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Mathematical Simulation of Anthropogenic Load on Forested Territories 森林地区人为负荷的数学模拟
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch016
Human activity causes forest fires near the municipalities and different transportation structures. It is suggested to define linear objects that caused human activity and the similarity of the human activity spread and heat conduction applicable for numerical simulation. The numerical parameter of the human activity is the virtual (possible) number of forest fires (VNF) near the linear object. One-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical models to evaluate the distribution of human activity from linear objects are presented. It is possible to mark out following linear objects: country roads, motorways, and railways. Dependence of the VNF for typical data from linear objects of human activity changed through the time and space are obtained. Conclusions are drawn about the patterns of human activity from linear objects. The prospects of further development are described for this direction to design software for forest fire danger prediction.
人类活动导致城市和不同交通结构附近的森林火灾。建议定义引起人类活动的线性对象以及人类活动传播与热传导的相似性,适用于数值模拟。人类活动的数值参数是线性对象附近森林火灾的虚拟(可能)数量。提出了基于线性物体的人类活动分布的一维和二维数值模型。可以标出下列线性对象:乡村公路、高速公路和铁路。得到了人类活动的线性对象的典型数据的VNF随时间和空间变化的依赖性。从线性物体中得出关于人类活动模式的结论。展望了该方向下森林火险预测软件的进一步发展前景。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular Markers 分子标记
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch002
Conventionally, establishment of relationship between the genotype and phenotype through genetic analysis was considered as key to success in plant breeding. The discovery of molecular markers has changed the entire scenario of genome analysis. Coinheritance of a gene of interest and a marker suggests that they are physically close on the chromosome. A marker must be polymorphic in nature for their identification and utilization. Such polymorphism can be detected at three levels: phenotype (morphological), difference in biomolecules (biochemical), or differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (molecular). These markers act as a versatile tool and find their importance in taxonomy, plant breeding, gene mapping, cultivar identification, and forensic science. They have several advantages over the conventional methods of plant breeding for developing new varieties with higher rate of success. This chapter covers the basic principles and applications of various types of markers with special emphasis on molecular markers.
传统上,通过遗传分析建立基因型和表型之间的关系被认为是植物育种成功的关键。分子标记的发现改变了整个基因组分析的情况。一个感兴趣的基因和一个标记的共遗传表明它们在染色体上是物理上接近的。标记必须具有多态性才能被识别和利用。这种多态性可以在表型(形态学)、生物分子差异(生化)或DNA核苷酸序列差异(分子)三个层面进行检测。这些标记作为一种多功能工具,在分类学、植物育种、基因定位、品种鉴定和法医学中发挥着重要作用。与传统的植物育种方法相比,它们有几个优势,可以培育出成功率更高的新品种。本章介绍了各种类型标记的基本原理和应用,重点介绍了分子标记。
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引用次数: 0
Physical Modeling of Forest Fuel Ignition by the Heated Up to High Temperatures Particle 森林燃料被加热至高温颗粒点燃的物理模拟
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch009
This chapter discusses a comparative analysis of the results of physical modeling of ignition of various forest fuels by a particle of metals and nonmetals heated to high temperatures. Typical forest fuels are considered: pine litter, birch leaves, and grass. The results of physical modeling of ignition of spruce branches with needles are discussed separately. Conclusions are drawn about the lower limit of ignition and fire danger of particles heated to high temperatures. The physical mechanism of ignition of forest fuels by a particle heated to high temperatures is presented.
本章讨论了金属和非金属颗粒加热到高温点燃各种森林燃料的物理模拟结果的比较分析。典型的森林燃料包括:松树凋落物、桦树叶子和草。分别讨论了云杉针叶点火物理模拟的结果。得出了微粒在高温下的点火下限和火灾危险性的结论。介绍了森林燃料被加热到高温的粒子点燃的物理机理。
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引用次数: 0
Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 重金属的微生物修复
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.CH016
A. Giriyan, V. B. Berde, E. Pereira, Chanda Parulekar-Berde
Heavy metals are found naturally. Anthropogenic activities and rapid industrialization have led to their unprecedented release into the environment. Being non-biodegradable in nature, they persist in the environment. Prolonged exposure and accumulation of these metals poses a serious threat to the ecosystem. Conventional treatment of contaminated material whether soil or water involves expensive chemical or physical methods which are arduous, energy demanding, and carry the risk of secondary contamination. It is thus necessary to adopt a sustainable remediation process to mitigate this problem. Biological remediation processes are preferable as they are environmentally safe, techno-economically feasible, and do not generate toxic byproducts. Microbial bioremediation is particularly attractive as it allows remediation processes by tapping naturally occurring catabolic capacities to transform, accumulate, and adsorb metals for detoxification. It is a comparatively low-cost technology. Therefore, microbial bioremediation is promising as an alternative to physico-chemical methods.
重金属是天然存在的。人为活动和快速的工业化导致它们前所未有地释放到环境中。它们在自然界中是不可生物降解的,在环境中会持续存在。这些金属的长期暴露和积累对生态系统构成严重威胁。无论是土壤还是水,污染物质的常规处理都涉及昂贵的化学或物理方法,这些方法既费力又耗能,而且有二次污染的风险。因此,有必要采用可持续的补救程序来缓解这一问题。生物修复过程是可取的,因为它们对环境安全,技术经济上可行,并且不会产生有毒副产品。微生物生物修复尤其具有吸引力,因为它允许通过利用自然发生的分解代谢能力来转化、积累和吸附金属进行解毒的修复过程。这是一种成本相对较低的技术。因此,微生物生物修复作为物理化学方法的替代方法是很有前途的。
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引用次数: 3
Two-Dimensional Mathematical Models to Simulate Deciduous Tree Ignition 模拟落叶树点火的二维数学模型
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch006
A physical and mathematical formulation of the problem to simulate ignition of a deciduous tree in the approximation of large vessels is presented. The problem is considered in a flat formulation in polar coordinates. A parametric analysis of the current-voltage characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning discharges on the process of heating the wood of a deciduous tree trunk is carried out. The conditions for the ignition of a tree trunk in the typical range of the parameters for discharge effect are established. Variants without and taking into account the surface layer of water are considered.
本文给出了在大容器近似下模拟落叶树点火问题的物理和数学公式。这个问题是在极坐标系中的平面形式下考虑的。对云对地雷电放电对落叶树干加热过程中的电流-电压特性进行了参数化分析。在典型的放电效应参数范围内,建立了树干点火的条件。考虑了不含和考虑表面层水的变量。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular Markers for Plant Variety Identification and Protection 植物品种鉴定与保护的分子标记
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch004
The identification of varieties of crop plants is important for their registration, breeding, seed production, and trade. The traditional approach to variety identification involves analysis and recording of their morphological characters, which is less informative, highly influenced by environmental factors and time consuming. Availability of molecular markers in large number in all the major crops has opened new avenue for their utilization in plant variety identification and protection. Molecular markers have the advantage of not being influenced by the environment and thus stable. Development of software to analyze and characterize the molecular markers has enhanced the process significantly. It also helps in protecting Plant Breeders Right. The establishment of genome and transcriptome sequencing projects for crops has generated a huge wealth of sequence data that could find much use in identification of plants varieties. In this chapter molecular basis of variety identification and their protection has been discussed.
农作物品种的鉴定对其登记、育种、种子生产和贸易都很重要。传统的品种鉴定方法是对品种形态特征进行分析和记录,信息量小,受环境因素影响大,耗时长。分子标记在主要作物中的大量应用,为分子标记在植物品种鉴定和保护中的应用开辟了新的途径。分子标记的优点是不受环境的影响,因而比较稳定。用于分析和表征分子标记的软件的开发大大提高了这一过程。它还有助于保护植物育种者的权利。农作物基因组和转录组测序项目的建立已经产生了大量的序列数据,可以在植物品种鉴定中找到很多用途。本章讨论了品种鉴定的分子基础及其保护。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Advancements in Bioremediation of Metal Contaminants 金属污染物生物修复研究进展
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4888-2.ch015
Yuvarajan Ragunathan, Kannan Nallakumar, T. Rathinavel, M. Govarthanan, Selvankumar Thangaswamy
Biofilms are an accumulation of single or various populations of microorganisms that are present on the surfaces through membrane-bound substances due to the gene expression, which differs from free-floating expression and leads to expressed genes regulating biofilm formation and development. In this regard, recent advances in microbial-based heavy metals have propelled bioremediation as a prospective alternative to conventional techniques. Adsorption and biodegradation of organic contaminants and the immobilization, mobilization, and/or transformation of metals are the main remediation processes that can be mediated by the action of several microorganisms surviving in hostile environments with high concentrations of pollutants. The chapter discussed the formation and regulation of biofilms to degrade the metal contaminant, the importance of gene transfer, and applications of biofilm-mediated bioremediation processes.
生物膜是由于基因表达不同于自由漂浮的表达,导致单个或多种微生物群体通过膜结合物质存在于表面的积累,并导致表达基因调节生物膜的形成和发育。在这方面,微生物基重金属的最新进展推动了生物修复作为传统技术的一种有前景的替代方案。有机污染物的吸附和生物降解以及金属的固定化、动员和/或转化是主要的修复过程,可以通过在高浓度污染物的恶劣环境中生存的几种微生物的作用来介导。本章讨论了生物膜降解金属污染物的形成和调控,基因转移的重要性,以及生物膜介导的生物修复过程的应用。
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引用次数: 3
Previous, Contemporary, and Prospects of E-Waste and Its Management 电子垃圾及其管理的历史、现状与展望
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch005
V. Saritha, Madhavi Konni, Bhavya Kavitha Dwarapureddi, R. Vemuri, Manoj Kumar Karnena
The contemporary world is driven by electronic gadgets without which the survival of mankind is perceived to be incomplete. The uncontrolled dependence of mankind on electronic gadgets has resulted in enhanced production of these gadgets leading to the accumulation of e-waste. Both technological innovation and market expansion have played an important role in electronic waste (e-waste). Owing to hazardous material composition, electronic waste causes environmental problems during the waste management phase if not properly pre-treated. Growing attention is being given to the impacts of these hazardous components from e-waste on the environment. Many countries have drafted legislation to improve the reuse, recycling, and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce disposal problems. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of electronic waste, the current status of management of electronic waste, and recycling technologies for the recovery of metals from end-of-life electronic equipment.
当今世界是由电子产品驱动的,没有它们,人类的生存被认为是不完整的。人类对电子产品的不受控制的依赖导致了这些产品的生产增加,从而导致了电子垃圾的积累。技术创新和市场拓展在电子垃圾处理中发挥了重要作用。由于电子废物的有害物质成分,如果不进行适当的预处理,在废物管理阶段会造成环境问题。人们越来越关注电子垃圾中这些有害成分对环境的影响。许多国家已起草立法,以改进这类废物的再使用、再循环和其他形式的回收,以减少处置问题。本章的目的是概述电子废物,电子废物管理的现状,以及从报废电子设备中回收金属的回收技术。
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引用次数: 0
Green Cloud 绿云
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-5003-8.ch004
S. Srivastava, G. Srivastava, Roheet Bhatnagar
Distributed computing is an incredible region of information and correspondence progressions, introducing current challenges for environmental security. These advances have a diversity of use spaces, since they offer flexibility, are trustworthy and dependable, and offer prevalent at tolerably negligible exertion. The conveyed figuring rebellion is updating current frameworks organization, and offering promising biological protection prospects, for example, money related and inventive field of premium. The developments can improve quality yield and to shrink carbon impressions and (e-)waste. The structures can change by dispersed processing into green circulated registering. Finally, future research headings and open issues with respect to green circulated registering are shown. This outline is intended to fill in as best in class bearing to investigate green distributed computing.
分布式计算是一个令人难以置信的信息和通信发展领域,为环境安全带来了当前的挑战。这些进步具有多种使用空间,因为它们提供了灵活性,值得信赖和可靠,并且在可以忽略不计的努力下普遍存在。所传达的数字反叛正在更新现有的框架组织,并提供了有前途的生物保护前景,例如与金钱相关的和创新的保费领域。发展可以提高质量,产量和减少碳印象和(电子)浪费。结构可以通过分散处理转变为绿色循环登记。最后,指出了绿色流通登记未来的研究方向和有待解决的问题。本大纲旨在为研究绿色分布式计算提供最好的课堂轴承。
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引用次数: 1
Sustainable Development and Climate Change 可持续发展与气候变化
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4915-5.CH002
Vartika Singh
The concept of sustainable development can be best interpreted as an approach to development that looks to balance different, and often competing, needs against an awareness of the environmental, social, and economic limitations we face as a society. Most of the present development activities are being conceived and implemented without fully considering the wider or future impacts. A manifestation of such kind of development approach is quite evident in the form of large-scale financial crises caused by irresponsible banking, changes in the global climate resulting from our dependence on fossil fuel-based energy sources. The longer we pursue unsustainable development, the more frequent and severe its consequences are likely to become, which is why we need to take action now. This chapter explores sustainable development and climate change.
可持续发展的概念可以最好地解释为一种发展方法,它寻求平衡不同的、往往是相互竞争的需求,同时认识到我们作为一个社会所面临的环境、社会和经济限制。目前大多数发展活动都是在没有充分考虑到更广泛或未来影响的情况下构思和执行的。这种发展方式的一个明显表现是,不负责任的银行业造成了大规模的金融危机,我们对化石燃料能源的依赖导致了全球气候的变化。我们追求不可持续发展的时间越长,其后果就可能越频繁、越严重,因此我们必须立即采取行动。本章探讨可持续发展和气候变化。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies
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