Advances in biomarker sciences and technology最新文献

Isolation of chitin from shrimp shell waste using chemical process is a well-adopted industrial practice due to its short process time and efficiency in removing both minerals and proteins from the shell. This study aims to compare the physicochemical, functional, and structural characteristics of chitin obtained from Deep-sea mud shrimp shells using two chemical process sequences: (i) initial deproteinization followed by demineralization (DPM) and (ii) initial demineralization followed by deproteinization (DMP). Characteristics of the extracted chitin, namely degree of acetylation, whiteness index, purity, crystallinity index and surface morphology were evaluated and compared with those of commercial chitin. The high levels of deproteinization and demineralization observed for both DPM and DMP processes suggest the effectiveness of the processes. The Mw of 436.59 ± 1.00 kDa, DA of 81.56 ± 1.10% and WI of 71.39 ± 0.72 for chitin prepared by DMP were higher than those of chitin prepared by DPM, which had Mw of 429.34 ± 1.21 kDa, DA of 75.91 ± 0.99% and WI of 45.03 ± 1.39. The CrI values for DPM and DMP chitins were 68.7% and 72%, respectively. SEM analysis revealed a microfibrillar structure with porosity for the isolated chitin.

The primary role of plants and its products in the treatment of illness is demonstrated by their employment in all the major health care systems of medicine irrespective of the original philosophical evidence. The particular plant species is used in Oman for the treatment of several diseases including eye drops to treat cataracts. The present study is to isolate the essential oil from the selected plant Cleome austroarabica (C. austroarabica) which is grown in Oman and characterize the biomarkers by using Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil was isolated by hydro-distillation method which was collected from Birkat Al Mouz and Tanuf. The percentage of major biomarkers was analyzed by GC-MS and they are as follows: diterpenes 53.1%, sesquiterpenes 41.8% and monoterpenes 5.1%, respectively. Among them, the major biomarkers were thunbergol (51.1%), elemol (9.4%), γ-eudesmol (6.1%), β-eudesmol (6.1%), α-eudesmol (4.3%), 6-epi-shyobunol (2.7%), 3-(z) cembrene (2.0%), β-bisabolene (1.8%), δ-cadinene (+)- (1.8%), ledol (1.4%), eremophilene (1.2%), sabinen (1.2%), caryophellene (1.0%) and guaiol (1.0%). The antibacterial potential of the plant essential oil (125–1000 μg/ml) was examined against six bacterial strains including Gram (+and –) by using disc diffusion method. All the tested Gram (+and –) bacterial strains displayed slight to moderate antibacterial potential (6–7 mm) against all concentrations of essential oil. The cytotoxic potential of the plant essential oil at different concentrations does not display any mortality against the brine shrimp larvae. In conclusion, based on the biomarkers and antibacterial potential of the isolated essential oil from the species it could be used as medicine to treat infectious diseases.

Globally, researchers are investigated and recommend that about two-thirds of the plant and marine species available have significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Plant reduce oxidative stress in cells and infections therefore they are useful to treat most common diseases eg., cancer, cardiovascular, inflammatory and various infectious diseases. The focus of this study is to prepare various extracts of Adenium obesum (A. obesum) that was collected from Oman National Botanical Garden, Muscat and evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extracts using a modified established method. The different polarities leave crude extracts were prepared from dry leaf powder of A. obesum and fractioned with increasing solvent polarities starting from non-polar hexane solvent. The extracts from leaves with various polarities were used to estimate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and asgar disc bioassays. The maximum antioxidant and antibacterial activities were detected in ethyl acetate extracts with an inhibition of 88.27% and 25 mm and the chloroform extract showed the smallest activity with an inhibition of 2.57% and 5 mm. Based on experimental results, systematic order of antioxidant activity was ethyl acetate > butanol > water > hexane > methanol > chloroform extract and the order of antibacterial activity was ethyl acetate > methanol > butanol > water > hexane > chloroform extract. The findings demonstrated that the maximum activity plant leaves extract could form a good source for the isolation of diseases guided chemical compounds and further evaluation of their biological and pharmacological activities.

Due to the unprecedented public health crisis caused by COVID-19, our first contribution to the newly launching journal, Advances in Biomarker Sciences and Technology, has abruptly diverted to focus on the current pandemic. As the number of new COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to rise steadily around the world, the common goal of healthcare providers, scientists, and government officials worldwide has been to identify the best way to detect the novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, and to treat the viral infection – COVID-19. Accurate detection, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and future prevention are the vital keys to management of COVID-19, and can help curb the viral spread. Traditionally, biomarkers play a pivotal role in the early detection of disease etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. To assist myriad ongoing investigations and innovations, we developed this current article to overview known and emerging biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 detection, COVID-19 diagnostics, treatment and prognosis, and ongoing work to identify and develop more biomarkers for new drugs and vaccines. Moreover, biomarkers of socio-psychological stress, the high-technology quest for new virtual drug screening, and digital applications are described.

Centella asiatica is a herbal plant that is widely used as medicine due to the benefit of its bioactive compounds such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, luteolin and catechin. Typically, the amount of these bioactive compounds are varies depending on the solvent used. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the chemical fingerprint of six Centella asiatica’s bioactive compounds (kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, gallic acid, rutin and catechin) in the ethanolic and aqueous ethanol extracts. Water, ethanol, and 50% aqueous ethanol were used as extracting solvents via maceration (solid-liquid) technique to extract bioactive compounds from C.asiatica. Rotary evaporator procedure was performed to concentrate the extracts before these crudes were analysed using HPLC instrument. The percentage yield of crude extract (% w/w) was calculated, and its mathematical model was reported in this study. The exponential equation model was also applied to predict the percentage yield of the C.asiatica extract. From the equation, satisfactory results have been obtained, which gave less than 12.21% error with 0.9967 of R² value. Besides, the percentage yield of bioactive compounds resulting from HPLC analysis was also explained. HPLC result showed that kaempferol was the highest bioactive compound with 373.2 mg/g dry powder using 100% ethanol as extract solvent. Therefore, the development of this study can be extended to assess this plant potential in the formulation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.

Cancer treatments become more effective now. One cause of these therapeutic promotions is based on drug selective paradigms in the clinic. A small range of drug selective paradigms (pharmacogenomics, precision-oncology, biomarkers and drug sensitivity testing) have been widely used worldwide. To accelerate the performance of these drug selective strategies, improved understanding of different mechanisms may be useful. Among these four classes of selective systems, drug sensitivity testing (DST) plays a unique role in clinical trials. Biomedical advances of knowledge and technology in current drug selective systems are increasingly importance. In the past two decades, knowledge gap between pathology and therapeutics is gradually filling, especially among different predictive mechanisms. The different drug selective systems are competitive, progress and advantageous in different clinical situations. To face with this diversity of drug selective strategies, guiding principle and technical feasibility need to emphasize. As a powerful platform, DST have some unique characters—high-quality quantification and comparison of responses among anticancer drug of interests. The smooth progress of DST platform depends on increasingly understanding of cancer biology, pathology and pharmacology—including medical knowledge (cancer heterogeneity, plasticity, stem cells and metastasis) and technical versatility (micro-fluidity and apoptotic evaluation). The medical and technical insights into various and uniqueness of DST are especially highlighted in this article.

The most abundant polymeric compound in nature after cellulose is chitin. Mostly, it is used as raw material for food additives, agriculture, biomedicine, water treatment, cosmetics and textile industry. Exoskeletons of crustaceans such as lobster, crabs and shrimps, mollusks, insects and the cell walls of certain fungi are the main sources of chitin. The best raw material for the production of chitin is marine exoskeletons. The current objective of this study is to standardize the demineralization process for removal of minerals from the waste of Portunidae segnis (P. segnis) by using chemical treatment. A fix concentration of HCl acid at various reaction conditions are used in the demineralization process for the first step of chitin isolation. The percentage of calcium and phosphorous removed after demineralization process was determined by using sensitive Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The P. segnis was purchased from a local market, it was collected from the coastal area of Oman. The samples were dried and ground into coarse powder. The coarse powdered samples were treated with 2 M concentration of hydrochloric acid at different incubation time, temperature and weight/volume ratio. All treated samples were analyzed by using sensitive ICP-OES. The results from the ICP-OES showed that treatment of P. segnis waste samples with 2 M of HCl at room temperature for 70 min with ratio of 1:20 (w/v) is the best process for demineralization of chitin. FT-IR, SEM/EDX and ICP-OES analysis of this sample confirmed successful isolation of minerals from Omani P. segnis. In conclusion, the best standardized demineralization process could be used for the isolation of good quality of chitin. This chitin could be used as the main raw material in food industry, agriculture, biomedicine, cosmetics and textile industry.

The complex links between obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not completely understood. The objective of this review is to describe and discuss the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the adipose tissue, as well as its involvement in the pathophysiology of CVD and CKD. We searched for original articles in PubMed. The search terms used were “obesity”, “CKD”, and “CVD”. In addition, we also identified publications from our personal databases of literature about obesity, CKD and CVD to identify any important studies that might have been missing from the PubMed search. We further searched the reference lists of identified articles for further relevant papers. Epidemiological studies show that obesity is associated with obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) as well as an increase in the risk of CKD in the general population. A number of pathophysiological mechanisms, including renal hemodynamic changes, neurohumoral pathways that activate the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems, proinflammatory and profibrotic effects of various adipokines, and insulin resistance may explain the excessive risk of CKD development and progression in obese patients. In patients with mild to moderate CKD, obesity per se contributes a modest increase in cardiovascular risk, while the effect of obesity on the cardiovascular risk of patients with advanced CKD is probably due to the concurrent metabolic syndrome and coexisting cardiovascular risk factors, but the effect of obesity on the cardiovascular risk of patients with advanced CKD is probably the result of the concomitant metabolic syndrome and coexisting cardiovascular risk factors. There are recent data suggesting that subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue have different and probably opposite effects on the CVD risk in CKD. Further studies are necessary to distinguish the specific clinical implication of different adipose tissue compartments, and to determine the principal mediators that connect obesity, CKD and CVD.

Breast cancer causes severe mental stress on the affected woman during investigation, diagnosis and treatment as breast is regarded as a symbol of beauty, sexuality and motherhood. Over and above the primary function of feeding infant, breast symbolizes womanhood and serves as sexual object. Current biomedical research investigations have explored several potential breast cancer (BC) biomarker by utilizing serum proteins, natural oncogenic genes during improvement in molecular technologies as microarray and RNA/DNASeq. Recently smallest noncoding microRNAs are becoming the essential regulators in the oncogenesis pathways and they can act as handy noninvasive clinical diagnostic biomarkers. This newly introduced class of noninvasive biomarkers is rising as a new molecule for the cancer diagnosis and prognosis. A better understanding is the involvement of miRNAs in breast carcinogenesis can make available insights into the mechanisms of tumor development and could help to discover novel early potent noninvasive markers for early detection of breast Cancer. In recent clinical research the discovery of miRNAs in body fluids, such as serum and plasma opens the possibility of using them as noninvasive biomarkers of disease including breast cancer. Here in this review, we summarize the recent research studies supporting the utility of miRNAs as novel early diagnostic and prognostic tool. Thus, here we bring in potential future early stage detection strategies for breast cancer, which indicate the practicality and clinical applications of miRNAs in breast cancer.

Silkworm Bombyx mori exhibits for eliminating pathogenic defenses by their secretory component of haemolymph and gut component. This study aimed to investigate the stress enzyme role of carboxyl esterase, plays a major function in toxic component detoxification by their lipid assembly. Hence, the study has planned to identify their carboxyl esterase role in haemolymph of six silkworm races using innovative tools. The six silkworm races are characterized based on their esterase profiles and their morphological origins. It was concluded that Nistari, Kollegal Jawan and Hosa Mysore are considered as tolerant races and remaining races are susceptible by eliminating the toxic component from their body. Therefore, the present study could be an index for identifying the esterase role and used as a biomarker for the screening of a wide range of silkworm races for identifying genetic hardiness.