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Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with various perinatal complications, but the range of vulnerability to the embryo has not been fully characterized. The effects, in vivo, of continuous exposure to nicotine on postimplantation embryos, were investigated in the rat. Osmotic minipumps, implanted subcutaneously, were used to deliver the nicotine (75 and 150 micrograms/hr) from gestational day 6 through 12, 14 of 16 developmental endpoints, including embryonic growth, were significantly retarded; dysmorphogenesis was not observed. The results reveal that most embryological primordial lagged significantly in their development, following exposure to nicotine during early gestation.

The rete testis of the cat consists of 3 parts: a septal or interlobular part; a mediastinal part and a tunical part. The septal part contains the septal or transitory tubuli recti and the tubuli recti. The transitory tubules are formed as a confluence of the seminiferous tubules at the apex of the testicular lobules and the tubuli recti. The mediastinal rete is formed of long, straight channels which increase in size and become more irregular and anastomotic below the tunica albuginea at the cranial extremity of the testis. The end is characterized as the tunical part of the rete testis and communicates with the extratesticular rete testis. The channels all parts of the rete are lined by simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium. These epithelial channels are supported by a connective tissue containing smooth muscle cells. The framework tissue of the rete is more conspicuous at the cranial extremity of the testis, with a mio-connective matrix organization.

Microtia was found in a transgenic mouse 643 and all offspring with microtia had the transgene. No anomalies, other than occasional low set ear and abnormal biting, were identified in other tissues and organs. In the developmental analysis, on the 9th and 10th days of gestation, hypoplasia of the second branchial arch was observed, while various kinds of malformed hillocks were noted on the 12th day. All of these anomalous embryos were transgenic. Histologically, hemorrhage and subsequent phagocytosis were noted at the second branchial arch. Left sided anomalies were predominant and in bilaterally defective ones asymmetry existed. These findings closely resembled to those in experimental animals with a phenocopy of the first and second branchial arch syndrome in humans. Since all other transgenic mouse lines with the same transgene as 643 appeared normal, this dysmorphic phenotype may be caused by an insertional mutation of a host gene, although inappropriate expression of the transgene should be examined further as a possible cause. These results suggest that this transgenic mouse line 643 may be useful as an animal model of branchial arch anomalies in humans.

Immunoelectron microscopy, utilizing the double labelling immunogold technique, revealed the presence of mammosomatotrophs in human adult and fetal rat adult adenohypophyses as well as human and rat pituitary adenomas. These cells are characterized by the coexistence of GH and PRL not only in the same cells but also in the same secretory granules.

A new histological method basing on the plastination technique (v. Hagens, Tiedemann, Kriz 1987) has recently been developed and applied to research in human fetal development. This plastination histology shows some evident advantages compared with the classical histological techniques. As the application of this new method has been very time consuming up to now, only some special questions of basic research have been investigated. We here present the use of a grinding-machine, which can be used to partially mechanize the procedure of plastination histology.

The petropharyngeal muscles were observed in 7 cadavers, 8 cases (1.4%) [both side: one case (0.3%), one side: 6 cases (1.9%)] in 614 Japanese cadavers. All cases of this supernumerary muscles of the stylopharyngeal muscle took origin from the petrous part of the temporal bone to inserted to the outer surface of the middle constrictor pharyngeal muscles. And also of its muscle bundles were innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve and supplied from the ascending pharyngeal artery. The appearance of the sex differences male was much higher than female in Japanese.

In 30 definitive positioned, human, cadaver knee joints a single linear drill pass, in direction of the anterior cruciate ligament, suitable for reconstruction or replacement, was installed by the help of a drill guide through femur and tibia. Morphometric data of knee joints and drill passes underwent correlation- and regression analysis which showed, that the superficial drill holes in femur and tibia could be described by four functions to fix the course of a single linear drill pass individually.

Measurements on the proportions, angles and position were carried out on the four-bar link of the knee joint, which consists of femur, tibia and the guiding bundle of each cruciate ligament. Based on the these values it was possible to refute Menschik's kinematic concept of collateral ligament function.

The cardiac growth was studied in 27 human embryos staged in post-somitic period (stages from 15 to 23, Carnegie Institution of Washington). The cardiac volume was determined by morphometric methods (point-counting planimetry on serial sections) and examined relative to gestational age, to crown-rump length and to the embryo body weight. The data were transformed into logarithms and bivariate relations were analyzed according to allometric equations of the form log y = k (log x) + log b. The data were fitted according to 3 techniques: least squares, major axis and reduced major axis. The allometric regressions slopes (k) indicate positive allometry of the cardiac volume relative to the embryonic age and isometry relative to body weight. The present work will be useful when image techniques, as ultrasonography, turn it possible to evaluate quantitatively the embryonic heart.