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The cancellous bone in the lower end of the human tibia is divisible into 3 broad categories, according to the density and disposition of its lamellae. Parallel fenestrated tubes of cancellous bone arise perpendicular to the inferior articular facet of the tibia and meet the shaft obliquely. They diverge from the neutral axis which inclines posterolaterally from the centre of the inferior articular facet. Horizontal lamellae course the medial malleolus, at right angle to its articular facet. The density of the cancellous bone decreases from the periphery to the neutral axis. Spicules of thin bone can be traced from the attachment of ligaments into cancellous bone lying perpendicular to the articular facets.

The number of motor neurons and interneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus was estimated in mice aged 6, 15, 25, 28 and 31 months. The number of motor neurons (overall mean 974) and interneurons (overall mean 125) did not vary significantly with age. Possible reasons for neuron number remaining stable with age were discussed.

The effect of vibrations on postnatal motor development and on the physical features of a breed of Wistar rats was investigated. The development of swimming abilities was divided into 6 stages, following KLAUS and HACKER (1978). Simultaneously, certain physical features were monitored. The results were evaluated with the help of the chi-squared homogenicity test. It was determined that there were no significant differences between the experimental animals and the controls.

The ultrastructural effects of drugs enhancing, by different mechanisms, cholinergic transmission in the crop-sac (the target for prolactin secretion in birds) and the anterior pituitary lactotrophs, were studied in pigeons (Columba livia). The systemic or intraventricular administration of physostigmine, carbachol and muscarine produced maximal crop-sac stimulation with milk-like secretion, as demonstrated by the observation of ultrastructural changes in the lactiferous areas through scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the crop-sac mucosa. A marked activation was also observed in anterior pituitary lactotrophs. Crop-sac and anterior pituitary lactotrophs stimulatory effects were prevented by an atropine pretreatment, but not by mecamylamine and pempidine pretreatments. The present results suggest that muscarinic receptors at the hypothalamic and/or anterior pituitary level are involved in avian species in the control of prolactin secretion.

An extremely proximal origin of the A. brachialis superficialis superior results in the fact, that the A. thoracoacromialis and the A. thoracica lateralis become branches of the A. brachialis superficialis superior.

Multivariate statistical methods were used to do morphological determination of the amount and the relation of the astrocytic foot processes (AF), astrocytic lamina (AL) and dense zones (DZ) on hypothalamic capillaries. We corroborated that 100% of the perivascular membrane is surrounded by glial astrocytic cytoplasm. Principal component analysis shows that the original variables are independent of one another. Cluster analysis confirms the individual situation obtained through the principal component analysis. Discriminant analysis shows that the discriminant capacity of the 3 variables is very significant. For the potential interrelations of astrocytic foot processes, astrocytic lamina and dense zones we have clearly differentiated four groups of hypothalamic capillaries.

Lymphaticovenous Communications were searched in the mammary glands of 24 bitches. Injections of indian ink into the interstice of living animals were followed after death by the filling of the veins with latex and barium sulphate. Afterwards, the used techniques were: microdissection, angiography, clarification and histological section. The results obtained would seem to prove the existence of Lymphovenous Anastomoses. The roles of these communications in the canine mammary gland neoplasia are discussed.

Animals homozygous for the recessive, pleiotropic, mutation hpy(hydrocephalic-polydactyl) develop hydrocephalus early in the postnatal period. The condition develops in the apparent absence of any overt indications of obstruction in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage system suggesting a continued, inappropriate, secretion of CSF. Electron microscope investigations were undertaken to both characterize and quantify the cell types present in the choroidal epithelium of mutants and their wild-type littermates and to gauge their response to a prolonged (24 h) deprivation of water, which has severe adverse effects on the general body fluid balance. Collectively, the findings indicate that the cellular makeup of the choroidal epithelium of normal animals and the manner of its response to changing fluid conditions is more complex than formerly anticipated. Also that inferences derived from a simple extrapolation of findings from other fluid-transporting epithelia to choroidal cells are misleading and erroneous. In wild-type animals allowed free access to water light cells with clavate microvilli (secretory cells) predominated whereas, following water deprivation there was a preponderance of dark cells with filiform microvilli, abundant mitochondria, multivesicular bodies and osmiophilic droplets (resorptive cells). In hydrocephalic mutants, the makeup of the choroidal epithelium of non-water-deprived animals resembled that of water-deprived wild-type mice and showed little change following water deprivation. These findings suggest that while the choroidal cells of mutants are capable of mounting a response to conditions having adverse effects on water balance (i.e., hydrocephalus) their response falls short of the level needed to fully redress the imbalance and is not materially increased by imposition of further, stringent, conditions (e.g., water deprivation). Thus, the findings lend support to the view that the mutational event affects the regulation of solute transport rather than effecting abrogation of the membrane pump itself.

Human tissues contain carbohydrates for a main component, functioning as a source and reservoir of energy, connective and supporting element, recognition site and related tasks. Our main interest is to reveal the synthesis and distribution of carbohydrate elements in human fetal membranes. The aim of our work was to clarify, which kinds of elements containing carbohydrates, existed in the fetal membranes. Therefore we applied a lectin-binding study using the following FITC labelled lectins: ConA, WGA, PNA, LCA, RCA. This lead to the result, that ConA, LCA, WGA and RCA produced a positive reaction in the amnion epithelium, which was negative when using PNA. The basement membrane I showed an intense fluorescence when we used ConA, LCA and WGA, using RCA it was weaker and using PNA fluorescence was nearly missing. The examination of the amniotic fibroblast and intercellular substance showed a positive reaction with all lectins, but the intercellular substance lead to weaker fluorescence. The chorionic fibroblasts, intercellular substance and basement membrane II produced fluorescence using ConA, LCA, WGA and PNA, but no reaction could be examined, when using RCA. The trophoblastic cells did not react with LCA and RCA. The intercellular substance reacted positively with all lectins.

Nuclear bodies were observed in the nuclei of human prostatic epithelial cells at 2 to 3 hours post mortem. Although the epithelial cells of the autopsy cases revealed autolytic necrosis, the general feature of nuclear bodies were almost similar to those of fresh biopsied prostatic tissue. The nuclear body appearance rate was statistically analyzed in both secretory epithelial and basal cells of 3 different cellular condition areas (the hyperplastic nodule, non-nodule and atrophic). It was significantly high in the secretory epithelium of the hyperplastic nodule, but not in the other 2 areas. There was no significant result in the basal cells. The nuclear body appearance rate was statistically compared with that of human fresh biopsy cases previously reported by us (Furusato et al. 1986). The nuclear body appearance rates obtained in these 2 groups were not statistically different in each cell type and in 3 areas. The result suggests that the nuclear body appearance rate is reliable at 2 to 3 hours post mortem.