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Prioritization of Soil Erosion-Susceptible Sub-Watersheds Using Multi-Criteria Decision Method in the Lesser Himalayas 基于多准则决策方法的小喜马拉雅地区土壤侵蚀易感子流域优选
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8459-0.ch004
S. Pandey, Parmanand Kumar, V. Panwar, R. Nautiyal
Watersheds in the Lesser Himalayan region are highly susceptible to natural hazards, particularly those instigated by action and movement of water, such as soil erosion, flood, and mass movements of lands. Hilly watersheds with diversified land use and fragile ecosystems are responsible for accelerating soil erosion. Soil erosion is one of the most implicit hazards as it degrades water and soil quality in a watershed. The study prioritizes the soil erosion-susceptible zones in the Tons river watershed (India) in the Lesser Himalayan region. The interrelationships and role of morphometry, soil quality, slope, and land use together as four components in soil erosion are studied. Remote sensing data and multi-criteria decision method (MCDM) framework has been used to estimate soil erosion susceptibility of sub-watersheds. Results showed that morphometric parameters like elongation ratio and slope of sub-watersheds play a major role in determining the state of erosion.
小喜马拉雅地区的流域极易受到自然灾害的影响,特别是那些由水的作用和运动引起的自然灾害,如土壤侵蚀、洪水和大量土地运动。土地利用多样化和生态系统脆弱的丘陵流域是加速土壤侵蚀的原因。土壤侵蚀是最潜在的危害之一,因为它使流域的水和土壤质量退化。该研究优先考虑了小喜马拉雅地区顿河流域(印度)的土壤侵蚀易感区。研究了形态、土壤质量、坡度和土地利用在土壤侵蚀中的相互关系和作用。利用遥感数据和多准则决策方法(MCDM)框架对流域土壤侵蚀敏感性进行估算。结果表明,流域延伸率和坡度等形态计量参数对流域侵蚀状态起主要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Development of a Hybrid DC-DC Converter for Solar-Battery-Based Standalone Milk Vending Machine 基于太阳能电池的独立牛奶自动售货机DC-DC混合转换器的设计与开发
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-4012-4.ch004
Aneeja K. J., B. Krishna, V. Karthikeyan
Dairying has become a major secondary source of income for several rural families. The easily perishable nature of milk increases the spoilage of the product and reduces the dairy farms' productivity in rural areas due to power supply shortage issues. In order to overcome the inaccessibility of proper preservation strategies, this chapter proposed a hybrid DC-DC converter for a solar battery-powered milk vending machine. This proposed system can work continuously and provides an uninterrupted power supply to maintain the milk quality at an optimum level. Moreover, the proposed system utilized a novel converter to reduce the number of power conversion stages and compact the system. Besides, the proposed converter can achieve a higher gain ratio with fewer components. Furthermore, a proper algorithmic-based control scheme has been implemented to maintain effective power flow management. Finally, to verify the feasibility and performance of the system, detailed results are obtained at different dynamic conditions, and various case studies are presented in this chapter.
奶业已成为一些农村家庭的主要第二收入来源。牛奶易腐烂的特性增加了产品的腐败,并由于电力供应短缺问题降低了农村地区奶牛场的生产力。为了克服适当的保存策略难以获得的问题,本章提出了一种用于太阳能电池供电的牛奶自动售货机的混合DC-DC转换器。该系统可以连续工作,并提供不间断的电源,以保持牛奶质量在最佳水平。此外,该系统采用了一种新颖的变换器,减少了功率转换级的数量,使系统更加紧凑。此外,该变换器可以用更少的元件实现更高的增益比。此外,还实施了适当的基于算法的控制方案,以保持有效的潮流管理。最后,为了验证系统的可行性和性能,在不同的动态条件下获得了详细的结果,并在本章中进行了各种案例研究。
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引用次数: 0
Strategic and Legal Framework of Torrential Flood Control in Some Western Balkan and EU Countries 一些西巴尔干和欧盟国家防洪战略和法律框架
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8459-0.ch003
Nada Dragović, Tijana Vulević, M. Bajrić, J. Huebl, P. Porto, I. Blinkov
The EU countries are obliged to harmonize their legislation in the field of flood protection, and thus torrential floods, in accordance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD) which was adopted in 2000. Two EU countries, Austria and Italy, and three Western Balkan countries were selected for the strategic and legal framework of torrential flood control: Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to the legal framework of torrential flood control in EU countries, policies and strategies related to this area were studied for comparative analysis with non-EU countries. The strategic framework for the protection of water resources, and in particular torrential flood protection, is lacking in all Western Balkan countries. The aim of this chapter is to determine the directions of future strategic directions and torrential flood control policies in the Western Balkans based on the experiences of EU countries, advantages and disadvantages of the existing strategic, and legal frameworks.
欧盟国家有义务根据2000年通过的《水框架指令》(WFD),协调其在洪水保护领域的立法,从而协调洪水。奥地利、意大利等2个欧盟国家和塞尔维亚、北马其顿、波斯尼亚、黑塞哥维那等3个西巴尔干国家被选定为洪水控制的战略和法律框架。除了欧盟国家的洪水控制法律框架外,还研究了与该领域相关的政策和战略,并与非欧盟国家进行了比较分析。所有西巴尔干国家都缺乏保护水资源,特别是保护洪水的战略框架。本章的目的是根据欧盟国家的经验,现有战略和法律框架的优缺点,确定西巴尔干地区未来的战略方向和洪水控制政策的方向。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Polyculture in Sustainable Agricultural Development and Prevention of Land Degradation 混养在农业可持续发展和防止土地退化中的作用
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8459-0.ch007
M. Marković, I. Marjanović
The aim of the chapter is to show the possible impact of policulture farming on some determinants of sustainable agricultural development, especially from the point of view of economic viability, biodiversity, and land degradation. Increasing the area under polyculture is one of the main solutions to the present environmental problems. The key constraints are economic pressures due to the question of the cost-effectiveness of such a mode of production and the need to provide sufficient food for a growing population, especially in developing countries. The results of the research show that policulture (organic agriculture) should be favored, while monoculture farming must be adequately directed and put in the function of achieving ecological goals of sustainable development as much as possible. In addition, on the example of European countries, it was assessed that there are good conditions for further “greening” of agriculture, bearing in mind the movement of the analyzed indicators.
本章的目的是展示政治文化农业对可持续农业发展的一些决定因素的可能影响,特别是从经济可行性、生物多样性和土地退化的角度来看。增加混养面积是解决当前环境问题的主要方法之一。主要的限制因素是由于这种生产方式的成本效益问题造成的经济压力,以及需要为日益增长的人口,特别是发展中国家的人口提供足够的粮食。研究结果表明,应大力发展有机农业,而应充分指导单一农业,使其尽可能发挥实现可持续发展生态目标的作用。此外,以欧洲国家为例,经评估,考虑到所分析的指标的变动,存在着进一步“绿化”农业的良好条件。
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引用次数: 0
Prevention of Soil Erosion and Torrential Floods 防止水土流失和特大洪水
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8459-0.ch005
Bhavya Kavitha Dwarapureddi, Swathi Dash, Aman Raj, Nihanth Soury Garika, Ankit Kumar, S. Vara
Climatic conditions, precise relief features, variations of soil, flora cover, socio-economic conditions together lead to torrential flood waves as a result of current soil erosion processes. Erosion and torrential floods are aggravated due to over exploitation of agricultural and forest land along with urbanization. Effects of soil erosion include nutrient loss, land use changes, reduced productivity, siltation of water bodies, among other effects like affecting livelihood of marginal communities dependent on agriculture globally and public health. Nearly 11 million km2 of soil is impacted by erosion precisely by water. Other factors like intensified agriculture and climate change contribute to and aggravate the erosion rate. Contemporary torrential floods are characterized by their increased destruction and frequency unlike the pre-development periods when their occurrence was rare. The focus of this review is to compile and aid as a data base for understanding methods of preventing erosion of soil and torrential floods as put forth by various researchers.
由于当前的土壤侵蚀过程,气候条件、精确的地形特征、土壤变化、植物覆盖、社会经济条件共同导致了暴雨洪波。随着城市化的发展,对农林业的过度开发加剧了水土流失和特大洪涝灾害。土壤侵蚀的影响包括养分流失、土地利用变化、生产力下降、水体淤积,以及其他影响,例如影响全球依赖农业的边缘社区的生计和公共卫生。近1100万平方公里的土壤正受到水侵蚀的影响。其他因素,如集约化农业和气候变化,也促进和加剧了侵蚀率。当代特大洪水的特点是破坏增加,发生频率增加,而不像发展前那样罕见。本文的重点是整理和帮助理解不同研究者提出的防止土壤侵蚀和洪水泛滥的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Applications of Nature-Inspired Computing in Renewable Energy Systems 自然启发计算在可再生能源系统中的应用
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8561-0
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引用次数: 0
Ocean Energy 海洋能源
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-4012-4.ch006
Umesh Agarwal, Naveen Jain, M. Kumawat
Until the middle of 20th century, there was a strong conviction that the next century would be the age of renewable and nuclear energy resources. However, at present, the whole world is dependent on fossil fuels to satisfy their energy need. Environmental pollution and global warming are the main issues associated with the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation. As per the report of US Energy Information IE Outlook 2016, coal, natural gas, and petroleum share nearly 67.2% of global electricity generation whereas renewable energy shares only 21.9%. This share is only one-fifth of the global electricity demand. According to the IEA 2016 Medium Term Renewable Energy Market Report, worldwide power production capacity of marine was only 539 MW in 2014, and to reach at a level of 640 MW, it will take 2021. The oceans cover about 70% of the Earth and acts as the largest thermal energy collector. A recent study reveals that global development capability of ocean energy is approximated to be 337 GW, and more than 885 TWH of electricity can be produced from this potential.
直到20世纪中叶,人们都坚信下个世纪将是可再生能源和核能的时代。然而,目前,全世界都依赖化石燃料来满足他们的能源需求。环境污染和全球变暖是与使用化石燃料发电有关的主要问题。根据《2016年美国能源信息工业展望》报告,煤炭、天然气和石油占全球发电量的67.2%,而可再生能源仅占21.9%。这一份额仅占全球电力需求的五分之一。根据国际能源署2016年中期可再生能源市场报告,2014年全球海洋发电能力仅为539兆瓦,要达到640兆瓦的水平,需要2021年。海洋覆盖了地球表面积的70%,是最大的热能收集器。最近的一项研究表明,全球海洋能源的开发能力约为337吉瓦,这一潜力可产生超过885太瓦时的电力。
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引用次数: 31
Real-Time Monitoring of Smart Meters Based on Blockchain Technology 基于区块链技术的智能电表实时监控
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-4012-4.ch007
K. Ramesh, Satya Dinesh Madasu, I. Kasireddy
In this chapter, the authors primarily discuss how blockchain is being utilized in smarter grids across the globe and how some use cases can be a good fit as a technology. They ensure the reliability and uninterrupted power supply to end users by using smart metering in micro and macro grids, which is possible with novel technology that is transparent and without any cyberattacks/hackers: blockchain technology (BCT). In this chapter, BCT is implemented significantly at micro/macro smart grid network. Such a network would give efficient improvement and be interesting.
在本章中,作者主要讨论了区块链如何在全球智能电网中得到利用,以及一些用例如何很好地适合作为一种技术。他们通过在微观和宏观电网中使用智能电表来确保最终用户的可靠性和不间断供电,这可以通过透明且没有任何网络攻击/黑客的新技术实现:区块链技术(BCT)。在本章中,BCT在微/宏智能电网中得到了重要的实现。这样的网络将带来有效的改进,而且很有趣。
{"title":"Real-Time Monitoring of Smart Meters Based on Blockchain Technology","authors":"K. Ramesh, Satya Dinesh Madasu, I. Kasireddy","doi":"10.4018/978-1-6684-4012-4.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4012-4.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the authors primarily discuss how blockchain is being utilized in smarter grids across the globe and how some use cases can be a good fit as a technology. They ensure the reliability and uninterrupted power supply to end users by using smart metering in micro and macro grids, which is possible with novel technology that is transparent and without any cyberattacks/hackers: blockchain technology (BCT). In this chapter, BCT is implemented significantly at micro/macro smart grid network. Such a network would give efficient improvement and be interesting.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73879480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wind Erosion, Climate Change, and Shelterbelts 风蚀、气候变化和防护林
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8459-0.ch008
A. Baumgertel, S. Lukić, Milica Caković, R. Savić, A. Bezdan, B. Blagojević
Wind erosion is a widespread phenomenon causing serious soil degradation. It is estimated that about 28% of the global land area suffers from this process. Global climate changes are expected to accelerate land degradation and significantly affect the intensity of wind erosion. Shelterbelts are linear multi-row planting strips of vegetation (trees or shrubs) established for numerous environmental purposes. Shelterbelts are a specific type of agroforestry system which could reduce soil degradation (soil erosion). Shelterbelts mitigate greenhouse gas through trees storing carbon (C) in their above- and below-ground biomass, wherefore they are highlighted as one of the potential ways to mitigate climate change. The purpose of this chapter is to present wind erosion as a land degradation problem, especially in line with climate changes and the present concept of vegetation establishment in the form of shelterbelts for long-term multi-functional provision of ecosystem services, in particular carbon sequestration.
风蚀是造成土壤严重退化的普遍现象。据估计,全球约有28%的土地面积受到这一过程的影响。预计全球气候变化将加速土地退化,并显著影响风蚀强度。防护林是为多种环境目的而建立的线性多行植被(树木或灌木)种植带。防护林是一种特殊类型的农林复合系统,可以减少土壤退化(土壤侵蚀)。防护林通过树木在其地上和地下生物量中储存碳(C)来减少温室气体,因此它们被强调为减缓气候变化的潜在方法之一。本章的目的是将风蚀作为一个土地退化问题提出,特别是根据气候变化和目前以防护林形式建立植被的概念,以提供长期多功能的生态系统服务,特别是碳封存。
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引用次数: 0
Prevention and Management of Soil Erosion and Torrential Floods 水土流失与特大洪水防治
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8459-0
{"title":"Prevention and Management of Soil Erosion and Torrential Floods","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8459-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8459-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74198461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies
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