Adversity and resilience science最新文献

The purpose of this study is to empirically validate the Family Cultural Wealth Survey (FCWS) by centering Black families with young children by (1) understanding the factor structure of the FCWS; (2) examining differences by income, family structure, and parental education; and (3) exploring the validity of the tool by examining its association with parental experiences of racial discrimination and parent and child well-being. 117 socioeconomically diverse Black families with young children with an average age of 36 years were surveyed: 46% were 200% below the federal poverty level (FPL) and 21% above the 400% FPL, 47% had a B.A. degree or higher, and 75% were in two-parent households. Exploratory factor analyses, correlation, and regression analyses were conducted. Results revealed and confirmed five factors: knowledge and access to resources, supportive network and optimism for challenges, culturally sustaining traditions and practices, spiritual promoting practices, and diverse communication and connection channels. While some differences were found based on income and parental education, there were no differences by family structure. Validation analyses indicated that family cultural wealth was associated with parental experiences of discrimination and parent emotional distress but not child behavioral problems. These findings suggest that the FCWS has adequate psychometrics, making it a potential tool for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers as they ensure that programs and strategies leverage the assets of racially marginalized families.

Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) have substantial potential to improve children’s mental health. We examined the prevalence of 26 specific PCEs, overall and by demographics, and the individual and cumulative effects of PCEs with current diagnosis of three mental health conditions using nationally representative, parent-reported data on U.S. children aged 6–17 years from the 2018–2019 National Survey of Children’s Health (n=35,583). The prevalence of each PCE varied, with a range between 22.6% (gets recommended amount of physical activity) to 92.1% (parent(s) have positive mental health). Accounting for demographics, there were associations between most specific PCEs and lower prevalence of current childhood anxiety (22 of 26 PCEs), depression (22 of 26 PCEs), and behavioral or conduct problems (21 of 26 PCEs). There was a dose-response relationship between children in higher cumulative PCE quartiles and lower proportions of anxiety, depression, and behavioral or conduct problems. Findings generally did not attenuate after further adjusting for adverse childhood experiences. PCEs are common among U.S. children, but vary substantially by type of PCE and subpopulation. This has critical implications for focusing prevention and intervention strategies to bolster PCEs in ways that could improve health equity and children’s mental health.

Nurses face complex stressors in their work including routine exposure to human suffering and potentially traumatic events. Consequently, nurses are at risk of moral distress, workplace burnout, and compassion fatigue. The aim of this study was to design, develop, and test a health-promoting resilience education program for nurses. The research questions were as follows: (1) Are resilience scores of nurses affected by resilience education? (2) How do nurses understand resilience in the context of their workplace? (3) What role does resilience play in nurses’ mental health? (4) Is single-session targeted resilience education effective in maintaining resilience scores over time? Nurses in this study are moderately resilient as noted by their pre-education scores on the Resilience Scale (RS) and the Resilience at Work (RS@W) Scale. Resilience scores significantly increased immediately after resilience education and were sustained over time. Nurses have an array of health strategies for maintaining their resilience; these were further enhanced through experiential education. Increased resilience scores resulted in changes in nurses’ behavior and thinking, and new strategies were integrated into the nurses’ “toolbox” of cognitive and behavioral skills. Building and sustaining a strong foundation of resilience and well-being is key for nurses to maintain mental health, cope with work-related stressors, and provide safe competent patient care. Study outcomes offer opportunities to change the narrative from nursing as perilous and risky to one of strength, flourish, and growth. Beyond individual resilience, system-level change is required to support the well-being of healthcare personnel.

Despite evidence to suggest that receiving support for mental health difficulties can improve later outcomes, adolescents often do not seek help when needed. While factors that reduce the likelihood of help-seeking intentions are well established, little is known about the factors that may increase adolescents’ intentions to seek help. This study sought to identify promotive factors for general help-seeking intentions, as well as help-seeking intentions from formal and informal sources specifically, and to test the assumptions of cumulative promotion theory in relation to help-seeking. Participants comprised 290 early adolescents (aged 11–14) in Northwest England who completed a suite of online measures assessing their mental health, wellbeing, and help-seeking intentions. Candidate promotive factors were modelled, and a cumulative promotive index (CPI) score was generated for each participant. Hierarchical regression was used to analyse the data. A range of promotive factors were identified for help-seeking intentions. CPI scores were significant predictors of all three help-seeking outcomes, even after accounting for the variance explained by the individual promotive factors. Thus, this study confirms two key tenets of cumulative promotion theory in relation to help-seeking intentions amongst adolescents: (1) as the number of promotive factors increases, intentions to seek help for mental health difficulties also increase, and (2) the number of promotive factors is more important than their nature when increasing help-seeking intentions.

This paper reports the validation of the Greek Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) in a mature student community-based sample (n = 734). The WEMWBS was administered as part of a battery of questionnaires, and the survey data were analyzed employing rigorous advanced multivariate methods to determine its reliability and validity. The findings revealed excellent internal consistency, a unidimensional structure substantiated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and adequate convergent validity, confirming its validity as a cohesive metric for assessing mental well-being. The validated WEMWBS has the potential to be an instrument, for researchers, healthcare professionals, and other individuals involved in assessing the current condition of mental well-being in Greek-speaking populations.

Parental deportation and coerced voluntary relocation of Mexican-origin families from the USA to Mexico have been increasing since the second half of the last decade, yet little is known about the mental health and well-being of United States Citizen Children (USCC) relocated to Mexico after experiencing parental deportation or a coerced voluntary relocation. This mixed-methods study was performed to understand more about the adaptation process and well-being of USCC relocated to Mexico and to explore whether experiencing parental deportation was associated with clinical symptoms of depression and anxiety. Study participants were 36 USCC relocated to Mexico (50% experienced parental deportation, 50% females, Age (overline{x }) = 11.31, SD = 1.80 months in Mexico (overline{x }) = 9.91, SD = 5.69). Close to half of the participants presented clinical symptoms of either depression or anxiety. Bayesian ANCOVAs identified higher overall anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, and school avoidance symptoms in USCC who experienced parental deportation. Bayesian logistic regressions identified how experiencing parental deportation meaningfully increased the log odds of presenting clinical symptoms of depression and anxiety for USCC. The five salient themes discussed were grief over loss, parental prohibition from entering the USA, adaptation process, emotional response to adaptation, and worry. Clinical implications and future directions for research are discussed.

Background

Individuals who experience early childhood adversities are at risk of developing mental health problems including depression. Psychological resilience and self-esteem can ease the impact of these childhood adversities on mental health. However, there are few studies evaluating these associations. This study aimed to determine the mediating effects of psychological resilience and self-esteem on the association between early childhood adversity and depressive symptoms among adolescents in Nigeria.

Methods

This cross-sectional study collected data on early childhood adversity, depressive symptoms, psychological resilience, and self-esteem from adolescents 13–19 years old between September and October 2020 using an online platform. Multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the independent variables (adverse childhood experiences, psychological resilience, and self-esteem) associated with depressive symptoms, while adjusting for age, education level completed, and sexual identity (heterosexual, sexual minority individuals). Mediation path analyses were also conducted to determine the total and direct associations between early childhood adversity and depressive symptoms, and indirect effects through psychological resilience and self-esteem.

Results

There were 1321 complete responses, of which 767 (58.1%) reported depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms (B: 0.28, p < 0.001) were significantly positively associated with early childhood adversity, while psychological resilience significantly mediated the total effect of early childhood adversity on depressive symptoms. The total effect was 0.946 (p < 0.001), the direct effect was 0.846 (p < 0.001), and the indirect effect was 0.101 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Targeting efforts to build psychological resilience may reduce the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents who grow up in an environment like Nigeria where the risk of experiencing early childhood adversity is high.

The Resilience Builder Program® (RBP) is a cognitive-behavioral based group therapy for children with psychosocial deficits. Previous studies in children with varied diagnoses (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders) have provided evidence for its effectiveness in emotion regulation, positive emotions, social skills, and resilience. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which specific therapeutic components of the RBP may reduce internalizing problems in children. The current study examined pre- to post-therapy change in self-regulation, resilience, and internalizing problems, and investigated the therapeutic pathways of the RBP for reducing children’s internalizing problems by accounting for resilience improvement. Children (N = 244) between 7 to 15 years old with diverse diagnoses and heterogeneous symptoms who completed the RBP were assessed with parent-report measures of executive functioning, emotion regulation, resilience, and internalizing problems prior to and following the RBP. Results found that improvement in self-regulation and resilience predicted significant reductions in internalizing problems in children following the RBP. In addition, the change in resilience was found to be a significant predictor of the relationship between the change in self-regulation and internalizing problems. These findings clarify the therapeutic mechanisms of RBP, and more broadly speak to the value of targeting self-regulation and resilience as a means of reducing internalizing problems in youth receiving psychotherapeutic interventions.

Over 100 million children and youth around the world live in precarious street situations, most of whom are boys living in low- and middle-income country contexts. Although this vast group of youth is exposed to substantial hardship, it is increasingly evident that there are resilient processes underway that allow many of these young people to survive and thrive. The objective of the current research was to examine resilience in a group of male Children and Youth in Street Situations (CYSS) in León, Nicaragua, to identify the factors in the boys, in their relationships and in their environments that facilitate their experiences of resilience. This study used qualitative data collected through individual interviews and focus groups with CYSS, their family members, community members, and staff of a local non-profit. A grounded theory analysis led to the generation of a context-specific model of resilience that specifies those factors associated with the experience of resilience in this sample. The findings of this research contribute to our understanding of resilience as a dynamic, context-specific process that emerges through the interactions between children, their relationships, and their environments. The identification of resilience-enhancing factors present in the lives of CYSS in León is considered a first crucial step in developing culturally and contextually relevant interventions to support the resilience of this group.

The purpose of this work was to examine the impact of parental physical punishment on developmental outcomes within the Turkish and Turkish-speaking Cypriot communities and in comparison to a sample of students from the USA. Both cultural communities are experiencing dynamic transitions related to secularization, economic modernization, and trends in educational outcomes. The relatively understudied Turkish-speaking Cypriot community, in particular, represents a community that may extend our knowledge of the impact of physical punishment. It is a unique cultural milieu that blends cultural features of both Turkey and Cyprus and experiences tensions in the identities of these communities because of the unique sociopolitical situation of Northern Cyprus. A sample of participants from a Turkish university located in Northern Cyprus was recruited and administered surveys on their experiences of physical punishment in childhood. Using latent class analysis, a common measurement framework was identified across the communities. Using these latent classes as outcomes, participants from both the Turkish and Turkish-speaking Cypriot communities reported a greater likelihood of experiencing more severe physical punishment during childhood. Participants who reported lower likelihood of experiencing physical punishment had significantly better relationships with their mothers than participants who reported more moderate physical punishment. This work extends the discussion of the cultural impact on physical punishment outcomes across cultural communities to identify two additional cultural communities in which the experience of physical punishment serves as a potential risk factor for negative developmental outcomes. This work demonstrates that in each of these communities, despite varying educational and religious features of the contexts, experiencing more severe physical punishment was associated with increased risk for negative developmental outcomes.