Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch016
Human activity causes forest fires near the municipalities and different transportation structures. It is suggested to define linear objects that caused human activity and the similarity of the human activity spread and heat conduction applicable for numerical simulation. The numerical parameter of the human activity is the virtual (possible) number of forest fires (VNF) near the linear object. One-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical models to evaluate the distribution of human activity from linear objects are presented. It is possible to mark out following linear objects: country roads, motorways, and railways. Dependence of the VNF for typical data from linear objects of human activity changed through the time and space are obtained. Conclusions are drawn about the patterns of human activity from linear objects. The prospects of further development are described for this direction to design software for forest fire danger prediction.
{"title":"Mathematical Simulation of Anthropogenic Load on Forested Territories","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch016","url":null,"abstract":"Human activity causes forest fires near the municipalities and different transportation structures. It is suggested to define linear objects that caused human activity and the similarity of the human activity spread and heat conduction applicable for numerical simulation. The numerical parameter of the human activity is the virtual (possible) number of forest fires (VNF) near the linear object. One-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical models to evaluate the distribution of human activity from linear objects are presented. It is possible to mark out following linear objects: country roads, motorways, and railways. Dependence of the VNF for typical data from linear objects of human activity changed through the time and space are obtained. Conclusions are drawn about the patterns of human activity from linear objects. The prospects of further development are described for this direction to design software for forest fire danger prediction.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85488026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch002
Conventionally, establishment of relationship between the genotype and phenotype through genetic analysis was considered as key to success in plant breeding. The discovery of molecular markers has changed the entire scenario of genome analysis. Coinheritance of a gene of interest and a marker suggests that they are physically close on the chromosome. A marker must be polymorphic in nature for their identification and utilization. Such polymorphism can be detected at three levels: phenotype (morphological), difference in biomolecules (biochemical), or differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (molecular). These markers act as a versatile tool and find their importance in taxonomy, plant breeding, gene mapping, cultivar identification, and forensic science. They have several advantages over the conventional methods of plant breeding for developing new varieties with higher rate of success. This chapter covers the basic principles and applications of various types of markers with special emphasis on molecular markers.
{"title":"Molecular Markers","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"Conventionally, establishment of relationship between the genotype and phenotype through genetic analysis was considered as key to success in plant breeding. The discovery of molecular markers has changed the entire scenario of genome analysis. Coinheritance of a gene of interest and a marker suggests that they are physically close on the chromosome. A marker must be polymorphic in nature for their identification and utilization. Such polymorphism can be detected at three levels: phenotype (morphological), difference in biomolecules (biochemical), or differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (molecular). These markers act as a versatile tool and find their importance in taxonomy, plant breeding, gene mapping, cultivar identification, and forensic science. They have several advantages over the conventional methods of plant breeding for developing new varieties with higher rate of success. This chapter covers the basic principles and applications of various types of markers with special emphasis on molecular markers.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79648217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch009
This chapter discusses a comparative analysis of the results of physical modeling of ignition of various forest fuels by a particle of metals and nonmetals heated to high temperatures. Typical forest fuels are considered: pine litter, birch leaves, and grass. The results of physical modeling of ignition of spruce branches with needles are discussed separately. Conclusions are drawn about the lower limit of ignition and fire danger of particles heated to high temperatures. The physical mechanism of ignition of forest fuels by a particle heated to high temperatures is presented.
{"title":"Physical Modeling of Forest Fuel Ignition by the Heated Up to High Temperatures Particle","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses a comparative analysis of the results of physical modeling of ignition of various forest fuels by a particle of metals and nonmetals heated to high temperatures. Typical forest fuels are considered: pine litter, birch leaves, and grass. The results of physical modeling of ignition of spruce branches with needles are discussed separately. Conclusions are drawn about the lower limit of ignition and fire danger of particles heated to high temperatures. The physical mechanism of ignition of forest fuels by a particle heated to high temperatures is presented.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87248840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.CH016
A. Giriyan, V. B. Berde, E. Pereira, Chanda Parulekar-Berde
Heavy metals are found naturally. Anthropogenic activities and rapid industrialization have led to their unprecedented release into the environment. Being non-biodegradable in nature, they persist in the environment. Prolonged exposure and accumulation of these metals poses a serious threat to the ecosystem. Conventional treatment of contaminated material whether soil or water involves expensive chemical or physical methods which are arduous, energy demanding, and carry the risk of secondary contamination. It is thus necessary to adopt a sustainable remediation process to mitigate this problem. Biological remediation processes are preferable as they are environmentally safe, techno-economically feasible, and do not generate toxic byproducts. Microbial bioremediation is particularly attractive as it allows remediation processes by tapping naturally occurring catabolic capacities to transform, accumulate, and adsorb metals for detoxification. It is a comparatively low-cost technology. Therefore, microbial bioremediation is promising as an alternative to physico-chemical methods.
{"title":"Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals","authors":"A. Giriyan, V. B. Berde, E. Pereira, Chanda Parulekar-Berde","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.CH016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.CH016","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals are found naturally. Anthropogenic activities and rapid industrialization have led to their unprecedented release into the environment. Being non-biodegradable in nature, they persist in the environment. Prolonged exposure and accumulation of these metals poses a serious threat to the ecosystem. Conventional treatment of contaminated material whether soil or water involves expensive chemical or physical methods which are arduous, energy demanding, and carry the risk of secondary contamination. It is thus necessary to adopt a sustainable remediation process to mitigate this problem. Biological remediation processes are preferable as they are environmentally safe, techno-economically feasible, and do not generate toxic byproducts. Microbial bioremediation is particularly attractive as it allows remediation processes by tapping naturally occurring catabolic capacities to transform, accumulate, and adsorb metals for detoxification. It is a comparatively low-cost technology. Therefore, microbial bioremediation is promising as an alternative to physico-chemical methods.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89628498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch006
A physical and mathematical formulation of the problem to simulate ignition of a deciduous tree in the approximation of large vessels is presented. The problem is considered in a flat formulation in polar coordinates. A parametric analysis of the current-voltage characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning discharges on the process of heating the wood of a deciduous tree trunk is carried out. The conditions for the ignition of a tree trunk in the typical range of the parameters for discharge effect are established. Variants without and taking into account the surface layer of water are considered.
{"title":"Two-Dimensional Mathematical Models to Simulate Deciduous Tree Ignition","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"A physical and mathematical formulation of the problem to simulate ignition of a deciduous tree in the approximation of large vessels is presented. The problem is considered in a flat formulation in polar coordinates. A parametric analysis of the current-voltage characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning discharges on the process of heating the wood of a deciduous tree trunk is carried out. The conditions for the ignition of a tree trunk in the typical range of the parameters for discharge effect are established. Variants without and taking into account the surface layer of water are considered.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88830351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch004
The identification of varieties of crop plants is important for their registration, breeding, seed production, and trade. The traditional approach to variety identification involves analysis and recording of their morphological characters, which is less informative, highly influenced by environmental factors and time consuming. Availability of molecular markers in large number in all the major crops has opened new avenue for their utilization in plant variety identification and protection. Molecular markers have the advantage of not being influenced by the environment and thus stable. Development of software to analyze and characterize the molecular markers has enhanced the process significantly. It also helps in protecting Plant Breeders Right. The establishment of genome and transcriptome sequencing projects for crops has generated a huge wealth of sequence data that could find much use in identification of plants varieties. In this chapter molecular basis of variety identification and their protection has been discussed.
{"title":"Molecular Markers for Plant Variety Identification and Protection","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4312-2.ch004","url":null,"abstract":"The identification of varieties of crop plants is important for their registration, breeding, seed production, and trade. The traditional approach to variety identification involves analysis and recording of their morphological characters, which is less informative, highly influenced by environmental factors and time consuming. Availability of molecular markers in large number in all the major crops has opened new avenue for their utilization in plant variety identification and protection. Molecular markers have the advantage of not being influenced by the environment and thus stable. Development of software to analyze and characterize the molecular markers has enhanced the process significantly. It also helps in protecting Plant Breeders Right. The establishment of genome and transcriptome sequencing projects for crops has generated a huge wealth of sequence data that could find much use in identification of plants varieties. In this chapter molecular basis of variety identification and their protection has been discussed.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88256722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4888-2.ch015
Yuvarajan Ragunathan, Kannan Nallakumar, T. Rathinavel, M. Govarthanan, Selvankumar Thangaswamy
Biofilms are an accumulation of single or various populations of microorganisms that are present on the surfaces through membrane-bound substances due to the gene expression, which differs from free-floating expression and leads to expressed genes regulating biofilm formation and development. In this regard, recent advances in microbial-based heavy metals have propelled bioremediation as a prospective alternative to conventional techniques. Adsorption and biodegradation of organic contaminants and the immobilization, mobilization, and/or transformation of metals are the main remediation processes that can be mediated by the action of several microorganisms surviving in hostile environments with high concentrations of pollutants. The chapter discussed the formation and regulation of biofilms to degrade the metal contaminant, the importance of gene transfer, and applications of biofilm-mediated bioremediation processes.
{"title":"Recent Advancements in Bioremediation of Metal Contaminants","authors":"Yuvarajan Ragunathan, Kannan Nallakumar, T. Rathinavel, M. Govarthanan, Selvankumar Thangaswamy","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-4888-2.ch015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4888-2.ch015","url":null,"abstract":"Biofilms are an accumulation of single or various populations of microorganisms that are present on the surfaces through membrane-bound substances due to the gene expression, which differs from free-floating expression and leads to expressed genes regulating biofilm formation and development. In this regard, recent advances in microbial-based heavy metals have propelled bioremediation as a prospective alternative to conventional techniques. Adsorption and biodegradation of organic contaminants and the immobilization, mobilization, and/or transformation of metals are the main remediation processes that can be mediated by the action of several microorganisms surviving in hostile environments with high concentrations of pollutants. The chapter discussed the formation and regulation of biofilms to degrade the metal contaminant, the importance of gene transfer, and applications of biofilm-mediated bioremediation processes.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88303780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch005
V. Saritha, Madhavi Konni, Bhavya Kavitha Dwarapureddi, R. Vemuri, Manoj Kumar Karnena
The contemporary world is driven by electronic gadgets without which the survival of mankind is perceived to be incomplete. The uncontrolled dependence of mankind on electronic gadgets has resulted in enhanced production of these gadgets leading to the accumulation of e-waste. Both technological innovation and market expansion have played an important role in electronic waste (e-waste). Owing to hazardous material composition, electronic waste causes environmental problems during the waste management phase if not properly pre-treated. Growing attention is being given to the impacts of these hazardous components from e-waste on the environment. Many countries have drafted legislation to improve the reuse, recycling, and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce disposal problems. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of electronic waste, the current status of management of electronic waste, and recycling technologies for the recovery of metals from end-of-life electronic equipment.
{"title":"Previous, Contemporary, and Prospects of E-Waste and Its Management","authors":"V. Saritha, Madhavi Konni, Bhavya Kavitha Dwarapureddi, R. Vemuri, Manoj Kumar Karnena","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch005","url":null,"abstract":"The contemporary world is driven by electronic gadgets without which the survival of mankind is perceived to be incomplete. The uncontrolled dependence of mankind on electronic gadgets has resulted in enhanced production of these gadgets leading to the accumulation of e-waste. Both technological innovation and market expansion have played an important role in electronic waste (e-waste). Owing to hazardous material composition, electronic waste causes environmental problems during the waste management phase if not properly pre-treated. Growing attention is being given to the impacts of these hazardous components from e-waste on the environment. Many countries have drafted legislation to improve the reuse, recycling, and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce disposal problems. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of electronic waste, the current status of management of electronic waste, and recycling technologies for the recovery of metals from end-of-life electronic equipment.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76449310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-5003-8.ch004
S. Srivastava, G. Srivastava, Roheet Bhatnagar
Distributed computing is an incredible region of information and correspondence progressions, introducing current challenges for environmental security. These advances have a diversity of use spaces, since they offer flexibility, are trustworthy and dependable, and offer prevalent at tolerably negligible exertion. The conveyed figuring rebellion is updating current frameworks organization, and offering promising biological protection prospects, for example, money related and inventive field of premium. The developments can improve quality yield and to shrink carbon impressions and (e-)waste. The structures can change by dispersed processing into green circulated registering. Finally, future research headings and open issues with respect to green circulated registering are shown. This outline is intended to fill in as best in class bearing to investigate green distributed computing.
{"title":"Green Cloud","authors":"S. Srivastava, G. Srivastava, Roheet Bhatnagar","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-5003-8.ch004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5003-8.ch004","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed computing is an incredible region of information and correspondence progressions, introducing current challenges for environmental security. These advances have a diversity of use spaces, since they offer flexibility, are trustworthy and dependable, and offer prevalent at tolerably negligible exertion. The conveyed figuring rebellion is updating current frameworks organization, and offering promising biological protection prospects, for example, money related and inventive field of premium. The developments can improve quality yield and to shrink carbon impressions and (e-)waste. The structures can change by dispersed processing into green circulated registering. Finally, future research headings and open issues with respect to green circulated registering are shown. This outline is intended to fill in as best in class bearing to investigate green distributed computing.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81939823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4915-5.CH002
Vartika Singh
The concept of sustainable development can be best interpreted as an approach to development that looks to balance different, and often competing, needs against an awareness of the environmental, social, and economic limitations we face as a society. Most of the present development activities are being conceived and implemented without fully considering the wider or future impacts. A manifestation of such kind of development approach is quite evident in the form of large-scale financial crises caused by irresponsible banking, changes in the global climate resulting from our dependence on fossil fuel-based energy sources. The longer we pursue unsustainable development, the more frequent and severe its consequences are likely to become, which is why we need to take action now. This chapter explores sustainable development and climate change.
{"title":"Sustainable Development and Climate Change","authors":"Vartika Singh","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-4915-5.CH002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4915-5.CH002","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of sustainable development can be best interpreted as an approach to development that looks to balance different, and often competing, needs against an awareness of the environmental, social, and economic limitations we face as a society. Most of the present development activities are being conceived and implemented without fully considering the wider or future impacts. A manifestation of such kind of development approach is quite evident in the form of large-scale financial crises caused by irresponsible banking, changes in the global climate resulting from our dependence on fossil fuel-based energy sources. The longer we pursue unsustainable development, the more frequent and severe its consequences are likely to become, which is why we need to take action now. This chapter explores sustainable development and climate change.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82399407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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