Adversity and resilience science最新文献

This study examined the psychometric properties of the English version of the 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale using the Rasch Rating Scale model in a sample of 177 international students and scholars at a U.S. university. The Connor-Davison Resilience Scale was developed to measure individual differences in psychological resilience. Previous studies using item response theory (IRT) approaches to evaluate the scale have not yet considered potential differences in psychometric properties related to participants’ ethnicities and cultures. Thus, this study extended prior investigations by examining possible violations of measurement invariance across participants’ demographic characteristics at the item level using the Rasch rating scale model. Although the CD-RISC-10 demonstrated adequate person separation reliability, visual inspection of individual ratings and the variable map indicates that some participants provided extreme and inconsistent responses. Moreover, the CD-RISC-10 had an apparent ceiling effect, and one item showed differential item functioning across gender groups. Altogether, the results suggest that the English CD-RISC-10 shows adequate psychometric properties within a sample of international participants in the U.S. However, continued research is needed to determine how population differences may affect performance on the instrument and to develop items capable of measuring a broader range of psychological resilience.

Previous studies have documented the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. However, there is a lack of research on the connection between ACEs and IPV victimization among international populations. The present study examines the connection between ACEs, IPV victimization, and negotiation among a sample in Iran through latent class analysis. The participants were 301 women living in Northern Iran. Data was performed with Latent Class Analysis through Mplus 8. The results of the present study identified three classes related to ACE experiences: the high adverse experiences class, the household dysfunction class, and the less adverse experiences class. The high adverse class and household dysfunction class both experienced all forms of IPV. However, the household dysfunction class had an insignificant connection with injury victimization and is positively associated with more negotiation skills in a conflict situation. The less adverse class showed an insignificant association with all forms of IPV victimization, except psychological aggression victimization. The present study results shed light on a path to future research to examine the factors that can reinforce or limit the association between ACEs and IPV victimization in Iranian women.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the associations between racial discrimination and college student mental and physical health outcomes. Also, relationships with parents and ethnicity were analyzed as moderators. The sample consisted of 869 college students (M_age = 19.55; 57.8% female; 63.4% single; 75.9% European American, 24.1% ethnic minorities; Mdn yearly income = $4,100) from a conservative U.S. state. Racial discrimination, parent-youth relations, mental health, and physical health were assessed using anonymous, online surveys. Findings indicated that racial discrimination was significantly and positively related to internalizing symptoms, health problems, and risky behavior. Although ethnic minorities reported significantly higher mean levels of discrimination, the associations between perceived racial discrimination and risky behavior and health problems were stronger among European Americans. Findings also showed that links between racial discrimination and mental and physical health were attenuated among ethnic minorities reporting high levels of relationship quality and low levels of co-rumination. In contrast, these associations were magnified among European Americans reporting high levels of relationship quality and low levels of co-rumination. The findings suggest that the ameliorative benefits of supportive family relationships among youth experiencing racism in the community may vary by ethnicity.

Adversities serve as risks, but also opportunities to acquire capacities to adjust positively in future stressors. There is now considerable agreement that resilience should be viewed as a process. However, a key question remains: Why do some individuals exhibit resilience while others do not? The present study aimed to provide a detailed description of the youth resilience process and theorized on the specific mechanisms that support positive adjustment following adversities in early life. In-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 34 young adults with adverse childhood experiences; analysis followed a paradigm of critical realism. Results were organized in three levels of realist ontology to provide hierarchical and substantive support of findings and theorizations. We propose the Youth Resilience Process Model (Y-RPM), which integrates and builds on existing theories and concepts to explain the mechanisms and different pathways of internal processes that foster resilience among youths.

This paper is the first to develop a tool to measure Resilience Outcome Expectations (ROE) quantitatively. ROE is defined as the belief in achieving positive adaptation results through one’s action despite an adversarial experience. Extensive research has established the importance of resilience and outcome expectations (OEs) separately. However, no study has exclusively examined the contributions of OEs in resilience, making ROE an unexplored area of research. The ROE scale items were generated using a deductive approach, which involved reviewing the literature and assessing existing related scales relevant to the topic. The COVID-19 pandemic was considered the context of adversity for this scale development study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a single-factor accounting for 58.5% of the variance, further supported by parallel analysis. Cronbach’s alpha value of .87 indicated good internal consistency. Twenty-two expert evaluations confirmed the face and content validity of the ROE scale. Furthermore, computations of the content validity index (CVI) and kappa statistic (K) determined high content validity quantitatively. While further validation and confirmation of the scale’s factor structure are required, the initial testing of the ROE tool has shown promising psychometric properties. Accordingly, the scale may be utilized by future ROE researchers.

Research has shown that both college students and people in recovery from substance use disorder were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, mental health and substance use challenges accrued for each group. However, less is known about how people who are both college students and in recovery experienced the pandemic. And, generally, little is known about the experiences of college students in recovery without access to the institutional support of a collegiate recovery program. We conducted a study including college students in recovery on a campus without a collegiate recovery program (N = 17) to explore how students experienced adversity during the pandemic and how they demonstrated resilience in overcoming adversity. We utilized thematic analysis to document patterns in the data. Students grappled with attrition from their recovery communities, loss of personal connections, and substance use and mental health challenges. To mitigate these hardships, students employed strategies to avoid substance use, applied principles of recovery programs, took advantage of new resources for recovery, and found ways to maintain connection with some supports. Our findings, documenting the resilience shown by these college students, can be utilized to improve collegiate recovery services, with an eye toward the ongoing popularity of virtual learning and toward potential future disruptive events.

Youth’s future orientation (FO) is a robust predictor of a successful transition to adulthood, and a protective and promotive factor for resilience. However, assessing FO during adolescence and emerging adulthood is typically unidimensional, burdensome, and lacks attention to positive and negative thoughts about the future. This study aimed to develop and validate the Orienting and Planning the Future Scale (OPFS), a short inventory of FO. Study 1 included participants aged 18 to 25 (N = 607, 65.6% female) recruited online via the M-Turk platform. Study 2 included a sample of emerging adults of low socioeconomic status (SES) (N = 224, 54.5% female). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor structure. We found evidence for convergent, discriminant, incremental, and criterion-related validity. Higher positive professional/financial FO was associated with reduced risky sexual behaviors (rank-order change). Thus, our results demonstrate reliability and validity of the OPFS among two samples of emerging adults.

Academic resilience is the ability to achieve successful results in educational challenges. Since it accurately predicts academic achievement and retention in undergraduates, measuring it is essential. The study is aimed at developing a short version of the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS) as well as testing the bifactor model, posed in prior research as an alternative to first-order structures. Items were altered to become linguistically suitable for the target population and examined in terms of content. An exploratory factor analysis (300 undergraduates) retained 12 out of the 30 items—four per dimension—considering their content and metric features. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling analysis tested and compared different models in 805 undergraduates. As a result, the bifactor ESEM model including three independent dimensions and a global dimension was selected due to its better fit. The short scale enables a valid, reliable, and fast assessment of academic resilience in undergraduates.