Contemporary computer designers are largely machine centered. They emphasize function and standards of elegance, efficiency and computing power. The side effects of systems may enhance or diminish the well-being of various users. Person-centered standards that promote a sense of competence and autonomy are outlined. The coupling of flexible software with responsive organizations is suggested as a means of enhancing personal competence and self-esteem of computer users.
{"title":"Towards a person-centered computer technology","authors":"R. Kling","doi":"10.1145/800192.805740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805740","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary computer designers are largely machine centered. They emphasize function and standards of elegance, efficiency and computing power. The side effects of systems may enhance or diminish the well-being of various users. Person-centered standards that promote a sense of competence and autonomy are outlined. The coupling of flexible software with responsive organizations is suggested as a means of enhancing personal competence and self-esteem of computer users.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"23 1","pages":"387-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74646622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first preliminary computer translation of machine produced stenographic notes was described in Salton 1959. Since then other approaches have been suggested but none seem to have succeeded. In the meantime the need for a solution becomes more and more pressing. The impetus for a solution is coming from two user areas—court reporting and speech recognition. The purpose of this paper is to describe the problems and solutions to the problems of automatic Steno-English translation.
{"title":"Automatic Steno translation","authors":"Raoul N. Smith","doi":"10.1145/800192.805687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805687","url":null,"abstract":"The first preliminary computer translation of machine produced stenographic notes was described in Salton 1959. Since then other approaches have been suggested but none seem to have succeeded. In the meantime the need for a solution becomes more and more pressing. The impetus for a solution is coming from two user areas—court reporting and speech recognition.\u0000 The purpose of this paper is to describe the problems and solutions to the problems of automatic Steno-English translation.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"24 1","pages":"92-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76308530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As computer systems become more complex and costly, the day-to-day efficient utilization of their capacity becomes more critical. At the same time, the system complexity makes analysis more difficult, and in some cases nearly impossible. It appears that an almost “standard solution” to the analysis problem is the replacement of the current system with a larger, faster, more complex, and more costly computer configuration. The need for accurate analysis leading to more appropriate management decisions is then postponed. Unfortunately, the cycle repeats itself and the inability to accurately assess the operation and performance of the computer system is now passed on to the new system. The effects of this analysis deficiency will not be immediately realized due to the increased speed and capacity of the new system. This type of solution, however, is becoming so very costly that it is imperative to find an alternative. It is in this context that this analysis and management tool is introduced.
{"title":"Device gain - a measure of system component simultaneous operation","authors":"J. Hoffman","doi":"10.1145/800192.805725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805725","url":null,"abstract":"As computer systems become more complex and costly, the day-to-day efficient utilization of their capacity becomes more critical. At the same time, the system complexity makes analysis more difficult, and in some cases nearly impossible. It appears that an almost “standard solution” to the analysis problem is the replacement of the current system with a larger, faster, more complex, and more costly computer configuration. The need for accurate analysis leading to more appropriate management decisions is then postponed. Unfortunately, the cycle repeats itself and the inability to accurately assess the operation and performance of the computer system is now passed on to the new system. The effects of this analysis deficiency will not be immediately realized due to the increased speed and capacity of the new system. This type of solution, however, is becoming so very costly that it is imperative to find an alternative. It is in this context that this analysis and management tool is introduced.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"26 1","pages":"320-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77363787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pearce, George Dailey, Allen Menard, B. Bateman, G. Pitts
A Pageable Memory Dictionary Information Retrieval System (PMD) was designed and implemented using a time-sharing operating system under the virtual memory concept. The PMD system utilizes three separate data bases which may be used independently or in conjunction with each other, depending on the search parameters entered into the system. The PMD system was designed to use the ACM Computer Review Number and Category Number in addition to the normal search parameters. The test data base was formulated using information from the ACM Computing Reviews. The presentation includes the design criteria, file descriptions, retrieval techniques, examples of the retrieval process and their associated timings, and conclusions.
{"title":"A Pageable Memory Dictionary Information Retrieval System","authors":"E. Pearce, George Dailey, Allen Menard, B. Bateman, G. Pitts","doi":"10.1145/800192.805713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805713","url":null,"abstract":"A Pageable Memory Dictionary Information Retrieval System (PMD) was designed and implemented using a time-sharing operating system under the virtual memory concept. The PMD system utilizes three separate data bases which may be used independently or in conjunction with each other, depending on the search parameters entered into the system.\u0000 The PMD system was designed to use the ACM Computer Review Number and Category Number in addition to the normal search parameters. The test data base was formulated using information from the ACM Computing Reviews.\u0000 The presentation includes the design criteria, file descriptions, retrieval techniques, examples of the retrieval process and their associated timings, and conclusions.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"249-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82965102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New challenges for the computer professional will result from efforts to apply computers in the service of man. The computer expert may find himself functioning in an alien subculture in which his relationship to members of the organization involved becomes as important as the technical task of systems design. This paper presents a descriptive model of the process of systems development in an unfamiliar environment. The model includes four stages: stimulus, development, implementation and operation. Application of the model is demonstrated by an example of systems design for the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee.
{"title":"Computers in the service of man: The computer professional in an alien subculture","authors":"H. Lucas","doi":"10.1145/800192.805739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805739","url":null,"abstract":"New challenges for the computer professional will result from efforts to apply computers in the service of man. The computer expert may find himself functioning in an alien subculture in which his relationship to members of the organization involved becomes as important as the technical task of systems design. This paper presents a descriptive model of the process of systems development in an unfamiliar environment. The model includes four stages: stimulus, development, implementation and operation. Application of the model is demonstrated by an example of systems design for the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"46 1","pages":"381-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79010979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The UT2D operating system is a large high-performance batch and time sharing system which runs on a dual mainframe configuration consisting of a CDC 6600 and a CDC 6400 sharing an Extended Core Storage unit and all of their disks. It was developed locally at the Computation Center of the University of Texas at Austin, in an evolutionary process which started with a simple batch system. UT2D is of general interest because of its successful use of a dual configuration, because of its ability to support a large and varied load of both batch and interactive jobs, and because it demonstrates that evolutionary development by a small programming staff can succeed with a large system. Furthermore, UT2D contains some unusual features such as a built in event recorder for performance evaluation and a distributed tape-based permanent file system. This paper describes the evolution, design principles, and unusual features of UT2D. An outline is provided here for the sake of the reader who is interested in specific topics.
{"title":"A large-scale dual operating system","authors":"J. Howard","doi":"10.1145/800192.805712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805712","url":null,"abstract":"The UT2D operating system is a large high-performance batch and time sharing system which runs on a dual mainframe configuration consisting of a CDC 6600 and a CDC 6400 sharing an Extended Core Storage unit and all of their disks. It was developed locally at the Computation Center of the University of Texas at Austin, in an evolutionary process which started with a simple batch system. UT2D is of general interest because of its successful use of a dual configuration, because of its ability to support a large and varied load of both batch and interactive jobs, and because it demonstrates that evolutionary development by a small programming staff can succeed with a large system. Furthermore, UT2D contains some unusual features such as a built in event recorder for performance evaluation and a distributed tape-based permanent file system.\u0000 This paper describes the evolution, design principles, and unusual features of UT2D. An outline is provided here for the sake of the reader who is interested in specific topics.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"59 1","pages":"242-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75367398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With Veterans Administration support, Haskins Laboratories has been developing a method of speech synthesis production for automatic reading aloud of printed text, with the goal of applying this technique to a practical reading machine for blind people. The laboratory prototype, as it exists today, uses for input a low cost Optical Character Recognition (OCR) device capable of reading (i.e., recognizing the print of) typewritten pages. The machine-readable orthographic text created by the OCR reader is then processed by a dictionary program which converts the input words to phonetic form. This program assigns stress and intonation symbols according to rules based on word type, context and sentence punctuation. The resulting phonetic code is then made visible to an editor who can insert corrections, if deemed necessary, before synthesis of the sentences begins. (Eventually the program will operate with no editorial intervention.) A series of intelligibility tests have been administered to both blind and sighted students at the University of Connecticut* in circumstances which allowed comparison of their listening performances with synthetic speech and—with natural speech. The tests, which are still in progress, have yielded results which indicate that the perception of synthetic speech places somewhat heavier demands on a listener's language processing capacity than does natural speech. However, this increased load appears to interact strongly with the subject content of the material, the syntactic structure, the punctuation provided in the text, and the speaking rate used in the output. An analysis of the results of this continuing evaluation study will be presented at the Conference.
在退伍军人管理局的支持下，哈斯金斯实验室一直在开发一种语音合成生产方法，用于自动大声朗读印刷文本，目标是将这种技术应用于盲人的实用阅读机器。实验室的原型，就像它今天存在的那样，使用一种低成本的光学字符识别(OCR)设备作为输入，能够读取(即识别打印的)打字页面。由OCR阅读器生成的机器可读的正字法文本然后由字典程序处理，该程序将输入的单词转换为语音形式。该程序根据单词类型、上下文和句子标点符号的规则分配重音和语调符号。然后，编辑可以看到生成的语音代码，如果认为有必要，编辑可以在句子合成开始之前插入更正。(最终，该项目将在没有编辑干预的情况下运行。)康涅狄格大学(University of Connecticut)对盲人和视力正常的学生*进行了一系列的可理解性测试，将他们的听力表现与合成语音和自然语音进行比较。这些仍在进行中的测试结果表明，与自然语音相比，感知合成语音对听者的语言处理能力提出了更大的要求。然而，这种增加的负荷似乎与材料的主题内容、句法结构、文本中提供的标点符号以及输出中使用的语速有强烈的相互作用。将在会议上提出对这项持续评价研究结果的分析。
{"title":"An analysis of natural vs. synthetic speech intelligibility: A preliminary appraisal of a reading machine for the blind","authors":"P. W. Nye, J. H. Gaitenby, J. D. Hankins","doi":"10.1145/800192.805741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805741","url":null,"abstract":"With Veterans Administration support, Haskins Laboratories has been developing a method of speech synthesis production for automatic reading aloud of printed text, with the goal of applying this technique to a practical reading machine for blind people. The laboratory prototype, as it exists today, uses for input a low cost Optical Character Recognition (OCR) device capable of reading (i.e., recognizing the print of) typewritten pages. The machine-readable orthographic text created by the OCR reader is then processed by a dictionary program which converts the input words to phonetic form. This program assigns stress and intonation symbols according to rules based on word type, context and sentence punctuation. The resulting phonetic code is then made visible to an editor who can insert corrections, if deemed necessary, before synthesis of the sentences begins. (Eventually the program will operate with no editorial intervention.)\u0000 A series of intelligibility tests have been administered to both blind and sighted students at the University of Connecticut* in circumstances which allowed comparison of their listening performances with synthetic speech and—with natural speech.\u0000 The tests, which are still in progress, have yielded results which indicate that the perception of synthetic speech places somewhat heavier demands on a listener's language processing capacity than does natural speech. However, this increased load appears to interact strongly with the subject content of the material, the syntactic structure, the punctuation provided in the text, and the speaking rate used in the output. An analysis of the results of this continuing evaluation study will be presented at the Conference.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"12 1","pages":"392-393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74238589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Much attention has been given recently to the “linguistic” approach to pattern recognition. The basics ingredients of this approach are a set of primitive picture parts and a grammar whose rules compose the primitive parts into a class of pictures. The basic idea of linguistic pattern recognition is to generalize string grammars to two dimensions. This requires a generalization of “concatenation” to two dimensions. Several applications have resulted from the definition of simple picture grammars[1-4]. This field should properly be called structural pattern recognition since its basic goal is to study the processing of the structure of pictures. From this viewpoint, one may ask whether simple grammars and the present concatenation schemes are adequate for the processing of complex scenes, or whether other approaches should be sought. These questions may be answered in the affirmative by considering the case of chess. The structure of a chessboard appears to be incredibly complex, yet humans seem to recognize familiar situations by means of structural organization of the board. Thus, chess seems to be an ideal paradigm case for complex structural pattern recognition. The USC chess program was produced from these studies. The remainder of this report will give a brief description of the chess program itself.
{"title":"The USC chess program","authors":"A. Zobrist, F. R. Carlson","doi":"10.1145/800192.805705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805705","url":null,"abstract":"Much attention has been given recently to the “linguistic” approach to pattern recognition. The basics ingredients of this approach are a set of primitive picture parts and a grammar whose rules compose the primitive parts into a class of pictures. The basic idea of linguistic pattern recognition is to generalize string grammars to two dimensions. This requires a generalization of “concatenation” to two dimensions. Several applications have resulted from the definition of simple picture grammars[1-4].\u0000 This field should properly be called structural pattern recognition since its basic goal is to study the processing of the structure of pictures. From this viewpoint, one may ask whether simple grammars and the present concatenation schemes are adequate for the processing of complex scenes, or whether other approaches should be sought. These questions may be answered in the affirmative by considering the case of chess. The structure of a chessboard appears to be incredibly complex, yet humans seem to recognize familiar situations by means of structural organization of the board. Thus, chess seems to be an ideal paradigm case for complex structural pattern recognition. The USC chess program was produced from these studies. The remainder of this report will give a brief description of the chess program itself.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"8 1","pages":"209-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72965776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lock box problem involves the location of post office boxes within a company's distribution area. Customer remittances are mailed to these boxes and the checks are processed by a local bank. The problem is to locate the boxes in a way that will minimize processing cost and the opportunity costs associated with the remittances while in transit (float costs). For m potential lock box locations and n customer groups, the problem can be formulated as a zero-one integer programming problem with mn + n variables and m + n constraints. The problem, however, can be partitioned in a way that results in a zero-one integer programming problem with only m variables. Once values have been established for these m variables, values for the remaining mn zero-one variables can be determined by a trivial process. Thus the problem reduces to determining values for the m zero-one variables. This is accomplished by an implicit enumeration procedure. Computational results are reported for problems involving up to 5050 variables.
{"title":"Computational experience with an algorithm for the lock box problem","authors":"R. Bulfin, V. Unger","doi":"10.1145/800192.805673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805673","url":null,"abstract":"The lock box problem involves the location of post office boxes within a company's distribution area. Customer remittances are mailed to these boxes and the checks are processed by a local bank. The problem is to locate the boxes in a way that will minimize processing cost and the opportunity costs associated with the remittances while in transit (float costs).\u0000 For m potential lock box locations and n customer groups, the problem can be formulated as a zero-one integer programming problem with mn + n variables and m + n constraints. The problem, however, can be partitioned in a way that results in a zero-one integer programming problem with only m variables. Once values have been established for these m variables, values for the remaining mn zero-one variables can be determined by a trivial process. Thus the problem reduces to determining values for the m zero-one variables. This is accomplished by an implicit enumeration procedure. Computational results are reported for problems involving up to 5050 variables.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"7 1","pages":"16-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78396045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Galler, R. Wagman, J. Bravatto, G. Lift, G. Kern, V. Berstis, E. Munn
A class project, even for an advanced class in systems programming, is usually simplified to make it possible to achieve success. A conflicting goal is to produce a realistic enough system to warrant production use, so as to provide the class with sufficient motivation and the right kind of system experience. The problem is compounded when the resulting system is to be a component in an on-going information-processing system and must be compatible with it - with existing documents and procedures, with unstated assumptions about the data and about the current algorithms used to process the data, and with the social and institutional traditions that surround it. This paper reports on one successful class project of this kind.
{"title":"CRISP: An interactive student registration system","authors":"B. Galler, R. Wagman, J. Bravatto, G. Lift, G. Kern, V. Berstis, E. Munn","doi":"10.1145/800192.805718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800192.805718","url":null,"abstract":"A class project, even for an advanced class in systems programming, is usually simplified to make it possible to achieve success. A conflicting goal is to produce a realistic enough system to warrant production use, so as to provide the class with sufficient motivation and the right kind of system experience. The problem is compounded when the resulting system is to be a component in an on-going information-processing system and must be compatible with it - with existing documents and procedures, with unstated assumptions about the data and about the current algorithms used to process the data, and with the social and institutional traditions that surround it. This paper reports on one successful class project of this kind.","PeriodicalId":72321,"journal":{"name":"ASSETS. Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","volume":"119 1","pages":"283-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77937407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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