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119 casts of maxillary sinuses have been taken out of 60 dry skulls. In these specimens, the volume V, the area of the basal (i.e. corresponding to the nasal cavity) surface S and the height h have been measured. The sinuses are subsequently arranged into 4 classes, according to their similarity to solids of revolution such as: semi-ellipsoid (class a: 15% of specimens); paraboloid (class b: 30%); hyperboloid (class c: 47%) and cone (class d: 8%). As criterion for this classification, the value of the coefficient K, equal to v/Sh has served. Beyond the eventual anatomical and anthropological interest of this classification, a clinical interest may exist in combination with Computed Tomography or eventually with Echography. The asymmetry that exists between maxillary sinuses (56% of our sample comprises pairs of sinuses arranged in different classes) suggests the eventual necessity of separate radiography of each individual sinus.

A bone canal was found in the apical part of a Pars petrosa, connecting the Sinus petrosus superior and the "Foramen petrobasilare", which is a Foramen emissarium of the Sinus petrosus inferior. This canal was interpreted as a Canalis emissarius of the Sinus petrosus superior.

In 1-day-old Japanese quails, Coturnix coturnix japonica, photosensory elements of the pineal gland were examined by means of histochemical demonstration of glycogen and transmission electron microscopy. The parenchymal cells of the quail show immature structure, especially, small apical protrusion with a few mitochondria in the pinealocyte and rare appearance of the dense body in the supporting cell. The paraboloid is found in cytoplasmic processes projecting into the follicular lumen and in perikarya of the follicular cells. It is composed of a well-developed network of tubular smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and abundant glycogen granules, but there is not a higher concentration of glycogen in its central region. The paraboloid-containing cell is considered as a type of the pinealocyte, because of occasional appearance of the synaptic ribbon in its perikaryon. In addition to lamellar whorls, regular stacks of lamellar disks are observed in the pineal lumen, being adjoining to the paraboloid-containing cytoplasmic process. The present results may provide further evidence for the direct photoreception by the avian pineal.

Ultrastructure of the glial cells in the CA 1 hippocampal field and some quantitative parameters characterizing the astrocytes in stratum lacunosum-moleculare (str. L-M) of the CA 1 hippocampal field of young-mature (3-month old) and aged (24-month old) rats were examined. The qualitative observations showed structural changes in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells in all layers of the CA1 hippocampal field in aged rats. The quantitative analysis demonstrated a considerable increase in total and individual volume fractions of astrocyte processes, in number of astrocyte profiles per square area of neuropil and in percentage area of neuropil occupied by astrocyte process profiles. These changes as well as the increased number of astrocyte nuclei suggest the appearance of hypertrophy and hyperplasie of astrocytes in str. L-M of the CA 1 hippocampal field of rats in aging.

The toxic effect of Cyclosporin A (CS-A) (1.25-50.0 mg/kg body weight) on the endocrine pancreas of Wistar rats was morphologically investigated. The treatment of animals with CS-A doses above 5 mg/kg for 2 weeks resulted in a disturbed glucose tolerance, a reduced B-cell volume density and degranulation, vacuolization and decreased mitotic activity of the B-cells. After withdrawal of the drug the impaired parameters were stepwise normalized, starting with regranulation of pancreatic B-cells, followed by a stimulation of mitotic activity, and increase of B-cell volume density. When continuing the CS-A treatment with doses lower than 5.0 mg/kg for longer periods we observed a decreased body weight gain and reduced pancreatic insulin content.

In the rabbit, lens disruption produced very little histological changes in the retina. However, lens disruption after skin graft produced an alarming picture with infiltration of inflammatory cells and degeneration of retinal layers.

The numbers of neurons and glia in the supraoptic nucleus were estimated in mice aged 6, 25, 28 and 31 months. There were no significant variations in the number of neurons or in the number of glia with age. Measurement of neuronal and glial nuclear diameters at 6, 12, 15, 22, 25, 28, and 31 months showed a steady decrease in neuronal nuclear diameter from 9.2 +/- 0.3 microns at 6 months to 8.3 +/- 0.1 microns at 22 months followed by an increase in diameter between 25 and 31 months to 9.8 +/- 0.1 microns. There was no significant variation in glial nuclear diameter (mean 6 microns) with age. Neuronal Nissl substance decreased with age but lipofuscin accumulation was not a prominent feature of ageing supraoptic neurons.

Tibial osteotomies in rats were exposed for 2, 3, 5 and 8 weeks to a pulsed extremely low frequency magnetic field. The shape of the pulse was a double halfwave (50 Hz, 70 G). The rate of bone healing was evaluated by light and electron microscopy. An increase of bone healing was found in rats treated with magnetic fields persisting throughout the tested time. The accelerated healing process produced a sequence of morphological appearances identical to those of a normal fracture callus being the enhancement of osteogenesis produced by an acceleration of preliminary ossification.

In the present immunohistochemical study using an antiserum against serotonin, the localization of serotonin was demonstrated in the pineal gland of the chickens from 1 day to 3 years of age. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity was located in the supranuclear region of the follicular cells and in the perikaryon of the parafollicular cells in the pineal gland, exhibiting distinct changes during post-hatching development. The reactivity reached its peak in 1-year-old chicken. Moreover, diurnal changes in immunoreactivity also existed after 1 day of age, being high in the light period and low in the dark period. Occasionally in 1-3-year-old chickens, a part of granular-shaped reactive products observed in the light period appear to be diffused in the cytoplasm in the dark period. In addition, a number of immunoreactive fibers were shown in the pineal parenchyma, exhibiting a slight increase in number and in reactivity at 40 days of age.

Because there are a lot of contradictory opinions in the literature we investigated the intra- and extraosseous pathway of the Chorda tympani by dissecting the heads of 6 cadavers. The Chorda nerve leaves the temporal bone in the Fissura sphenopetrosa behind the Spina ossis sphenoidalis. In an angle of 24 degrees-28 degrees the Chorda nerve connects up with the lingual nerve. The extraosseous distance is about 1.3 to 3 time longer then the intraosseous one. The individual variations of the intraosseous distance are greater than those of the extraosseous one. This is behalf the individual variations in the structure of the temporal bone.