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An extremely proximal origin of the A. brachialis superficialis superior results in the fact, that the A. thoracoacromialis and the A. thoracica lateralis become branches of the A. brachialis superficialis superior.

Multivariate statistical methods were used to do morphological determination of the amount and the relation of the astrocytic foot processes (AF), astrocytic lamina (AL) and dense zones (DZ) on hypothalamic capillaries. We corroborated that 100% of the perivascular membrane is surrounded by glial astrocytic cytoplasm. Principal component analysis shows that the original variables are independent of one another. Cluster analysis confirms the individual situation obtained through the principal component analysis. Discriminant analysis shows that the discriminant capacity of the 3 variables is very significant. For the potential interrelations of astrocytic foot processes, astrocytic lamina and dense zones we have clearly differentiated four groups of hypothalamic capillaries.

Lymphaticovenous Communications were searched in the mammary glands of 24 bitches. Injections of indian ink into the interstice of living animals were followed after death by the filling of the veins with latex and barium sulphate. Afterwards, the used techniques were: microdissection, angiography, clarification and histological section. The results obtained would seem to prove the existence of Lymphovenous Anastomoses. The roles of these communications in the canine mammary gland neoplasia are discussed.

The cancellous bone in the lower end of the human tibia is divisible into 3 broad categories, according to the density and disposition of its lamellae. Parallel fenestrated tubes of cancellous bone arise perpendicular to the inferior articular facet of the tibia and meet the shaft obliquely. They diverge from the neutral axis which inclines posterolaterally from the centre of the inferior articular facet. Horizontal lamellae course the medial malleolus, at right angle to its articular facet. The density of the cancellous bone decreases from the periphery to the neutral axis. Spicules of thin bone can be traced from the attachment of ligaments into cancellous bone lying perpendicular to the articular facets.

The prostate glands of 10 mature camels (3-5 years of age) were studied with the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructural examination of the secretory acini showed 2 types of cells, i.e. tall secretory epithelial cells and basal cells. The cells both were characterised by rounded nuclei. The subnuclear cytoplasm was filled with abundant stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The RER was occasionally observed to be interconnected with whorls and networks of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). In the supranuclear region, a moderate Golgi complex and a large number of secretory granules of varying sizes and electron density were observed. Lysosomes of various sizes were present in all types of cells. The luminal surfaces of the cells were covered with large number of microvilli. The basal cells were described. The ultrastructural morphology of the secretory units of the camel prostate may help us to determine if the mode of secretion in the camel prostate is apocrine in nature.

The origin and peripheral distribution of the primary afferent fibers to the cat auricle were studied by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. Following HRP injection into the whole region of the auricle, HRP-labeled cells were found ipsilaterally in the trigeminal ganglion, geniculate ganglion, superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and in the C1 to C4 spinal ganglia. In addition to the ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves, labeled cells were also observed in the facial nerve trunk and in the dorso-lateral portion of the superior cervical ganglion. In the case of HRP injection into the central region of the auricle, labeled cells were principally observed in the ganglia of cranial nerves and to a lesser degree in the spinal ganglia. On the contrary, in the case of HRP injection into the peripheral region of the auricle, labeled cells were principally observed in the spinal ganglia, although some were seen in the ganglia of cranial nerves. This study suggests that the cutaneous innervation of the auricle is supplied by both the cranial and spinal nerves, and that the central region of the auricle is strongly innervated by the cranial nerves and the peripheral region of the auricle is strongly innervated by the spinal nerves.

The number of motor neurons and interneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus was estimated in mice aged 6, 15, 25, 28 and 31 months. The number of motor neurons (overall mean 974) and interneurons (overall mean 125) did not vary significantly with age. Possible reasons for neuron number remaining stable with age were discussed.

Histogenesis of eccrine sweat glands is incompletely understood. Histochemistry of the human eccrine sweat gland of adult skin by the use of lectins as well as antibodies to neuroglandular antigen (NGA) and urokinase was in favour of a relative independent differentiation from interfollicular epidermis. Expression of NGA by sweat glands is a feature unique among skin appendages. The possible impact of our findings for sweat gland histogenesis is briefly discussed.

Human tissues contain carbohydrates for a main component, functioning as a source and reservoir of energy, connective and supporting element, recognition site and related tasks. Our main interest is to reveal the synthesis and distribution of carbohydrate elements in human fetal membranes. The aim of our work was to clarify, which kinds of elements containing carbohydrates, existed in the fetal membranes. Therefore we applied a lectin-binding study using the following FITC labelled lectins: ConA, WGA, PNA, LCA, RCA. This lead to the result, that ConA, LCA, WGA and RCA produced a positive reaction in the amnion epithelium, which was negative when using PNA. The basement membrane I showed an intense fluorescence when we used ConA, LCA and WGA, using RCA it was weaker and using PNA fluorescence was nearly missing. The examination of the amniotic fibroblast and intercellular substance showed a positive reaction with all lectins, but the intercellular substance lead to weaker fluorescence. The chorionic fibroblasts, intercellular substance and basement membrane II produced fluorescence using ConA, LCA, WGA and PNA, but no reaction could be examined, when using RCA. The trophoblastic cells did not react with LCA and RCA. The intercellular substance reacted positively with all lectins.

Nuclear bodies were observed in the nuclei of human prostatic epithelial cells at 2 to 3 hours post mortem. Although the epithelial cells of the autopsy cases revealed autolytic necrosis, the general feature of nuclear bodies were almost similar to those of fresh biopsied prostatic tissue. The nuclear body appearance rate was statistically analyzed in both secretory epithelial and basal cells of 3 different cellular condition areas (the hyperplastic nodule, non-nodule and atrophic). It was significantly high in the secretory epithelium of the hyperplastic nodule, but not in the other 2 areas. There was no significant result in the basal cells. The nuclear body appearance rate was statistically compared with that of human fresh biopsy cases previously reported by us (Furusato et al. 1986). The nuclear body appearance rates obtained in these 2 groups were not statistically different in each cell type and in 3 areas. The result suggests that the nuclear body appearance rate is reliable at 2 to 3 hours post mortem.