This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of inflammatory signalling pathways and their pharmacological significance in human health and disease. Inflammation signifies a basic biological reaction to harmful triggers like pathogens, injured cells, or irritants. This review examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern inflammation, focusing on the signaling pathways related to both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. The research highlights the essential functions of immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells, in addition to important inflammatory mediators like cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and acute-phase proteins. Particular focus is placed on key signaling cascades, such as the NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and inflammasome pathways, alongside the Toll-like receptor, arachidonic acid, complement system, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways. The role of each pathway in inflammation, immunity, and disease pathology is thoroughly assessed. This thorough pharmacological viewpoint offers insights into possible therapeutic targets for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, highlighting the significance of these signaling networks in both health and illness.
{"title":"Decoding inflammatory signaling networks: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets","authors":"Trilochan Satapathy , Nikita Patel , Poonam Sahu , Abhisek Satapathy","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of inflammatory signalling pathways and their pharmacological significance in human health and disease. Inflammation signifies a basic biological reaction to harmful triggers like pathogens, injured cells, or irritants. This review examines the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern inflammation, focusing on the signaling pathways related to both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. The research highlights the essential functions of immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells, in addition to important inflammatory mediators like cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and acute-phase proteins. Particular focus is placed on key signaling cascades, such as the NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and inflammasome pathways, alongside the Toll-like receptor, arachidonic acid, complement system, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways. The role of each pathway in inflammation, immunity, and disease pathology is thoroughly assessed. This thorough pharmacological viewpoint offers insights into possible therapeutic targets for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, highlighting the significance of these signaling networks in both health and illness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 204-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) can be caused by various underlying kidney conditions. In most cases, the exact cause of NS is unknown, although it may be related to the body's immune system malfunctioning. Recent studies suggested that TNFα gene contributes significantly to the progression of nephrotic syndrome patients. This study investigates the role of TNFα gene in nephrotic syndrome by studying gene interactions, co-expressions and network biological approaches to predict the miRNA associated with TNFα gene as a biomarker in nephrotic syndrome patients. We conduct a detailed study and identify the TNFα associated genes involved in nephrotic syndrome using Genecard, NCBI GEO, Enrichr and String database. Based on the co-expression and network-based studies we identified a list of gene along with TNFα gene and predict the miRNA pattern associated with each gene. Hub miRNA is predicted as a biomarker for NS. We predict a panel of Mirna by network-based approach, hsa-miR-130a-3p,hsa-miR-130b-3p,hsa-miR-181a-2-3p,hsa-miR-301a-3p,miR-301b-3p,hsa-miR-3666,hsa-miR-4295,hsa-miR-4310,hsa-miR-6835–5p,hsa-miR-7157–5p.There is a growing body of evidence suggesting the utility of miRNAs as biomarkers for nephrotic syndrome (NS). The enrichment and co expression analysis suggest involved in the progression of various cancers especially BRACA1 AND BRACA2. MiRNA-based target prediction is an emerging tool to forecast progressive markers for identifying steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) patients and evaluating the efficacy of drugs used in treatment. Based on our analysis, cancer associated genes and miRNAs expressed more. Nevertheless, further analysis is imperative to uncover unknown factors causing NS and its association with cancer progression and development.
{"title":"“MiRNA based target identification of TNFα gene in nephrotic syndrome”","authors":"Praveenkumar Kochuthakidiyel Suresh , Yogalakshmi Venkatachalapathy , Sarenya Anandaraj , Nandita Ganesh , Dharshini Sanker , Mohana Priya C.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nephrotic syndrome (NS) can be caused by various underlying kidney conditions. In most cases, the exact cause of NS is unknown, although it may be related to the body's immune system malfunctioning. Recent studies suggested that <em>TNFα</em> gene contributes significantly to the progression of nephrotic syndrome patients. This study investigates the role of <em>TNFα</em> gene in nephrotic syndrome by studying gene interactions, co-expressions and network biological approaches to predict the miRNA associated with <em>TNFα</em> gene as a biomarker in nephrotic syndrome patients. We conduct a detailed study and identify the <em>TNFα</em> associated genes involved in nephrotic syndrome using Genecard, NCBI GEO, Enrichr and String database. Based on the co-expression and network-based studies we identified a list of gene along with <em>TNFα</em> gene and predict the miRNA pattern associated with each gene. Hub miRNA is predicted as a biomarker for NS. We predict a panel of Mirna by network-based approach, hsa-miR-130a-3p,hsa-miR-130b-3p,hsa-miR-181a-2-3p,hsa-miR-301a-3p,miR-301b-3p,hsa-miR-3666,hsa-miR-4295,hsa-miR-4310,hsa-miR-6835–5p,hsa-miR-7157–5p.There is a growing body of evidence suggesting the utility of miRNAs as biomarkers for nephrotic syndrome (NS). The enrichment and co expression analysis suggest involved in the progression of various cancers especially <em>BRACA1 AND BRACA2</em>. MiRNA-based target prediction is an emerging tool to forecast progressive markers for identifying steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) patients and evaluating the efficacy of drugs used in treatment. Based on our analysis, cancer associated genes and miRNAs expressed more. Nevertheless, further analysis is imperative to uncover unknown factors causing NS and its association with cancer progression and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 76-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hard water is a serious problem in the village areas. Alkaline hardness can cause eye pain, respiratory tract collapse, liver difficulties, and skin concerns. Human biological hardness after the extreme exposures depends on their concentration, time, and volume absorbed. Biosorption, which occurs mostly in biomass, inertly adds and binds Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions to its biosorbents cellular structure. The biosorbents' cellular exterior composition and kinetic stability confirm their Ca2+ and Mg2+ removal capacity. The unique biological, physical, and chemical properties of each biosorbents made water hardness removal easier. The project aims to build a perfect technique to remove hardness from waste water using powerful solid waste biosorbents as pomegranate, orange, beetroot, lemon, and banana peels. Beetroot peel bio-adsorbent is one of the best biosorbents for water hardness removals from water as compared to other biosorbents in this study. After the screening processes do the optimization test on the Beetroot peel bio-adsorbent to get the optimum pH is 7.5–8, temperature is 35°C, time is 105 min, rotation speed is 120 rpm and biosorbents dosage concentration is 5.6 gm were studied. In the characterization part observed that the particle size vary from 1.28 to 8.74 μm, crystallite size vary from 2.56nm to 7.34 nm, surface areas and pore volume also vary from 24.14 to 54.68 m2/gm and 0.134–0.427cm3/gm respectively. In the SEM-EDX analysis observed that the presence of C, Si, O, K, Al, Fe and Mg elements in the biosorbents and the FTIR analysis observed that the presence of O-H stretch and H-bonded group, alkanes with C-H extend and alkynes with –C=C- extend. In the kinetics analysis observed that the R2 values of 0.965 of the beetroot peels biosorbents. After the kinetics study we are also collecting the water sample from four different locations i.e. Mallavolu, Gudivada, Gudlavalleru, and Machilipatnam and it is observed that the 70–84.39 % removals of hardness from water by the using of Beetroot peels biosorbents. In the adsorption and desorption cycle observed that the maximum desorption was observed at (94.56 %) could be achieved with the same strength of nitric acid as eluant. The sorption of Ca and Mg ions on regenerated biosorbents remained constant up to three cycles (97.38 %) and then started decreasing (to 82.36 %) in the 4th cycle. After removing the hardness from water, recycling biosorbents makes the biosorption process is cheaper. Biosorption with various bioreactors can remove the hardness from large volumes of water. This trial will lay the groundwork for water hardness eradication. Optimizing settings at various conditions and using contemporary equipment might increase the removal efficacy.
{"title":"Investigations of solid waste biosorbents for eliminations of total hardness from water: An experimental study of conversion of waste into valuable products","authors":"Subhashish Dey , G.T.N. Veerendra , A.V. Phani Manoj , Seelam Srikanth , V.V Praveen Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hard water is a serious problem in the village areas. Alkaline hardness can cause eye pain, respiratory tract collapse, liver difficulties, and skin concerns. Human biological hardness after the extreme exposures depends on their concentration, time, and volume absorbed. Biosorption, which occurs mostly in biomass, inertly adds and binds Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions to its biosorbents cellular structure. The biosorbents' cellular exterior composition and kinetic stability confirm their Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> removal capacity. The unique biological, physical, and chemical properties of each biosorbents made water hardness removal easier. The project aims to build a perfect technique to remove hardness from waste water using powerful solid waste biosorbents as pomegranate, orange, beetroot, lemon, and banana peels. Beetroot peel bio-adsorbent is one of the best biosorbents for water hardness removals from water as compared to other biosorbents in this study. After the screening processes do the optimization test on the Beetroot peel bio-adsorbent to get the optimum pH is 7.5–8, temperature is 35°C, time is 105 min, rotation speed is 120 rpm and biosorbents dosage concentration is 5.6 gm were studied. In the characterization part observed that the particle size vary from 1.28 to 8.74 μm, crystallite size vary from 2.56nm to 7.34 nm, surface areas and pore volume also vary from 24.14 to 54.68 m<sup>2</sup>/gm and 0.134–0.427cm<sup>3</sup>/gm respectively. In the SEM-EDX analysis observed that the presence of C, Si, O, K, Al, Fe and Mg elements in the biosorbents and the FTIR analysis observed that the presence of O-H stretch and H-bonded group, alkanes with C-H extend and alkynes with –C=C- extend. In the kinetics analysis observed that the R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.965 of the beetroot peels biosorbents. After the kinetics study we are also collecting the water sample from four different locations i.e. Mallavolu, Gudivada, Gudlavalleru, and Machilipatnam and it is observed that the 70–84.39 % removals of hardness from water by the using of Beetroot peels biosorbents. In the adsorption and desorption cycle observed that the maximum desorption was observed at (94.56 %) could be achieved with the same strength of nitric acid as eluant. The sorption of Ca and Mg ions on regenerated biosorbents remained constant up to three cycles (97.38 %) and then started decreasing (to 82.36 %) in the 4th cycle. After removing the hardness from water, recycling biosorbents makes the biosorption process is cheaper. Biosorption with various bioreactors can remove the hardness from large volumes of water. This trial will lay the groundwork for water hardness eradication. Optimizing settings at various conditions and using contemporary equipment might increase the removal efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 138-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions worldwide, yet the search for reliable biomarkers remains inconclusive. While modern biomedicine emphasizes measurable parameters such as cortisol, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and neuroimaging indices, Ayurveda employs functional diagnostic constructs including dosha imbalance and manovaha srotas (∼Psychochannels) dysfunction. Though differing in language, both systems aim to identify markers that reflect underlying systemic dysregulation.
Methods
This review adopted a comparative framework. Classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and modern indexed literature on biomarkers of anxiety were systematically analysed. Ayurvedic qualitative markers were mapped to modern physiological and biochemical indicators. Observational parallels and therapeutic implications were evaluated, with emphasis on translational integration.
Results
Ayurvedic constructs correlated significantly with modern biomarkers. Vata aggravation paralleled autonomic dysregulation and reduced heart rate variability. Rajas and tamas predominance aligned with catecholaminergic hyperactivity and prefrontal cortical hypoactivity. Ojas depletion reflected reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor and altered cortisol rhythms, while ama accumulation resonated with elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP). Dysfunction of manovaha srotas corresponded to amygdala hyperactivity and impaired prefrontal–amygdala connectivity. Therapeutic interventions including Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri, yoga, and meditation demonstrated measurable effects on cortisol, HRV, GABA, and inflammatory markers, complementing conventional therapies.
Conclusion
Ayurveda provides systemic, functional biomarkers, while modern biomedicine contributes quantifiable indices. Their integration offers a multidimensional framework for understanding and managing anxiety disorders. This conceptual bridge highlights the potential for developing hybrid biomarker models that enhance diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized treatment.
{"title":"Ayurveda constructs as functional biomarkers: A narrative review of translational perspective on Generalized anxiety disorder","authors":"Sumedh Joshi , Shivani Ghildiyal , Tanuja Manoj Nesari","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions worldwide, yet the search for reliable biomarkers remains inconclusive. While modern biomedicine emphasizes measurable parameters such as cortisol, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and neuroimaging indices, Ayurveda employs functional diagnostic constructs including <em>dosha</em> imbalance and <em>manovaha srotas</em> (∼Psychochannels) dysfunction. Though differing in language, both systems aim to identify markers that reflect underlying systemic dysregulation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This review adopted a comparative framework. Classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and modern indexed literature on biomarkers of anxiety were systematically analysed. Ayurvedic qualitative markers were mapped to modern physiological and biochemical indicators. Observational parallels and therapeutic implications were evaluated, with emphasis on translational integration.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ayurvedic constructs correlated significantly with modern biomarkers. <em>Vata</em> aggravation paralleled autonomic dysregulation and reduced heart rate variability. <em>Rajas</em> and <em>tamas</em> predominance aligned with catecholaminergic hyperactivity and prefrontal cortical hypoactivity. <em>Ojas</em> depletion reflected reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor and altered cortisol rhythms, while <em>ama</em> accumulation resonated with elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP). Dysfunction of <em>manovaha srotas</em> corresponded to amygdala hyperactivity and impaired prefrontal–amygdala connectivity. Therapeutic interventions including <em>Withania somnifera</em>, <em>Bacopa monnieri</em>, yoga, and meditation demonstrated measurable effects on cortisol, HRV, GABA, and inflammatory markers, complementing conventional therapies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Ayurveda provides systemic, functional biomarkers, while modern biomedicine contributes quantifiable indices. Their integration offers a multidimensional framework for understanding and managing anxiety disorders. This conceptual bridge highlights the potential for developing hybrid biomarker models that enhance diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 396-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.003
Francesco Carlo Tartaglia , Shahnawaz Khijmatgar , Massimo Del Fabbro , Cinzia Maspero , Alberto Caprioglio , Francesco Amati , Davide Sozzi
Background
In ambulatory and hospital settings, inflammatory diseases stand a significant challenge for both patients and clinicians. These conditions, often serve as precursors to sepsis, necessitate effective differentiation between bacterial and viral respiratory diagnoses. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) have played crucial roles in this differentiation process, aiding in risk stratification and guiding decisions on antibiotic therapy initiation and duration. While blood has been a conventional medium for detecting these biomarkers, there is a lack of evidence regarding their detection in saliva. Hence, our scoping review was aimed to assess the potential of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in saliva as alternative biomarkers for identifying and monitoring infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Materials and methods
PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews was followed. Elec-tronic databases including PUBMED, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and OVID Medline were systematically searched using specific terms combined with boolean operators. Studies evaluating both salivary and blood levels of PCT, CRP, or both and reporting on correlation in biomarkers level between the two body fluids were included. No limitations regarding study design, publication year and language were applied. Data extraction utilized a piloted template, and descriptive statistics was employed.
Results
The studies included in the review involved a range of conditions from respiratory infections and systemic diseases to metabolic and cardiac conditions. Significant correlations between salivary and serum PCT and CRP levels were reported across multiple studies. While most studies reported positive correlations, indicating saliva's potential to reflect systemic inflammatory states, the degree of correlation varied, and a few studies found no significant correlation, highlighting the need for further research.
Conclusion
The review emphasized the promising role of salivary diagnostics to identify systemic inflammatory states, which could prove pivotal in detecting and managing various health conditions. The importance of standardizing saliva collection and biomarker detection methods to enhance non-invasive, patient-centered healthcare approaches is un derscored.
在门诊和医院环境中，炎症性疾病对患者和临床医生都是一个重大挑战。这些情况通常是败血症的前兆，需要有效区分细菌和病毒呼吸道诊断。降钙素原（PCT）和c反应蛋白（CRP）在这一分化过程中起着至关重要的作用，有助于风险分层并指导抗生素治疗开始和持续时间的决定。虽然血液一直是检测这些生物标志物的传统媒介，但缺乏证据表明它们在唾液中检测。因此，我们的范围综述旨在评估唾液中降钙素原（PCT）和c反应蛋白（CRP）作为识别和监测感染性和炎症性疾病的替代生物标志物的潜力。材料和方法遵循sprisma范围审查指南。利用特定的术语结合布尔运算符对PUBMED、Scopus、Web of Science、Cochrane数据库、OVID Medline等电子数据库进行系统检索。研究评估了唾液和血液中PCT、CRP或两者的水平，并报告了两种体液中生物标志物水平的相关性。没有对研究设计、出版年份和语言的限制。数据提取采用试点模板，并采用描述性统计。结果综述中纳入的研究涉及一系列疾病，从呼吸道感染、全身性疾病到代谢和心脏疾病。多项研究报告了唾液和血清PCT和CRP水平之间的显著相关性。虽然大多数研究报告了正相关，表明唾液有可能反映全身性炎症状态，但相关程度各不相同，少数研究发现无显著相关性，需要进一步研究。结论本综述强调了唾液诊断在识别全身炎症状态方面的重要作用，这对于发现和管理各种健康状况至关重要。标准化唾液收集和生物标志物检测方法的重要性，以加强非侵入性，以患者为中心的医疗保健方法被强调。
{"title":"Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as alternative salivary biomarkers in infection and inflammatory diseases detection and patient care: A scoping review","authors":"Francesco Carlo Tartaglia , Shahnawaz Khijmatgar , Massimo Del Fabbro , Cinzia Maspero , Alberto Caprioglio , Francesco Amati , Davide Sozzi","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In ambulatory and hospital settings, inflammatory diseases stand a significant challenge for both patients and clinicians. These conditions, often serve as precursors to sepsis, necessitate effective differentiation between bacterial and viral respiratory diagnoses. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) have played crucial roles in this differentiation process, aiding in risk stratification and guiding decisions on antibiotic therapy initiation and duration. While blood has been a conventional medium for detecting these biomarkers, there is a lack of evidence regarding their detection in saliva. Hence, our scoping review was aimed to assess the potential of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in saliva as alternative biomarkers for identifying and monitoring infectious and inflammatory diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews was followed. Elec-tronic databases including PUBMED, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and OVID Medline were systematically searched using specific terms combined with boolean operators. Studies evaluating both salivary and blood levels of PCT, CRP, or both and reporting on correlation in biomarkers level between the two body fluids were included. No limitations regarding study design, publication year and language were applied. Data extraction utilized a piloted template, and descriptive statistics was employed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The studies included in the review involved a range of conditions from respiratory infections and systemic diseases to metabolic and cardiac conditions. Significant correlations between salivary and serum PCT and CRP levels were reported across multiple studies. While most studies reported positive correlations, indicating saliva's potential to reflect systemic inflammatory states, the degree of correlation varied, and a few studies found no significant correlation, highlighting the need for further research.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The review emphasized the promising role of salivary diagnostics to identify systemic inflammatory states, which could prove pivotal in detecting and managing various health conditions. The importance of standardizing saliva collection and biomarker detection methods to enhance non-invasive, patient-centered healthcare approaches is un derscored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 111-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2025.08.002
Nathan H. Johnson , Nancy G. Casanova , Susannah Patarroyo-White , Jason Canizales , Sara M. Camp , Jon Perez Barcena , Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari , Bellal Joseph , Joe G.N. Garcia
Rationale
The unmet need for effective therapeutic strategies to address the bi-directional perturbation of the lung-brain axis following traumatic brain injury (TBI) or associated with Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is increasingly recognized. Contributing to this unmet need is the absence of reliable biomarkers that reflect the severity of lung-brain axis disruption. We assessed specific potential lung-brain axis biomarkers in TBI and ALI/ARDS subjects and explored the specific influence of exposure to mechanical ventilation.
Methods
Serum biomarker levels from TBI (n = 97) and ARDS subjects (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 46) were analyzed (MesoScale Discovery ELISA) utilizing a critical illness lung-brain axis biomarker panel (CILBA) that included DAMPS (eNAMPT, S100A8), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-1RA, TNF-α), vascular biomarkers (PSGL-1, ANG-2), and neurotrauma biomarkers (GFAP or Glial fibrillary acidic protein, NFL or neurofilament light chain, Tau).
Results
TBI and ARDS subjects demonstrated significant elevations in each biomarker (compared to controls) with two exceptions: PSGL-1 was exclusively elevated in ARDS and GFAP exclusively elevated in TBI. Mechanically ventilated subjects exposed exhibited significantly DAMP, vascular and neurotrauma biomarker elevations compared to unexposed subjects. With the exception of GFAP, Ang-2, and S100A8, biomarker elevations were linked to ICU days or mortality.
Conclusions
These results highlight overlapping innate immunity dysregulation as a manifestation of lung-brain axis disruption in both TBI- and ARDS-exposed subjects with amplified dysregulation with mechanical ventilation. Additional longitudinal studies of well-phenotyped TBI and ARDS subjects may substantiate the prognostic value of biomarker analyses in assessing the severity of bidirectional lung-brain axis injuries.
{"title":"Lung-brain axis-generated inflammatory biomarkers in traumatic brain injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Role of mechanical ventilation/stress","authors":"Nathan H. Johnson , Nancy G. Casanova , Susannah Patarroyo-White , Jason Canizales , Sara M. Camp , Jon Perez Barcena , Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari , Bellal Joseph , Joe G.N. Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Rationale</h3><div>The unmet need for effective therapeutic strategies to address the bi-directional perturbation of the lung-brain axis following traumatic brain injury (TBI) or associated with Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is increasingly recognized. Contributing to this unmet need is the absence of reliable biomarkers that reflect the severity of lung-brain axis disruption. We assessed specific potential lung-brain axis biomarkers in TBI and ALI/ARDS subjects and explored the specific influence of exposure to mechanical ventilation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Serum biomarker levels from TBI (n = 97) and ARDS subjects (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 46) were analyzed (MesoScale Discovery ELISA) utilizing a critical illness lung-brain axis biomarker panel (CILBA) that included DAMPS (eNAMPT, S100A8), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-1RA, TNF-α), vascular biomarkers (PSGL-1, ANG-2), and neurotrauma biomarkers (GFAP or Glial fibrillary acidic protein, NFL or neurofilament light chain, Tau).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>TBI and ARDS subjects demonstrated significant elevations in each biomarker (compared to controls) with two exceptions: PSGL-1 was exclusively elevated in ARDS and GFAP exclusively elevated in TBI. Mechanically ventilated subjects exposed exhibited significantly DAMP, vascular and neurotrauma biomarker elevations compared to unexposed subjects. With the exception of GFAP, Ang-2, and S100A8, biomarker elevations were linked to ICU days or mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results highlight overlapping innate immunity dysregulation as a manifestation of lung-brain axis disruption in both TBI- and ARDS-exposed subjects with amplified dysregulation with mechanical ventilation. Additional longitudinal studies of well-phenotyped TBI and ARDS subjects may substantiate the prognostic value of biomarker analyses in assessing the severity of bidirectional lung-brain axis injuries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 238-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2025.06.001
Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi, Elaheh Afsaneh
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a malignancy that arises from T-cells infected with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The disease is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and reduced apoptosis of malignant T cells, which contributes to tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Anoikis is a specific form of programmed cell death triggered by the loss of cell–matrix or cell–cell adhesion, playing a critical role in preventing detached cells from surviving and forming tumors. Dysregulation of anoikis has been implicated in cancer metastasis and therapeutic resistance across various malignancies; however, its role in ATLL remains largely unexplored. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate anoikis-related genes in ATLL subtypes, particularly across its major subtypes: acute, chronic, and smoldering. In this study, we explored anoikis-related differentially expressed genes to identify those specifically associated with each subtype. We then applied Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression to select the most informative features. Subsequently, we employed decision trees, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, support vector machine, and logistic regression algorithms to identify classifier genes distinguishing each ATLL subtype from asymptomatic carriers. The identified biomarkers include SMARCE1 and CASP3 for acute, TGFΒ1 and MTA1 for chronic, and CXCL1 and LGALS8 for smoldering subtypes. These genes are involved in cell adhesion, survival signaling, and apoptosis—key processes in cellular homeostasis and oncogenesis. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms linking anoikis to ATLL subtypes and highlight potential therapeutic targets.
{"title":"Machine learning-driven discovery of anoikis-related biomarkers in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma subtypes","authors":"Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi, Elaheh Afsaneh","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a malignancy that arises from T-cells infected with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The disease is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and reduced apoptosis of malignant T cells, which contributes to tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Anoikis is a specific form of programmed cell death triggered by the loss of cell–matrix or cell–cell adhesion, playing a critical role in preventing detached cells from surviving and forming tumors. Dysregulation of anoikis has been implicated in cancer metastasis and therapeutic resistance across various malignancies; however, its role in ATLL remains largely unexplored. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate anoikis-related genes in ATLL subtypes, particularly across its major subtypes: acute, chronic, and smoldering. In this study, we explored anoikis-related differentially expressed genes to identify those specifically associated with each subtype. We then applied Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression to select the most informative features. Subsequently, we employed decision trees, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, support vector machine, and logistic regression algorithms to identify classifier genes distinguishing each ATLL subtype from asymptomatic carriers. The identified biomarkers include <em>SMARCE1</em> and <em>CASP3</em> for acute, <em>TGFΒ1</em> and <em>MTA1</em> for chronic, and <em>CXCL1</em> and <em>LGALS8</em> for smoldering subtypes. These genes are involved in cell adhesion, survival signaling, and apoptosis—key processes in cellular homeostasis and oncogenesis. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms linking anoikis to ATLL subtypes and highlight potential therapeutic targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 180-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been associated with substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, both during acute infection and in the post-recovery phase. Identifying and understanding key biomarkers is critical for elucidating underlying mechanisms, guiding risk stratification, and informing therapeutic strategies.
Objective
This literature review was conducted with the aim to synthesize current evidence on the role of major cardiovascular biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), cardiac troponins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology, prognosis, and long-term sequelae of COVID-19.
Methods
The authors have gone through various databases such as - PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This review evaluates peer-reviewed clinical and mechanistic studies examining the association between COVID-19 between January 2020 to June 2025 with keywords and MeSH terms such as “C-Reactive Protein” OR “CRP” and “Cardiac Troponins” or “Troponin I″ or “Troponin T″ and “Cytokine Storm” and “COVID-19″ or “SARS-CoV-2″ and “Cardiovascular Complications” and cardiovascular complications, with a focus on inflammatory and myocardial injury biomarkers.
Results
CRP, an acute-phase reactant and sensitive indicator of systemic inflammation, is markedly elevated in severe COVID-19 and correlates with endothelial dysfunction and disease severity. Cardiac troponins, highly specific markers of myocardial injury, are significantly increased in affected patients, predicting adverse clinical outcomes and higher mortality risk. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and other cytokines characteristic of the COVID-19–induced “cytokine storm” play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute cardiac injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic events. Persistent elevation of these biomarkers in some patients after acute illness suggests ongoing myocardial stress and chronic inflammation, potentially contributing to post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including long COVID and late cardiovascular complications.
Conclusion
Biomarkers such as CRP, cardiac troponins, and cytokines are integral to understanding the cardiovascular impact of COVID-19, offering prognostic value for both acute and long-term outcomes. Ongoing research into targeted anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective therapies holds promise for mitigating these complications and improving patient survival and quality of life.
由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 （SARS-CoV-2）引起的COVID-19大流行与急性感染期间和恢复后阶段的大量心血管疾病发病率和死亡率相关。识别和理解关键的生物标志物对于阐明潜在机制、指导风险分层和告知治疗策略至关重要。目的本文献综述旨在综合目前关于主要心血管生物标志物c反应蛋白（CRP）、心肌肌钙蛋白和促炎细胞因子在COVID-19病理生理、预后和长期后遗症中的作用的证据。方法检索PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science、谷歌Scholar等数据库。本综述评估了同行评审的临床和机制研究，研究了2020年1月至2025年6月期间COVID-19与关键词和MeSH术语（如“c -反应蛋白”或“CRP”、“心肌肌钙蛋白”或“肌钙蛋白I″”或“肌钙蛋白T″”、“细胞因子风暴”、“COVID-19″”或“SARS-CoV-2″”和“心血管并发症”和心血管并发症）之间的关联，重点是炎症和心肌损伤生物标志物。结果scrp（急性期反应物，全身性炎症敏感指标）在重症COVID-19患者中显著升高，并与内皮功能障碍和疾病严重程度相关。心肌肌钙蛋白是高度特异性的心肌损伤标志物，在受影响的患者中显著升高，预示着不良的临床结果和更高的死亡风险。白细胞介素-6 （IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)等细胞因子水平升高是新冠肺炎诱导的“细胞因子风暴”的特征，在急性心脏损伤、心肌炎、心律失常和血栓栓塞事件的发病机制中发挥关键作用。在一些急性疾病后的患者中，这些生物标志物持续升高表明持续的心肌应激和慢性炎症，可能导致SARS-CoV-2感染的急性后后遗症，包括长时间的COVID和晚期的心血管并发症。c反应蛋白、心肌肌钙蛋白和细胞因子等生物标志物对于了解COVID-19对心血管的影响是不可或缺的，对急性和长期预后都有预测价值。正在进行的针对抗炎和心脏保护治疗的研究有望减轻这些并发症，提高患者的生存率和生活质量。
{"title":"A comprehensive review on the interconnection of C-reactive protein, cardiac troponins, and cytokine storm in cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19","authors":"Poonam Sahu , Trilochan Satapathy , Abhisek Satapathy","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been associated with substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, both during acute infection and in the post-recovery phase. Identifying and understanding key biomarkers is critical for elucidating underlying mechanisms, guiding risk stratification, and informing therapeutic strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This literature review was conducted with the aim to synthesize current evidence on the role of major cardiovascular biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), cardiac troponins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology, prognosis, and long-term sequelae of COVID-19.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The authors have gone through various databases such as <strong>-</strong> PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This review evaluates peer-reviewed clinical and mechanistic studies examining the association between COVID-19 between January 2020 to June 2025 with keywords and MeSH terms such as “C-Reactive Protein” OR “CRP” and “Cardiac Troponins” or “Troponin I″ or “Troponin T″ and “Cytokine Storm” and “COVID-19″ or “SARS-CoV-2″ and “Cardiovascular Complications” and cardiovascular complications, with a focus on inflammatory and myocardial injury biomarkers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CRP, an acute-phase reactant and sensitive indicator of systemic inflammation, is markedly elevated in severe COVID-19 and correlates with endothelial dysfunction and disease severity. Cardiac troponins, highly specific markers of myocardial injury, are significantly increased in affected patients, predicting adverse clinical outcomes and higher mortality risk. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and other cytokines characteristic of the COVID-19–induced “cytokine storm” play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute cardiac injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic events. Persistent elevation of these biomarkers in some patients after acute illness suggests ongoing myocardial stress and chronic inflammation, potentially contributing to post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including long COVID and late cardiovascular complications.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Biomarkers such as CRP, cardiac troponins, and cytokines are integral to understanding the cardiovascular impact of COVID-19, offering prognostic value for both acute and long-term outcomes. Ongoing research into targeted anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective therapies holds promise for mitigating these complications and improving patient survival and quality of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 248-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2025.09.001
Youhe Gao
{"title":"Time to embrace personalized medicine instead of only pursuing universality of biomarkers","authors":"Youhe Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abst.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 378-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2024.02.001
Onifade Isreal Ayobami, Oluwatomiwa Jubilee Sunbare-Funto, Chinedu Endurance Mbah, O. Ajibade, O. Oyawoye, A. Aborode, S. C. Ogunleye, A. Jamiu, Basit Bolarinwa, Mosope F. Abanikannda, Zainab Tiamiyu, A. R. Idowu, O. Ige, Opara Julia Kelechi, Jeremiah I. Abok, Eniola A. Lawal, Ibude Jane Aruorivwooghene, Adekunle Fatai Adeoye, Olowo Roqeebah, Emmanuel Akinloye Ojewole, R. Adesola
{"title":"Faecal microbial transplant","authors":"Onifade Isreal Ayobami, Oluwatomiwa Jubilee Sunbare-Funto, Chinedu Endurance Mbah, O. Ajibade, O. Oyawoye, A. Aborode, S. C. Ogunleye, A. Jamiu, Basit Bolarinwa, Mosope F. Abanikannda, Zainab Tiamiyu, A. R. Idowu, O. Ige, Opara Julia Kelechi, Jeremiah I. Abok, Eniola A. Lawal, Ibude Jane Aruorivwooghene, Adekunle Fatai Adeoye, Olowo Roqeebah, Emmanuel Akinloye Ojewole, R. Adesola","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abst.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72080,"journal":{"name":"Advances in biomarker sciences and technology","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139817822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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