylation levels of proteins in SIK1/HDACs and Akt/AS160 signaling pathways were determined. Phanginin A significantly promoted glucose uptake, while the pan-SIK inhibitor or knocking down SIK1 expression abolished the promotion. Further exploration showed that phanginin A enhanced GLUT4 mRNA levels by increasing histone deacetylase (HDAC) 4/5 phosphorylation and MEF2a mRNA and protein level, and knocking down SIK1 blocked these effects. Additionally, phanginin A induced HDAC7 phosphorylation, upregulated the junction plakoglobin (JUP) expression and Akt/AS160 phosphorylation. Knocking down JUP or SIK1 both attenuated the phanginin A-induced Akt/AS160 signaling and glucose uptake, suggesting that activation of SIK1 by phanginin A inactivated HDAC7 to increase JUP expression and Akt/AS160 phosphorylation, led to upregulation of GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. In vivo study showed that phanginin A increased phosphorylation levels of SIK1, HDAC4/5/7, Akt/AS160, and gene expression of MEF2a, GLUT4 and JUP, accompanied by elevated membrane GLUT4 and glycogen content in gastrocnemius muscle of C57BL/6 J mice, indicating enhanced glucose utilization. These findings reveal a novel mechanism that SIK1 activation by phanginin A stimulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake through phosphorylating HADC4/5/7 and the subsequent enhancement of GLUT4 expression and translocation.

Graphical abstract

盐诱导激酶1 （SIK1）参与多种生理过程，但其在调节骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取中的作用尚不清楚。之前，我们发现phanginin A，一种从Caesalpinia sappan Linn中分离的天然化合物，可以激活SIK1抑制肝细胞中的糖异生。在这里，我们旨在通过phanginin A阐明SIK1对骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取的影响。将phanginin A孵育C2C12肌管，然后检测葡萄糖摄取，mRNA水平，膜GLUT4含量，SIK1/HDACs和Akt/AS160信号通路蛋白磷酸化水平。Phanginin A显著促进葡萄糖摄取，而pan-SIK抑制剂或敲低SIK1表达则消除了这一促进作用。进一步的研究发现，phanginin A通过增加组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC） 4/5磷酸化和MEF2a mRNA和蛋白水平来提高GLUT4 mRNA水平，而敲低SIK1可阻断这些作用。此外，phanginin A诱导HDAC7磷酸化，上调连接血小板蛋白（JUP）表达和Akt/AS160磷酸化。敲除JUP或SIK1均可减弱phanginin A诱导的Akt/AS160信号通路和葡萄糖摄取，这表明phanginin A通过灭活HDAC7激活SIK1以增加JUP表达和Akt/AS160磷酸化，从而导致GLUT4转运和葡萄糖摄取上调。体内研究表明，phanginin A增加了C57BL/6 J小鼠SIK1、HDAC4/5/7、Akt/AS160的磷酸化水平以及MEF2a、GLUT4和JUP的基因表达，同时增加了腓肠肌中GLUT4膜和糖原含量，表明葡萄糖利用增强。这些发现揭示了一种新的机制，即phanginin a激活SIK1通过磷酸化HADC4/5/7以及随后增强GLUT4的表达和易位来刺激骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Xylariaides A and B, novel cytochalasans with a unique 5/6/5/3 ring system from a soil fungus Xylaria sp. Y01 土壤真菌Xylaria sp. Y01中具有独特的5/6/5/3环体系的新细胞链蛋白Xylariaides A和B

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00507-w

Yi-Yun Yuan, Yan Li, Wen-Yu Lu, Ai-Lin Liang, Jing Li, Wen-Xuan Wang

Two new cytochalasans, xylariaides A (1) and B (2), were isolated and identified from a soil fungus Xylaria sp. Y01. Their structures were unambiguously determined by extensive spectroscopic methods including high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, ultraviolet radiation, infrared spectroscopy, and 1D/2D NMR, as well as in-depth quantum chemical calculations of gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) ¹³C NMR chemical shifts, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and spin–spin coupling constants. The unprecedented core structure with a 5/6/5/3 fused tetracyclic ring system further enriches the scaffold types of cytochalasans.

Graphical Abstract

从土壤真菌Xylaria sp. Y01中分离鉴定了两个新的细胞溶酶体xylariaides A(1)和B(2)。通过广泛的光谱方法，包括高分辨率电喷雾电离质谱、紫外辐射、红外光谱和1D/2D核磁共振，以及深入的量子化学计算，包括原子轨道（GIAO） 13C核磁共振化学位移、电子圆二色性（ECD）和自旋-自旋耦合常数，明确了它们的结构。前所未有的5/6/5/3融合四环环体系的核心结构进一步丰富了细胞喇喇体的支架类型。图形抽象

引用次数: 0

Structurally diverse polyketides and alkaloids produced by a plant-derived fungus Penicillium canescens L1 植物源真菌青霉 L1 产生的结构多样的多酮类化合物和生物碱

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00503-0

Wei-Ye Wu, Xun Wei, Qiong Liao, Yi-Fan Fu, Lei-Ming Wu, Lei Li, Shu-Qi Wu, Qing-Ren Lu, Fang-Yu Yuan, Dong Huang, Zhang-Hua Sun, Tao Yuan, Gui-Hua Tang

A series of structurally diverse polyketides (1–3), sesterterpenoids (24 and 25), and alkaloids (26–34) were isolated from the fermentation of a plant-derived fungus Penicillium canescens L1 on solid rice medium. Among these secondary metabolites, penicanesols A–G (1–7) were new structures, which were elucidated by NMR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD calculation, and X-ray diffraction. Penicanesol A (1) represented a rare dimer derived from phthalan derivatives, characterized by a 5/6/6/6/5 heteropentacyclic core. The bioassay on the NCI-H1975 cell model showed that two compounds had good cytotoxic activities, and the most significant activate compound 13 had an IC₅₀ value of 4.24 ± 0.13 μM, more than the positive control drug (12.99 ± 0.13 μM).

Graphical Abstract

从植物源真菌青霉菌（Penicillium canescens L1）在固体水稻培养基上发酵中分离出一系列结构多样的聚酮（1-3）、酯萜类（24和25）和生物碱（26-34）。其中，penicanesols A-G（1-7）为新结构，经NMR、HR-ESI-MS、ECD计算和x射线衍射证实。Penicanesol A(1)是一种罕见的由邻苯二甲酸衍生物衍生的二聚体，其特征为5/6/6/6/5杂戊环核心。在NCI-H1975细胞模型上进行生物活性测定，结果表明两种化合物均具有良好的细胞毒活性，其中活性最显著的化合物13的IC50值为4.24±0.13 μM，高于阳性对照药物（12.99±0.13 μM）。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Identification and verification of methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1-like protein as the binding target of natural product pseudolaric acid A 亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶1样蛋白作为天然产物假树酸A结合靶点的鉴定与验证

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00502-1

Haoqi Dong, Xinni Yang, Peiying Wang, Weiya Huang, Liang Zhang, Song Song, Jiangxin Liu

Natural product pseudolaric acid A (PAA), the main bioactive component from Traditional Chinese Medicine Pseudolarix cortex (“tujingpi”), is a promising anticancer agent. However, its potential molecular targets are not clear and this hinders its development. In this study, chemical proteomics approaches including activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) technology, followed by quantitative proteomics, were combined to reveal the target of PAA. Target validation was performed by NMR techniques and surface plasmon resonance. Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1-like (MTHFD1L) was identified and further confirmed to be the target of PAA. The direct interaction and binding mode between MTHFD1L and PAA were elaborated. PAA induced the accumulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) which mediates the antitumor effect. Transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis reveals the effects of PAA on the gene expressions of the associated pathways. Taken together, our findings proposed a new target that could be used for structure-based rational design and modifications of PAA.

Graphical abstract

天然产物伪水杨酸A （PAA）是中药伪水杨酸皮的主要生物活性成分，是一种很有前途的抗癌药物。然而，其潜在的分子靶点尚不明确，阻碍了其发展。本研究结合化学蛋白质组学方法，包括基于活性的蛋白质谱分析（ABPP）和药物亲和反应靶稳定性（DARTS）技术，以及定量蛋白质组学来揭示PAA的靶标。利用核磁共振技术和表面等离子体共振技术对目标进行验证。鉴定出亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶1样（MTHFD1L），进一步证实其为PAA的靶标。阐述了MTHFD1L与PAA的直接相互作用和结合方式。PAA诱导活性氧（ROS）的积累，从而介导抗肿瘤作用。转录组和网络药理学分析揭示了PAA对相关通路基因表达的影响。综上所述，我们的发现提出了一个新的靶标，可以用于基于结构的PAA的合理设计和修改。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Vibralactone derivatives isolated from co-cultures of the basidiomycetes Stereum hirsutum and Boreostereum vibrans 从担子菌hirsutum和Boreostereum vibrans共培养中分离的振动内酯衍生物

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00505-y

Jinjuan Wei, Zhe-Xi Li, Gao-Ke Peng, Xinyang Li, He-Ping Chen, Ji-Kai Liu

The basidiomycetes Stereum hirsutum and Boreostereum vibrans are two fungi of the same genus. In this study, chemical investigation on the co-cultures of the two congeneric fungi led to the isolation of eleven new vibralactone derivatives, hirsutavibrins A–K (1–11). The structures of 1–11 were elucidated by extensive NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic analysis, and computational methods. Hirsutavibrins A (1) and B (2) showed weak cytotoxicity against the human lung cancer cell line A549. Hirsutavibrin D (4) showed moderate anti-nitric oxide activity in murine monocytic RAW 264.7 macrophages. This work not only expands the members of vibralactone derivatives with variable configurations but also opens a new avenue for fungal co-culturing study between congeneric fungi.

Graphical Abstract

担子菌hirsutum和Boreostereum vibrans是同一属的两种真菌。本研究对这两种同属真菌的共培养进行化学研究，分离出11个新的振动内酯衍生物hirsutavibrins A-K（1-11）。1-11的结构被广泛的核磁共振和hresms光谱分析和计算方法阐明。Hirsutavibrins A(1)和B(2)对人肺癌细胞系A549表现出较弱的细胞毒性。Hirsutavibrin D(4)在小鼠单核细胞RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中显示出中等的抗一氧化氮活性。这项工作不仅扩大了振动内酯衍生物的可变构型成员，而且为同属真菌之间的共培养研究开辟了新的途径。图形抽象

引用次数: 0

Newly isolated terpenoids (covering 2019–2024) from Aspergillus species and their potential for the discovery of novel antimicrobials 从曲霉种中新分离的萜类化合物（涵盖2019-2024年）及其发现新型抗菌剂的潜力

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00501-2

Olusesan Ojo, Idris Njanje, Dele Abdissa, Tarryn Swart, Roxanne L. Higgitt, Rosemary A. Dorrington

The rapid emergence of drug-resistant microbial pathogens has posed challenges to global health in the twenty-first century. This development has significantly made most antibiotics ineffective in the treatment of infections they cause, resulting in increasing treatment costs and annual death rates. To address the challenge posed by these pathogens, we explore the potential of secondary metabolites from Aspergillus species as a source of new and effective therapeutic agents to treat drug-resistant infections. Terpenoids, a distinct group of natural products, are extensively distributed in plants and fungi, and have been attributed with significant antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral activities. In this review, we present an overview of Aspergillus species, and review the novel terpenoids isolated from them from 2019 to April 2024, highlighting anti-infective activity against members of the ESKAPE pathogens. We further focus on the strategies through which the structural framework of these new terpenoids could be modified and/or optimized to feed a pipeline of new lead compounds targeting microbial pathogens. Overall, this review provides insight into the therapeutic applications of terpenoids sourced from Aspergillus species and the potential for the discovery of new compounds from these fungi to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Graphical Abstract

耐药微生物病原体的迅速出现对21世纪的全球卫生构成了挑战。这一发展使大多数抗生素在治疗其引起的感染方面明显无效，导致治疗费用和年死亡率增加。为了解决这些病原体带来的挑战，我们探索了曲霉种的次生代谢物作为治疗耐药感染的新型有效治疗剂的潜力。萜类化合物是一类独特的天然产物，广泛存在于植物和真菌中，具有显著的抗菌、抗癌和抗病毒活性。在这篇综述中，我们综述了曲霉的种类，并回顾了2019年至2024年4月从曲霉中分离到的新型萜类化合物，重点介绍了对ESKAPE病原体成员的抗感染活性。我们进一步关注通过这些新萜类化合物的结构框架进行修饰和/或优化的策略，以提供针对微生物病原体的新先导化合物管道。总之，本文综述了从曲霉中提取萜类化合物的治疗应用，以及从这些真菌中发现抗微生物药物耐药性的新化合物的潜力。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Asprecosides A–J, ten new pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides with cytotoxic activity from the roots of Ilex asprella 从冬青根中提取具有细胞毒活性的十种新五环三萜苷类Asprecosides A-J

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00499-7

Yuwei Wu, Baihui Zhang, Wenxian Li, Lihua Peng, Weilin Qiao, Wei Li, De-an Guo

Phytochemical study of the n-BuOH extract of Ilex asprella resulted in the discovery of ten new pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides, comprising nine ursane-type glycosides (1−9) and one oleanane-type glycoside (10), along with seven known compounds (11−17). Compound 1 is the first reported 19,22-epoxy ursane triterpenoid glycoside, whereas 4 and 5 are rare examples of ursane triterpenoid glycosides containing a 28,19-lactone group. The structural characterization of these compounds was achieved using spectroscopic and chemical techniques, as well as single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compounds 7, 12, 15, and 17 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against H1975 and HCC827 cancer cells.

Graphical abstract

通过对冬青正丁醇提取物的植物化学研究，发现了10个新的五环三萜苷类化合物，包括9个熊烷型苷（1−9）和1个齐墩烷型苷（10），以及7个已知化合物（11−17）。化合物1是首次报道的19,22环氧熊三萜苷，而4和5是罕见的含有28,19-内酯基团的熊三萜苷。这些化合物的结构表征是通过光谱和化学技术以及单晶x射线分析实现的。化合物7、12、15和17对H1975和HCC827癌细胞表现出中等的细胞毒活性。图形抽象

引用次数: 0

Emestrin-type epipolythiodioxopiperazines from Aspergillus nidulans with cytotoxic activities by regulating PI3K/AKT and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways 通过调节PI3K/AKT和线粒体凋亡通路，从细粒曲霉中提取的emstrin型表多硫代二氧哌嗪具有细胞毒活性

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00498-8

Pengkun Li, Qin Li, Aimin Fu, Yang Xiao, Chunmei Chen, Hucheng Zhu, Changxing Qi, Wei Wei, Yuan Zhou, Yonghui Zhang

Five novel emestrin-type epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs), prenylemestrins C−G (1–5), along with two known ETPs, prenylemestrin A (6) and prenylemestrin B (7), were obtained from Aspergillus nidulans. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic data, X-ray crystallographic data, ECD comparisons and calculations. Prenylemestrins C−G (1 − 5) represent a rare class of ETPs, characterized by a 2,5-dithia-7,9-diazabicyclo[4.2.2]decane-8,10-dione core involving a hemiterpene moiety. Notably, compound 6 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity, inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of L1210 cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and mitochondrial apoptotic mechanisms.

Graphical Abstract

从细粒曲霉中分离得到5种新型eppolythiiodioxopiperazines (ETPs), preylemestrins C−G(1-5)，以及2种已知ETPs， preylemestrin A(6)和preylemestrin B(7)。通过光谱数据、x射线晶体学数据、ECD比较和计算对其结构进行了表征。Prenylemestrins C−G（1−5）是一类罕见的etp，其特征是2,5-二硫代-7,9-重氮杂环[4.2.2]癸烷-8,10-二酮核心包含半萜部分。值得注意的是，化合物6表现出中等的细胞毒性，通过调节PI3K/AKT信号通路和线粒体凋亡机制，诱导L1210细胞G2/M细胞周期阻滞和凋亡。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Advanced RPL19-TRAPKI-seq method reveals mechanism of action of bioactive compounds 先进的RPL19-TRAPKI-seq方法揭示了生物活性化合物的作用机制

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00500-3

Di Zhu, Junchi Hu, Renke Tan, Xiaofeng Lin, Ruina Wang, Junyan Lu, Biao Yu, Yongmei Xie, Xiaohua Ni, Chunmin Liang, Yongjun Dang, Wei Jiang

Natural products play a crucial role in new drug development, but their druggability is often limited by uncertain molecular targets and insufficient research on mechanisms of action. In this study, we developed a new RPL19-TRAP^KI-seq method, combining CRISPR/Cas9 and TRAP technologies, to investigate these mechanisms. We identified and validated seven ribosomal large subunit surface proteins suitable for TRAP, selecting RPL19 for its high enrichment. We successfully established a stable cell line expressing EGFP-RPL19 using CRISPR knock-in and verified its efficiency and specificity in enriching ribosomes and translating mRNA. Integrated with next-generation sequencing, this method allows precise detection of translating mRNA. We validated RPL19-TRAP^KI-seq by investigating rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, yielding results consistent with previous reports. This optimized TRAP technology provides an accurate representation of translating mRNA, closely reflecting protein expression levels. Furthermore, we investigated SBF-1, a 23-oxa-analog of natural saponin OSW-1 with significant anti-tumor activity but an unclear mechanism. Using RPL19-TRAP^KI-seq, we found that SBF-1 exerts its cytotoxic effects on tumor cells by disturbing cellular oxidative phosphorylation. In conclusion, our method has been proven to be a promising tool that can reveal the mechanisms of small molecules with greater accuracy, setting the stage for future exploration of small molecules and advancing the fields of pharmacology and therapeutic development.

Graphical Abstract

天然产物在新药开发中发挥着至关重要的作用，但其可药物性往往受到分子靶点不确定和作用机制研究不足的限制。在本研究中，我们开发了一种新的RPL19-TRAPKI-seq方法，结合CRISPR/Cas9和TRAP技术来研究这些机制。我们鉴定并验证了7种适合TRAP的核糖体大亚基表面蛋白，选择了RPL19，因为它具有高富集性。我们利用CRISPR敲入技术成功建立了表达EGFP-RPL19的稳定细胞系，并验证了其富集核糖体和翻译mRNA的效率和特异性。结合下一代测序，这种方法可以精确检测翻译mRNA。我们通过研究雷帕霉素（一种mTOR抑制剂）验证了RPL19-TRAPKI-seq，结果与之前的报道一致。这种优化的TRAP技术提供了翻译mRNA的准确表示，密切反映蛋白质表达水平。此外，我们研究了SBF-1，一种天然皂苷OSW-1的23-oxa类似物，具有显著的抗肿瘤活性，但机制尚不清楚。通过RPL19-TRAPKI-seq，我们发现SBF-1通过干扰细胞氧化磷酸化对肿瘤细胞发挥细胞毒性作用。总之，我们的方法已经被证明是一种很有前途的工具，可以更准确地揭示小分子的机制，为未来小分子的探索奠定基础，推动药理学和治疗开发领域的发展。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Structure–function insights of natural Ganoderma polysaccharides: advances in biosynthesis and functional food applications 天然灵芝多糖的结构功能研究：生物合成和功能性食品应用的进展

IF 4.8 3区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Natural Products and Bioprospecting

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-025-00496-w

Zhou-Wei Wu, Xue-Fang Zhao, Chen-Xi Quan, Xiao-Cui Liu, Xin-Yu Tao, Yu-jie Li, Xing-Rong Peng, Ming-Hua Qiu

Ganoderma polysaccharides (GPs), derived from various species of the Ganoderma genus, exhibit diverse bioactivities, including immune modulation, anti-tumor effects, and gut microbiota regulation. These properties position GPs as dual-purpose agents for medicinal and functional food development. This review comprehensively explores the structural complexity of six key GPs and their specific mechanisms of action, such as TLR signaling in immune modulation, apoptosis pathways in anti-tumor activity, and their prebiotic effects on gut microbiota. Additionally, the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of GPs are highlighted to elucidate their biological efficacy. Advances in green extraction techniques, including ultrasonic-assisted and enzymatic methods, are discussed for their roles in enhancing yield and aligning with sustainable production principles. Furthermore, the review addresses biotechnological innovations in polysaccharide biosynthesis, improving production efficiency and making large-scale production feasible. These insights, combined with ongoing research into their bioactivity, provide a solid foundation for developing health-promoting functional food products that incorporate GPs. Furthermore, future research directions are suggested to optimize biosynthesis pathways and fully harness the health benefits of these polysaccharides.

Graphical abstract

灵芝多糖（Ganoderma polysaccharides, gp）来源于多种灵芝属植物，具有多种生物活性，包括免疫调节、抗肿瘤作用和肠道菌群调节等。这些特性使gp成为药用和功能性食品开发的双重用途剂。本文综述了六种关键全科医生的结构复杂性及其具体的作用机制，如免疫调节中的TLR信号，抗肿瘤活性中的凋亡途径，以及它们对肠道微生物群的益生元作用。此外，还重点介绍了gp的构效关系，以阐明其生物学功效。讨论了绿色提取技术的进展，包括超声辅助和酶法，以提高产量和符合可持续生产原则。此外，综述了多糖生物合成的生物技术创新，提高了生产效率，使大规模生产成为可能。这些见解与正在进行的对其生物活性的研究相结合，为开发含有全科医生的促进健康的功能食品提供了坚实的基础。未来的研究方向是优化生物合成途径，充分利用这些多糖的健康益处。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0