Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.4c00348
Kaixin Jiang, Xue Chen, Chunyan Dai, Ben Bin Xu
Soft gels, a category of soft materials, consist of polymer networks with small molecules, such as water or other solvents. They possess mechanical flexibility and softness along with tunable physical and chemical functionalities. These gels are capable of responding to external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, light, and electric and magnetic fields, making them highly suitable for applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, sensors, and soft robotics. As many advantages as soft gels have, there are many more mechanisms to be understood to bridge clear structure–function relationships. There is also a continuous need to facilitate these new functionalities into the device or product technologies. In this Account, we aim to provide an overview of recent progress in functional soft gels with a focus on structural design and innovative fabrication techniques. We start with exploring how structural design can impart diverse functionalities to soft gels. This is followed by a discussion of mechanics with an emphasis on elastic instabilities that are deliberately introduced and controlled to achieve shape morphing. The multilength scale instabilities will be linked with local to global surface deformation and/or macroscopic deformation of gel objects. We then examine how chemical modifications─especially cross-linking and network formation─contribute to the architecture and functionality of soft gels. These chemical modifications have been harnessed to enrich the designability of the gel to enable extra function or provide dedicated controllability. Manufacturing techniques also play a vital role in establishing structural varieties that enable programmable responses to external stimuli for specific applications. We offer a quick scan on the frontier technologies on fabricating soft gel-based devices with an alignment to the advanced manufacturing trend with novelty structural design. Finally, the applications of functional soft gels were selectively scoped in areas such as sensing, energy and sustainable materials, and biomedical devices. They are well-suited for both diagnostic and therapeutic functions. All the above applications will be enabled by the novel structural design with realization of unique structure–property relationships. Designed structures can be programmed to exhibit specific mechanical behaviors, which, in turn, enable responsive and functional soft gels. Importantly, when a stimulus activates the designated trigger points, the engineered structure responds in the manner that we designed. This interplay within the gel ultimately manifests as a controllable response, highlighting how transformative structural engineering serves as the foundation for achieving multifunctionality. We conclude by highlighting the current challenges and future directions in the development of high-performance functional soft gels through structure-based design.
{"title":"Soft Gel-Based Transformative Structured Engineering Design","authors":"Kaixin Jiang, Xue Chen, Chunyan Dai, Ben Bin Xu","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.4c00348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.4c00348","url":null,"abstract":"Soft gels, a category of soft materials, consist of polymer networks with small molecules, such as water or other solvents. They possess mechanical flexibility and softness along with tunable physical and chemical functionalities. These gels are capable of responding to external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, light, and electric and magnetic fields, making them highly suitable for applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, sensors, and soft robotics. As many advantages as soft gels have, there are many more mechanisms to be understood to bridge clear structure–function relationships. There is also a continuous need to facilitate these new functionalities into the device or product technologies. In this Account, we aim to provide an overview of recent progress in functional soft gels with a focus on structural design and innovative fabrication techniques. We start with exploring how structural design can impart diverse functionalities to soft gels. This is followed by a discussion of mechanics with an emphasis on elastic instabilities that are deliberately introduced and controlled to achieve shape morphing. The multilength scale instabilities will be linked with local to global surface deformation and/or macroscopic deformation of gel objects. We then examine how chemical modifications─especially cross-linking and network formation─contribute to the architecture and functionality of soft gels. These chemical modifications have been harnessed to enrich the designability of the gel to enable extra function or provide dedicated controllability. Manufacturing techniques also play a vital role in establishing structural varieties that enable programmable responses to external stimuli for specific applications. We offer a quick scan on the frontier technologies on fabricating soft gel-based devices with an alignment to the advanced manufacturing trend with novelty structural design. Finally, the applications of functional soft gels were selectively scoped in areas such as sensing, energy and sustainable materials, and biomedical devices. They are well-suited for both diagnostic and therapeutic functions. All the above applications will be enabled by the novel structural design with realization of unique structure–property relationships. Designed structures can be programmed to exhibit specific mechanical behaviors, which, in turn, enable responsive and functional soft gels. Importantly, when a stimulus activates the designated trigger points, the engineered structure responds in the manner that we designed. This interplay within the gel ultimately manifests as a controllable response, highlighting how transformative structural engineering serves as the foundation for achieving multifunctionality. We conclude by highlighting the current challenges and future directions in the development of high-performance functional soft gels through structure-based design.","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.5c00155
Chang Wang, Yafan Ding, Xiao Wang, Wei Huang, Zhongfu An
Phosphorescence, a delayed luminescence phenomenon upon excitation, is defined as a radiative transition between states with differing electronic spin multiplicities. In contrast to fluorescent materials, phosphorescent counterparts offer several advantages, including long lifetimes, large Stokes shifts, and efficient exciton utilization. These attributes make them promising candidates for applications in information encryption, bioimaging, X-ray radiography, and beyond. Within the realm of phosphorescent materials, organic variants have recently piqued widespread interest, owing to their inherent qualities such as abundant resource availability and high mechanical flexibility. To achieve room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in purely organic systems, two pivotal factors must be considered: one is to accelerate the intersystem crossing (ISC) rates from excited singlet states to excited triplet states, and the other is to inhibit the nonradiative transition pathways of triplet excitons. Currently, a key approach in organic RTP research involves controlling the aggregation state of organic molecules, as strong molecular interactions can help stabilize triplet excitons and reduce nonradiative transitions. Nevertheless, the aggregation may cause emission quenching, and the model of molecular aggregates remains complex, unpredictable, and uncontrollable. To tackle these challenges, low temperatures (such as 77 K) are often employed to restrict molecular motion, facilitating the realization of single-molecule phosphorescence with definite structures and controllable photophysical properties. However, the development of single-molecule phosphorescent materials has been significantly constrained by these low temperature conditions. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative design strategies that can improve the luminescent performance of RTP from isolated chromophores under ambient conditions while further elucidating the underlying photophysical mechanisms.
{"title":"Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence by Confining Isolated Chromophores","authors":"Chang Wang, Yafan Ding, Xiao Wang, Wei Huang, Zhongfu An","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.5c00155","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorescence, a delayed luminescence phenomenon upon excitation, is defined as a radiative transition between states with differing electronic spin multiplicities. In contrast to fluorescent materials, phosphorescent counterparts offer several advantages, including long lifetimes, large Stokes shifts, and efficient exciton utilization. These attributes make them promising candidates for applications in information encryption, bioimaging, X-ray radiography, and beyond. Within the realm of phosphorescent materials, organic variants have recently piqued widespread interest, owing to their inherent qualities such as abundant resource availability and high mechanical flexibility. To achieve room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in purely organic systems, two pivotal factors must be considered: one is to accelerate the intersystem crossing (ISC) rates from excited singlet states to excited triplet states, and the other is to inhibit the nonradiative transition pathways of triplet excitons. Currently, a key approach in organic RTP research involves controlling the aggregation state of organic molecules, as strong molecular interactions can help stabilize triplet excitons and reduce nonradiative transitions. Nevertheless, the aggregation may cause emission quenching, and the model of molecular aggregates remains complex, unpredictable, and uncontrollable. To tackle these challenges, low temperatures (such as 77 K) are often employed to restrict molecular motion, facilitating the realization of single-molecule phosphorescence with definite structures and controllable photophysical properties. However, the development of single-molecule phosphorescent materials has been significantly constrained by these low temperature conditions. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative design strategies that can improve the luminescent performance of RTP from isolated chromophores under ambient conditions while further elucidating the underlying photophysical mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145485884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.5c00229
Moushira. A. Mohamed, Mohamed. A. Ali, Xiaofeng Liu, Jianrong Qiu
Phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) have become critically important for various optoelectronic applications, particularly in solid-state lighting systems, backlight displays, night-vision, and bioimaging. Their significance stems from their ability to provide energy-efficient, tunable, and stable light emission across multiple spectral ranges. High-power pc-LEDs are typically fabricated by integrating spectral converters incorporating inorganic phosphors (IPs) onto blue LED chips. This conventional architecture enables efficient wavelength conversion through photoluminescence, where the phosphor layer absorbs a portion of the blue emission and re-emits light at longer wavelengths. The most economically viable and effective approach for synthesizing transparent and chemically durable spectral converters is to encapsulate efficient IP particles within silica glass matrices. The encapsulation by silica glass preserves the phosphors’ luminescence properties while providing superior chemical and thermal stability compared to other inorganic and organic alternatives. However, the fabrication of phosphor-in-silica glass (PiSG) requires applying high-pressure or high-vacuum sintering to densify the composite into a translucent spectral converter with limited sizes and shapes, making the high-throughput fabrication of PiSG challenging. In this Account, we first detail the fabrication of silica glass using both additive manufacturing (AM) and non-AM techniques coupled with pressureless sintering. We then highlight how our group has advanced these methods, particularly 3D stereolithography (SLA) and injection molding (IM) to enable the high-throughput production of translucent, efficient, and chemically durable PiSG spectral converters in which the phosphor-silica interfacial reaction is inhibited. These innovations facilitate the fabrication of stable and high-power white/broadband pc-LEDs. Additionally, we discuss the critical role of IM and pressureless sintering in developing PiSG composites incorporating other IPs, such as long persistent phosphors. Finally, we outline future research directions and key challenges in the development of PiSG based spectral converters, addressing the challenges of scalability and performance optimization for pc-LEDs. The development of these PiSG materials exhibiting exceptional luminescence performance and ultrahigh chemical durability presents a significant advancement in spectral converters for pc-LEDs. We anticipate that this Account will not only facilitate the fabrication of high-power pc-LEDs with extended operational lifetimes but also inspire scientists to explore next-generation pc-LEDs for numerous applications.
{"title":"Advanced Fabrication of Phosphor-in-Silica Glass for Stable and High-Power LEDs","authors":"Moushira. A. Mohamed, Mohamed. A. Ali, Xiaofeng Liu, Jianrong Qiu","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.5c00229","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) have become critically important for various optoelectronic applications, particularly in solid-state lighting systems, backlight displays, night-vision, and bioimaging. Their significance stems from their ability to provide energy-efficient, tunable, and stable light emission across multiple spectral ranges. High-power pc-LEDs are typically fabricated by integrating spectral converters incorporating inorganic phosphors (IPs) onto blue LED chips. This conventional architecture enables efficient wavelength conversion through photoluminescence, where the phosphor layer absorbs a portion of the blue emission and re-emits light at longer wavelengths. The most economically viable and effective approach for synthesizing transparent and chemically durable spectral converters is to encapsulate efficient IP particles within silica glass matrices. The encapsulation by silica glass preserves the phosphors’ luminescence properties while providing superior chemical and thermal stability compared to other inorganic and organic alternatives. However, the fabrication of phosphor-in-silica glass (PiSG) requires applying high-pressure or high-vacuum sintering to densify the composite into a translucent spectral converter with limited sizes and shapes, making the high-throughput fabrication of PiSG challenging. In this Account, we first detail the fabrication of silica glass using both additive manufacturing (AM) and non-AM techniques coupled with pressureless sintering. We then highlight how our group has advanced these methods, particularly 3D stereolithography (SLA) and injection molding (IM) to enable the high-throughput production of translucent, efficient, and chemically durable PiSG spectral converters in which the phosphor-silica interfacial reaction is inhibited. These innovations facilitate the fabrication of stable and high-power white/broadband pc-LEDs. Additionally, we discuss the critical role of IM and pressureless sintering in developing PiSG composites incorporating other IPs, such as long persistent phosphors. Finally, we outline future research directions and key challenges in the development of PiSG based spectral converters, addressing the challenges of scalability and performance optimization for pc-LEDs. The development of these PiSG materials exhibiting exceptional luminescence performance and ultrahigh chemical durability presents a significant advancement in spectral converters for pc-LEDs. We anticipate that this Account will not only facilitate the fabrication of high-power pc-LEDs with extended operational lifetimes but also inspire scientists to explore next-generation pc-LEDs for numerous applications.","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145434793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.5c00204
Qihang Ding, Kun Wang, Fangyu Shi, Juanrui Du, Zitong Kan, Lin Wang, Lin Xu, Jong Seung Kim
Multimode biosensing platforms represent a promising approach in painless diagnostics, integrating electrochemical and conductivity-based sensing modalities through direct charge-transfer mechanisms. These systems address critical limitations of conventional single-mode detection by providing cross-validated biomarker measurements with enhanced reliability in complex physiological environments. This account presents a systematic framework for the rational design and performance optimization of these advanced sensing platforms. The foundation of multimodal biosensing lies in direct charge-transfer materials that enable primarily mediator-free electron exchange with target analytes. We first elucidate the distinct chemosensing mechanisms of typical MXenes and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) systems. The working mechanisms of MXenes and MOFs demonstrate distinct yet complementary approaches to direct electron-transfer detection. MXenes utilize metallic conductivity and surface redox sites for rapid electrochemical detection, while MOFs leverage porous coordination networks for selective but slower analyte recognition. MXenes achieve high sensitivity but face oxidation issues, whereas MOFs offer molecular sieving yet suffer from low conductivity. These limits give emphasis to the studies on advanced engineering designs to enhance stability and performance for practical biosensing applications. We mainly present three advanced material systems that enable multimodal biomarker detection: MOF with tunable charge-transfer sites, MXene nanosheets with excellent charge-transfer capacity, biomimetic MOF/MXene composites for synergistic electron transfer, and some other effective charge-transfer chemosensing materials (including transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus (BP), and graphite-like carbon nitride). Additionally, the promising potential of these advanced material innovations is demonstrated across multiple clinical applications, offering groundbreaking solutions for real-time asthma monitoring, precision management of periodontal disease, and enhanced wound healing. Referring to asthma monitoring, we have developed a great Pt single-atom sensitized Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub><i>x</i></sub> nanosheet/TPU composite (Pt SA-Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub><i><sub>x</sub></i></sub>@TPU) that achieved interference-free asthma monitoring through its innovative dual-mode sensing mechanism for reliable asthma diagnosis. In terms of periodontitis, our dual-modal periodontitis sensor addressed diagnostic challenges by synergizing gas-sensing (respiratory biomarkers) and strain/pressure-sensing (maxillofacial movements). For wound healing, the MN-TENG integrated system represented a key development in painless biomedical technology, seamlessly combining diagnostic and therapeutic functions to transform chronic wound management. Finally, we conclude by addressing remaining challenges in signal decoupling, long-term stability, and clinical validation, while outlining e
{"title":"Direct Charge-Transfer Chemosensing Materials for Painless Multimodal Disease Diagnosis","authors":"Qihang Ding, Kun Wang, Fangyu Shi, Juanrui Du, Zitong Kan, Lin Wang, Lin Xu, Jong Seung Kim","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.5c00204","url":null,"abstract":"Multimode biosensing platforms represent a promising approach in painless diagnostics, integrating electrochemical and conductivity-based sensing modalities through direct charge-transfer mechanisms. These systems address critical limitations of conventional single-mode detection by providing cross-validated biomarker measurements with enhanced reliability in complex physiological environments. This account presents a systematic framework for the rational design and performance optimization of these advanced sensing platforms. The foundation of multimodal biosensing lies in direct charge-transfer materials that enable primarily mediator-free electron exchange with target analytes. We first elucidate the distinct chemosensing mechanisms of typical MXenes and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) systems. The working mechanisms of MXenes and MOFs demonstrate distinct yet complementary approaches to direct electron-transfer detection. MXenes utilize metallic conductivity and surface redox sites for rapid electrochemical detection, while MOFs leverage porous coordination networks for selective but slower analyte recognition. MXenes achieve high sensitivity but face oxidation issues, whereas MOFs offer molecular sieving yet suffer from low conductivity. These limits give emphasis to the studies on advanced engineering designs to enhance stability and performance for practical biosensing applications. We mainly present three advanced material systems that enable multimodal biomarker detection: MOF with tunable charge-transfer sites, MXene nanosheets with excellent charge-transfer capacity, biomimetic MOF/MXene composites for synergistic electron transfer, and some other effective charge-transfer chemosensing materials (including transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus (BP), and graphite-like carbon nitride). Additionally, the promising potential of these advanced material innovations is demonstrated across multiple clinical applications, offering groundbreaking solutions for real-time asthma monitoring, precision management of periodontal disease, and enhanced wound healing. Referring to asthma monitoring, we have developed a great Pt single-atom sensitized Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub><i>x</i></sub> nanosheet/TPU composite (Pt SA-Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub><i><sub>x</sub></i></sub>@TPU) that achieved interference-free asthma monitoring through its innovative dual-mode sensing mechanism for reliable asthma diagnosis. In terms of periodontitis, our dual-modal periodontitis sensor addressed diagnostic challenges by synergizing gas-sensing (respiratory biomarkers) and strain/pressure-sensing (maxillofacial movements). For wound healing, the MN-TENG integrated system represented a key development in painless biomedical technology, seamlessly combining diagnostic and therapeutic functions to transform chronic wound management. Finally, we conclude by addressing remaining challenges in signal decoupling, long-term stability, and clinical validation, while outlining e","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145404917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.5c00235
Jiabin Ma, Jun Lu
Figure 1. Structured photon emission in BBR with frequency, SAM and OAM selectivity. (a) Photonic crystal plates embedded with multiquantum well layers enable strong coupling between narrowband material resonances and high-quality factor photonic modes, resulting in sharply defined narrowband BBR. Reproduced with permission from ref (12). Copyright 2019 Springer Nature. (b) Periodic double-disk structures demonstrate ultranarrow band thermal emission that remains robust across various temperatures. Reproduced with permission from ref (13). Copyright 2024 Springer Nature. (c) A thermal metasurface exploiting quasi-bound states in the continuum produces tailored thermal emission with OAM selectivity. Reproduced with permission from ref (11). Copyright 2021 American Physical Society. (d) Single twisted nanocarbon filaments generate intense, mirror-symmetric circularly polarized BBR spanning the visible and near-infrared regimes. Reproduced with permission from ref (9). Copyright 2024 The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). (e) A thermal metasurface leveraging the photonic Rashba effect generates highly spin-selective emissivities. Reproduced with permission from ref (14). Copyright 2024 Springer Nature. Jiabin Ma is currently a research fellow at the National University of Singapore. He received his Ph.D. from Tsinghua University. His current research interests focus on structured thermal photonics, chiral and nonreciprocal radiation, and AI/ML-driven multiscale modeling and machine-learning force-field development. Jun Lu joined the National University of Singapore in February 2025 as a Presidential Young Professor. He leads the Topological Engineering of Asymmetrical Nanointerfaces (TEAN) Lab, which pioneers the design and control of asymmetric atomic- and nanoscale interfaces to realize emergent quantum optical, thermal, and biological functionalities. This work was supported by the Presidential Young Professorship start-up and whitespace grants of National University of Singapore and Singapore Ministry of Education for the Academic Research Fund Tier 1 grant (25-0832-A0001). This article references 19 other publications. This document has been updated Click for further information. This article has not yet been cited by other publications.
{"title":"Structured Photon Emission of Blackbody Radiation","authors":"Jiabin Ma, Jun Lu","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.5c00235","url":null,"abstract":"Figure 1. <b>Structured photon emission in BBR with frequency, SAM and OAM selectivity.</b> (a) Photonic crystal plates embedded with multiquantum well layers enable strong coupling between narrowband material resonances and high-quality factor photonic modes, resulting in sharply defined narrowband BBR. Reproduced with permission from ref (12). Copyright 2019 Springer Nature. (b) Periodic double-disk structures demonstrate ultranarrow band thermal emission that remains robust across various temperatures. Reproduced with permission from ref (13). Copyright 2024 Springer Nature. (c) A thermal metasurface exploiting quasi-bound states in the continuum produces tailored thermal emission with OAM selectivity. Reproduced with permission from ref (11). Copyright 2021 American Physical Society. (d) Single twisted nanocarbon filaments generate intense, mirror-symmetric circularly polarized BBR spanning the visible and near-infrared regimes. Reproduced with permission from ref (9). Copyright 2024 The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). (e) A thermal metasurface leveraging the photonic Rashba effect generates highly spin-selective emissivities. Reproduced with permission from ref (14). Copyright 2024 Springer Nature. <b>Jiabin Ma</b> is currently a research fellow at the National University of Singapore. He received his Ph.D. from Tsinghua University. His current research interests focus on structured thermal photonics, chiral and nonreciprocal radiation, and AI/ML-driven multiscale modeling and machine-learning force-field development. <b>Jun Lu</b> joined the National University of Singapore in February 2025 as a Presidential Young Professor. He leads the Topological Engineering of Asymmetrical Nanointerfaces (TEAN) Lab, which pioneers the design and control of asymmetric atomic- and nanoscale interfaces to realize emergent quantum optical, thermal, and biological functionalities. This work was supported by the Presidential Young Professorship start-up and whitespace grants of National University of Singapore and Singapore Ministry of Education for the Academic Research Fund Tier 1 grant (25-0832-A0001). This article references 19 other publications. This document has been updated Click for further information. This article has not yet been cited by other publications.","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145404918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyoxadiazole (POD), a rigid-chain conductive polymer featuring alternating aromatic and electron-deficient oxadiazole rings, has emerged as a versatile platform for advanced energy technologies. Due to its intrinsic n-type conductivity, exceptional thermal stability (>440 °C), and dual ion-electron transport capabilities, it overcomes critical limitations in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium metal anodes (LMAs), pseudocapacitors, and fuel cells. While conventional conductive polymers prioritize flexibility, POD excels in harsh electrochemical environments. One-step acid-mediated polymerization using oleum enables near-quantitative cyclization (DC ≈ 100%) and in situ sulfonation, bypassing structural defects of traditional two-step methods. Nevertheless, the reliance on corrosive solvents presents scalability challenges, driving innovations in molecular engineering.
{"title":"A Multifunctional Conductive Polymer: Synthesis Strategies, Molecular Engineering, and Applications in Energy Storage Systems","authors":"Yuanyuan Yu, Jiadeng Zhu, Junhua Zhang, Mengjin Jiang","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.5c00198","url":null,"abstract":"Polyoxadiazole (POD), a rigid-chain conductive polymer featuring alternating aromatic and electron-deficient oxadiazole rings, has emerged as a versatile platform for advanced energy technologies. Due to its intrinsic n-type conductivity, exceptional thermal stability (>440 °C), and dual ion-electron transport capabilities, it overcomes critical limitations in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium metal anodes (LMAs), pseudocapacitors, and fuel cells. While conventional conductive polymers prioritize flexibility, POD excels in harsh electrochemical environments. One-step acid-mediated polymerization using oleum enables near-quantitative cyclization (DC ≈ 100%) and in situ sulfonation, bypassing structural defects of traditional two-step methods. Nevertheless, the reliance on corrosive solvents presents scalability challenges, driving innovations in molecular engineering.","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conjugated porous polymers (CPPs), featuring π-conjugation systems, freedom in molecular structural design, and intrinsic porosity, have emerged as a modular platform for visible-light-driven organic synthesis. At present, their photocatalytic efficiency is limited by incomplete absorption of visible light, inefficient charge separation, and inadequate management of oxygen-active species, urging the field to explore solutions. Light absorption can be strengthened by molecular engineering strategies, e.g., extension of π-conjugation, adjustment of donor-acceptor units, and incorporation of chromophores, e.g., triazine and phenothiazine, that redshift and thus broaden the absorption. Charge separation can intensify by integration of donor-acceptor segments and π-bridged linkers to cut exciton binding energy and extend lifetime of carriers; migration of charge carriers can be more directed by introduction of polar substituents and localized dipoles. Along with modifying the bandgap structure, modulation of the catalytic microenvironment can shape selective substrate activation, for instance, framework rigidification, control of electronic structure of active sites, and spatial confinement of intermediates. In terms of handling oxygen-active species, we can regulate charge distribution and electronic structure within the conjugated backbone. This regulation enhances formation of reactive intermediates such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and other essential oxygen-derived species to drive oxidative photocatalytic processes. Together, these approaches establish a coherent design scheme to develop high-performance, metal-free photocatalysts for diverse organic synthesis and sets a foundation for future sustainable catalysis and synthesis of photoresponsive materials.
{"title":"Regulating Light Absorption, Charge Orientation, and Oxygen Activation of Conjugated Porous Polymers for Photocatalytic Organic Synthesis.","authors":"Zhu Gao, Sizhe Li, Juntao Tang, Jiayin Yuan, Guipeng Yu","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00230","DOIUrl":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conjugated porous polymers (CPPs), featuring π-conjugation systems, freedom in molecular structural design, and intrinsic porosity, have emerged as a modular platform for visible-light-driven organic synthesis. At present, their photocatalytic efficiency is limited by incomplete absorption of visible light, inefficient charge separation, and inadequate management of oxygen-active species, urging the field to explore solutions. Light absorption can be strengthened by molecular engineering strategies, e.g., extension of π-conjugation, adjustment of donor-acceptor units, and incorporation of chromophores, e.g., triazine and phenothiazine, that redshift and thus broaden the absorption. Charge separation can intensify by integration of donor-acceptor segments and π-bridged linkers to cut exciton binding energy and extend lifetime of carriers; migration of charge carriers can be more directed by introduction of polar substituents and localized dipoles. Along with modifying the bandgap structure, modulation of the catalytic microenvironment can shape selective substrate activation, for instance, framework rigidification, control of electronic structure of active sites, and spatial confinement of intermediates. In terms of handling oxygen-active species, we can regulate charge distribution and electronic structure within the conjugated backbone. This regulation enhances formation of reactive intermediates such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and other essential oxygen-derived species to drive oxidative photocatalytic processes. Together, these approaches establish a coherent design scheme to develop high-performance, metal-free photocatalysts for diverse organic synthesis and sets a foundation for future sustainable catalysis and synthesis of photoresponsive materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"6 11","pages":"1354-1367"},"PeriodicalIF":14.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12670502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145671093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-20DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.5c00216
Yaxuan Zhao, Weixin Guan, Guihua Yu
Facing the growing stress on freshwater supplies, harvesting water from the atmosphere via sorbents has garnered significant attention due to its broad applicability, regardless of geographic and hydraulic restrictions. In advancing the sustainable development, two critical aspects are the use of biomass-derived sorbents and solar energy. Biopolymers offer viable alternatives to petroleum-derived synthetic polymers, presenting opportunities for developing environmentally friendly AWH systems. Additionally, efficient capture and utilization of solar energy to drive water desorption are also critical to enhancing the sustainability of AWH.
{"title":"Challenges and Strategies Toward Sustainable Atmospheric Water Harvesting","authors":"Yaxuan Zhao, Weixin Guan, Guihua Yu","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.5c00216","url":null,"abstract":"Facing the growing stress on freshwater supplies, harvesting water from the atmosphere via sorbents has garnered significant attention due to its broad applicability, regardless of geographic and hydraulic restrictions. In advancing the sustainable development, two critical aspects are the use of biomass-derived sorbents and solar energy. Biopolymers offer viable alternatives to petroleum-derived synthetic polymers, presenting opportunities for developing environmentally friendly AWH systems. Additionally, efficient capture and utilization of solar energy to drive water desorption are also critical to enhancing the sustainability of AWH.","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.5c00254
Mohammad B. Ghasemian, Francois-Marie Allioux, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
Figure 1. (a) ‘Bridge doping’ mechanism for dissolution of insoluble nonmetals and metalloids in liquid metals using secondary elements with cross solubility. Illustrations of (b) ‘top-to-bottom’ and (c) ‘bottom-to-top’ strategies for the ‘bridge doping’ concept (gray: liquid metal, orange: nonmetals or metalloids insoluble in liquid metals, green: secondary element with solubility in both liquid metal and nonmetal/metalloid). The surface of liquid metal might naturally deviate from the core in following the classical phase diagrams. Spatiotemporal clustering and localized enrichment may occur in liquid metals, leading to surface differs incredibly from the core. The potential supercooling after alloying might affect the atomically dispersed state of dopants in liquid metals. Liquid metals stay dynamically layered near the surface, which further complicates dopant incorporation. Figure 2. Role of different secondary elements in the bridge solubility of C, F, S, P, B, and Si elements in liquid metals. Green and red arrows show solubility and insolubility, respectively, while the blue arrow indicates the bridge solubility between secondary elements and liquid metals. <b>Dr. Mohammad Bagher Ghasemian</b> received his PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from UNSW Sydney in 2018. He is currently a Senior Research Fellow in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Sydney and a Visiting Research Fellow in the School of Chemical Engineering at UNSW Sydney. Previously, he worked as a researcher at the Centre for Smart Supramolecules at Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), South Korea, and as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Centre for Advanced Solid and Liquid Based Electronics and Optics at UNSW Sydney. His research focuses on liquid metals for the preparation and fabrication of functional materials, including nanostructures and 2D materials, with potential applications in photocatalysis, sensing, flexible devices, optics, and electronics. <b>Dr. Francois-Marie Allioux</b> is a Research Fellow in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Sydney. He was previously a Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Chemical Engineering at UNSW Sydney. He received his PhD in Materials Science in 2017 from the Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University (Geelong, Australia), and a Master’s degree in Chemical Engineering from Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France). His research centres on low-melting-point and liquid-metal systems for environmental processes and technologies. <b>Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh</b> is a Professor at the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Sydney. He is also one of the Australian Research Council Laureate Fellows of 2018. Professor Kalantar-Zadeh was a professor of Chemical Engineering at UNSW, and prior to that a Professor of Electronic Engineering at RMIT, Australia. Professor Kalantar-Zadeh is involved in research in
图1所示。(a)利用具有交叉溶解度的次级元素在液态金属中溶解不溶性非金属和类金属的“桥式掺杂”机制。(b)“从上到下”和(c)“从下到上”的“桥式掺杂”概念策略示意图（灰色：液态金属，橙色：非金属或不溶于液态金属的类金属，绿色：在液态金属和非金属/类金属中都具有溶解性的次级元素）。遵循经典相图，液态金属表面可能会自然地偏离核心。液态金属可能发生时空聚集和局部富集，导致表面与核心的差异很大。合金化后潜在的过冷会影响掺杂剂在液态金属中的原子分散状态。液态金属在表面附近保持动态分层，这进一步使掺杂剂的掺入复杂化。图2。不同次生元素对液态金属中C、F、S、P、B、Si等元素桥溶解度的影响绿色和红色箭头分别表示溶解度和不溶解度，蓝色箭头表示次生元素与液态金属之间的桥溶解度。Mohammad Bagher Ghasemian博士于2018年在悉尼新南威尔士大学获得材料科学与工程博士学位。他目前是悉尼大学化学与生物分子工程学院的高级研究员，悉尼新南威尔士大学化学工程学院的访问研究员。此前，他曾在韩国浦项科技大学（POSTECH）智能超分子中心担任研究员，并在悉尼新南威尔士大学高级固体和液体电子与光学中心担任博士后研究员。他的研究重点是用于制备和制造功能材料的液态金属，包括纳米结构和二维材料，在光催化、传感、柔性器件、光学和电子学方面具有潜在的应用。Francois-Marie Allioux博士是悉尼大学化学与生物分子工程学院的研究员。他曾在悉尼新南威尔士大学化学工程学院担任博士后研究员。他于2017年获得迪肯大学（澳大利亚吉朗）前沿材料研究所材料科学博士学位，并于法国图卢兹保罗萨巴蒂尔大学（universit Paul Sabatier）化学工程硕士学位。他的研究集中在低熔点和液态金属系统的环境过程和技术。Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh是悉尼大学化学与生物分子工程学院的教授。他也是2018年澳大利亚研究委员会获奖者之一。Kalantar-Zadeh教授是新南威尔士大学化学工程教授，在此之前是澳大利亚皇家墨尔本理工学院电子工程教授。Kalantar-Zadeh教授从事分析化学、材料科学、胃肠病学、电子学和传感器等领域的研究，并与人合著了500篇高引用率的科学论文。他是《ACS应用纳米材料》、《ACS传感器》、《先进材料技术》、《纳米尺度》、《应用表面科学》和《ACS纳米》等期刊的编辑委员会成员。Kalantar-Zadeh教授最著名的研究领域是可摄取传感器、液态金属和二维半导体。他带领他的团队发明了一种可摄取的化学传感器：人体气体传感胶囊，这是医疗器械领域的突破之一。Kalantar-Zadeh教授因其科学贡献获得了多项国际奖项，包括2017年IEEE传感器委员会成就奖，2018年美国化学学会测量科学进步讲座奖和2020年皇家化学学会罗伯特博伊尔奖。作者感谢澳大利亚研究委员会（ARC）发现项目资助DP230102813和发现项目资助DP240101086。本文引用了其他27篇出版物。本文档已更新，点击查看更多信息。这篇文章尚未被其他出版物引用。
{"title":"Bridge Doping Unlocks Hidden Pathways in Liquid Metal Chemistry","authors":"Mohammad B. Ghasemian, Francois-Marie Allioux, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.5c00254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.5c00254","url":null,"abstract":"Figure 1. (a) ‘Bridge doping’ mechanism for dissolution of insoluble nonmetals and metalloids in liquid metals using secondary elements with cross solubility. Illustrations of (b) ‘top-to-bottom’ and (c) ‘bottom-to-top’ strategies for the ‘bridge doping’ concept (gray: liquid metal, orange: nonmetals or metalloids insoluble in liquid metals, green: secondary element with solubility in both liquid metal and nonmetal/metalloid). The surface of liquid metal might naturally deviate from the core in following the classical phase diagrams. Spatiotemporal clustering and localized enrichment may occur in liquid metals, leading to surface differs incredibly from the core. The potential supercooling after alloying might affect the atomically dispersed state of dopants in liquid metals. Liquid metals stay dynamically layered near the surface, which further complicates dopant incorporation. Figure 2. Role of different secondary elements in the bridge solubility of C, F, S, P, B, and Si elements in liquid metals. Green and red arrows show solubility and insolubility, respectively, while the blue arrow indicates the bridge solubility between secondary elements and liquid metals. <b>Dr. Mohammad Bagher Ghasemian</b> received his PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from UNSW Sydney in 2018. He is currently a Senior Research Fellow in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Sydney and a Visiting Research Fellow in the School of Chemical Engineering at UNSW Sydney. Previously, he worked as a researcher at the Centre for Smart Supramolecules at Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), South Korea, and as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Centre for Advanced Solid and Liquid Based Electronics and Optics at UNSW Sydney. His research focuses on liquid metals for the preparation and fabrication of functional materials, including nanostructures and 2D materials, with potential applications in photocatalysis, sensing, flexible devices, optics, and electronics. <b>Dr. Francois-Marie Allioux</b> is a Research Fellow in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Sydney. He was previously a Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Chemical Engineering at UNSW Sydney. He received his PhD in Materials Science in 2017 from the Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University (Geelong, Australia), and a Master’s degree in Chemical Engineering from Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France). His research centres on low-melting-point and liquid-metal systems for environmental processes and technologies. <b>Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh</b> is a Professor at the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Sydney. He is also one of the Australian Research Council Laureate Fellows of 2018. Professor Kalantar-Zadeh was a professor of Chemical Engineering at UNSW, and prior to that a Professor of Electronic Engineering at RMIT, Australia. Professor Kalantar-Zadeh is involved in research in ","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.4c00401
Yoonjae Park, Rohit Rana, Daniel Chabeda, Eran Rabani, David T. Limmer
Lead halide perovskites have been extensively studied as a class of materials with unique optoelectronic properties. A fundamental aspect that governs optical and electronic behaviors within these materials is the intricate coupling between charges and their surrounding lattice. Unravelling the role of charge-lattice interactions in the optoelectronic properties in lead halide perovskites is necessary to understand their photophysics. Unlike traditional semiconductors where a harmonic approximation often suffices to capture lattice fluctuations, lead halide perovskites have a significant anharmonicity attributed to the rocking and tilting motions of the inorganic framework. Thus, while there is broad consensus on the importance of the structural deformations and polar fluctuations on the behavior of charge carriers and quasiparticles, the strongly anharmonic nature of these fluctuations and their strong interactions render theoretical descriptions of lead halide perovskites challenging. In this Account, we review our recent efforts to understand how the soft, polar lattice of this class of materials alters their excited state properties. We highlight the influence of the lattice on static properties by examining the quasiparticle binding energies and fine structure. With perovskite nanocrystals, we discuss how incorporating lattice distortion is essential for accurately defining the exciton fine structure. By considering lattices across various dimensionalities, we are able to illustrate that the energetics of excitons and their complexes are significantly modulated by polaron formation. Beyond energetics, we also delve into how the lattice impacts the dynamic properties of quasi-particles. The mobilities of charge carriers are studied with various charge-lattice coupling models, and the recombination rate calculation demonstrates the molecular origin on the peculiar feature in the lifetime of charge carriers in these materials. In addition, we address how lattice vibrations themselves relax upon excitation from charge-lattice coupling. Throughout, these examples are aimed at characterizing the interplay between lattice fluctuations and optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites and are reviewed in the context of the effective models we have built and the novel theoretical methods we have developed to understand bulk crystalline materials, as well as nanostructures and lower dimensionality lattices. By integrating theoretical advances with experimental observations, the perspective we detail in this Account provides a comprehensive picture that serves as both design principles for optoelectronic materials and a set of theoretical tools to study them when charge-lattice interactions are important. These insights may further guide the development of next-generation optoelectronic devices with improved efficiency and stability while also inspiring new research directions to explore emerging quantum phenomena in these materials.
{"title":"Theoretical Insights into the Role of Lattice Fluctuations on the Excited Behavior of Lead Halide Perovskites","authors":"Yoonjae Park, Rohit Rana, Daniel Chabeda, Eran Rabani, David T. Limmer","doi":"10.1021/accountsmr.4c00401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.4c00401","url":null,"abstract":"Lead halide perovskites have been extensively studied as a class of materials with unique optoelectronic properties. A fundamental aspect that governs optical and electronic behaviors within these materials is the intricate coupling between charges and their surrounding lattice. Unravelling the role of charge-lattice interactions in the optoelectronic properties in lead halide perovskites is necessary to understand their photophysics. Unlike traditional semiconductors where a harmonic approximation often suffices to capture lattice fluctuations, lead halide perovskites have a significant anharmonicity attributed to the rocking and tilting motions of the inorganic framework. Thus, while there is broad consensus on the importance of the structural deformations and polar fluctuations on the behavior of charge carriers and quasiparticles, the strongly anharmonic nature of these fluctuations and their strong interactions render theoretical descriptions of lead halide perovskites challenging. In this Account, we review our recent efforts to understand how the soft, polar lattice of this class of materials alters their excited state properties. We highlight the influence of the lattice on static properties by examining the quasiparticle binding energies and fine structure. With perovskite nanocrystals, we discuss how incorporating lattice distortion is essential for accurately defining the exciton fine structure. By considering lattices across various dimensionalities, we are able to illustrate that the energetics of excitons and their complexes are significantly modulated by polaron formation. Beyond energetics, we also delve into how the lattice impacts the dynamic properties of quasi-particles. The mobilities of charge carriers are studied with various charge-lattice coupling models, and the recombination rate calculation demonstrates the molecular origin on the peculiar feature in the lifetime of charge carriers in these materials. In addition, we address how lattice vibrations themselves relax upon excitation from charge-lattice coupling. Throughout, these examples are aimed at characterizing the interplay between lattice fluctuations and optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites and are reviewed in the context of the effective models we have built and the novel theoretical methods we have developed to understand bulk crystalline materials, as well as nanostructures and lower dimensionality lattices. By integrating theoretical advances with experimental observations, the perspective we detail in this Account provides a comprehensive picture that serves as both design principles for optoelectronic materials and a set of theoretical tools to study them when charge-lattice interactions are important. These insights may further guide the development of next-generation optoelectronic devices with improved efficiency and stability while also inspiring new research directions to explore emerging quantum phenomena in these materials.","PeriodicalId":72040,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of materials research","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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