Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)最新文献

Analytical chemistry is a fast-paced field with frequent introduction of new techniques via research labs; however, incorporation of new techniques into academic curricula lags their adoption in research and industry. This review describes the recent educational literature on microfluidics, microcontrollers, and chemometrics in the undergraduate analytical chemistry curriculum. Each section highlights opportunities for nonexpert faculty to get started with these techniques and more advanced implementations suitable for experienced practitioners. While the addition of new topics to any curriculum brings some opportunity costs, student engagement with cutting edge techniques brings many benefits, including enhanced preparation for graduate school and professional careers and development of transferable skills, such as coding. Formal assessment of student outcomes is encouraged to promote broader adoption of these techniques.

Nature has inspired the development of biomimetic membrane sensors in which the functionalities of biological molecules, such as proteins and lipids, are harnessed for sensing applications. This review provides an overview of the recent developments for biomembrane sensors compatible with either bulk or planar sensing applications, namely using lipid vesicles or supported lipid bilayers, respectively. We first describe the individual components required for these sensing platforms and the design principles that are considered when constructing them, and we segue into recent applications being implemented across multiple fields. Our goal for this review is to illustrate the versatility of nature's biomembrane toolbox and simultaneously highlight how biosensor platforms can be enhanced by harnessing it.

In this review, we discuss the cutting-edge developments in mass spectrometry proteomics and metabolomics that have brought improvements for the identification of new disease-based biomarkers. A special focus is placed on psychiatric disorders, for example, schizophrenia, because they are considered to be not a single disease entity but rather a spectrum of disorders with many overlapping symptoms. This review includes descriptions of various types of commonly used mass spectrometry platforms for biomarker research, as well as complementary techniques to maximize data coverage, reduce sample heterogeneity, and work around potentially confounding factors. Finally, we summarize the different statistical methods that can be used for improving data quality to aid in reliability and interpretation of proteomics findings, as well as to enhance their translatability into clinical use and generalizability to new data sets.

Bacteriophages, which are viral predators of bacteria, have evolved to efficiently recognize, bind, infect, and lyse their host, resulting in the release of tens to hundreds of propagated viruses. These abilities have attracted biosensor developers who have developed new methods to detect bacteria. Recently, several comprehensive reviews have covered many of the advances made regarding the performance of phage-based biosensors. Therefore, in this review, we first describe the landscape of phage-based biosensors and then cover advances in other aspects of phage biology and engineering that can be used to make high-impact contributions to biosensor development. Many of these advances are in fields adjacent to analytical chemistry such as synthetic biology, machine learning, and genetic engineering and will allow those looking to develop phage-based biosensors to start taking alternative approaches, such as a bottom-up design and synthesis of custom phages with the singular task of detecting their host.

Gel matrices are fundamental to electrophoresis analyses of biopolymers in microscale channels. Both capillary gel and microchannel gel electrophoresis systems have produced fundamental advances in the scientific community. These analytical techniques remain as foundational tools in bioanalytical chemistry and are indispensable in the field of biotherapeutics. This review summarizes the current state of gels in microscale channels and provides a brief description of electrophoretic transport in gels. In addition to the discussion of traditional polymers, several nontraditional gels are introduced. Advances in gel matrices highlighted include selective polymers modified to contain added functionality as well as thermally responsive gels formed through self-assembly. This review discusses cutting-edge applications to challenging areas of discovery in DNA, RNA, protein, and glycan analyses. Finally, emerging techniques that result in multifunctional assays for real-time biochemical processing in capillary and three-dimensional channels are identified.

The goal of protecting the health of future generations is a blueprint for future biosensor design. Systems-level decision support requires that biosensors provide meaningful service to society. In this review, we summarize recent developments in cyber physical systems and biosensors connected with decision support. We identify key processes and practices that may guide the establishment of connections between user needs and biosensor engineering using an informatics approach. We call for data science and decision science to be formally connected with sensor science for understanding system complexity and realizing the ambition of biosensors-as-a-service. This review calls for a focus on quality of service early in the design process as a means to improve the meaningful value of a given biosensor. We close by noting that technology development, including biosensors and decision support systems, is a cautionary tale. The economics of scale govern the success, or failure, of any biosensor system.

Recent developments in ion mobility (IM) technology have expanded the capability to separate and characterize gas-phase ions of biomolecules, especially when paired with mass spectrometry. This next generation of IM technology has been ushered in by creative innovation focused on both instrument architectures and how electric fields are applied. In this review, we focus on the application of high-resolution and multidimensional IM to biomolecular analyses, encompassing the fields of glycomics, lipidomics, peptidomics, and proteomics. We highlight selected research that demonstrates the application of the new IM toolkit to challenging biomolecular systems. Through our review of recently published literature, we outline the current strengths of respective technologies and perspectives for future applications.

Electrochemical additive manufacturing is an advanced microfabrication technology capable of producing features of almost unlimited geometrical complexity. A unique combination of the capacity to process conductive materials, design freedom, and micro- to nanoscale resolution offered by these electrochemical techniques promises tremendous opportunities for a multitude of future applications spanning microelectronics, sensing, robotics, and energy storage. This review aims to equip readers with the basic principles of electrochemical 3D printing at the small length scale. By describing the basic principles of electrochemical additive manufacturing technology and using the recent advances in the field, this beginner's guide illustrates how controlling the fundamental phenomena that underpin the print process can be used to vary dimensions, morphology, and microstructure of printed structures.

Biofilms are multicellular communities held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix and exhibit a set of properties that distinguish them from free-living bacteria. Biofilms are exposed to a variety of mechanical and chemical cues resulting from fluid motion and mass transport. Microfluidics provides the precise control of hydrodynamic and physicochemical microenvironments to study biofilms in general. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in microfluidics-based biofilm research, including understanding the mechanism of bacterial adhesion and biofilm development, assessment of antifouling and antimicrobial properties, development of advanced in vitro infection models, and advancement in methods to characterize biofilms. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future direction of microfluidics-assisted biofilm research.