Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1241-8
{"title":"Handbook of Research on Emerging Developments and Environmental Impacts of Ecological Chemistry","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-1241-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1241-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81703985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-0198-6.ch003
R. Yagasa, Rithy Uch, P. Sam
Driven by economic development, population growth, change in life style, and consumption patterns, Cambodia is faced with equally rapid increase of solid waste, with MSW disposal amount attaining 1,709,379 tons/year in 2018. Various policy instruments and legislations have been developed over the years in response to this long-existing crisis, which effectively translated into tangible improvements on the ground. But municipalities continue to suffer from weak waste management system including collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Resource recovery almost entirely depends on informal sector while efforts for reduce and reuse are still weak, while presenting vast opportunity if effective policies are employed and implemented. The ongoing governance reform involving functional decentralization of waste management service is being implemented although at a slow pace.
{"title":"Solid Waste Management in Cambodia","authors":"R. Yagasa, Rithy Uch, P. Sam","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-0198-6.ch003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0198-6.ch003","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by economic development, population growth, change in life style, and consumption patterns, Cambodia is faced with equally rapid increase of solid waste, with MSW disposal amount attaining 1,709,379 tons/year in 2018. Various policy instruments and legislations have been developed over the years in response to this long-existing crisis, which effectively translated into tangible improvements on the ground. But municipalities continue to suffer from weak waste management system including collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Resource recovery almost entirely depends on informal sector while efforts for reduce and reuse are still weak, while presenting vast opportunity if effective policies are employed and implemented. The ongoing governance reform involving functional decentralization of waste management service is being implemented although at a slow pace.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89460142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2381-0.ch007
M. Loh
Analysis of Terahertz waves comes in three main forms, physical optics, geometrical optics, and Gaussian optics. Physical optics has the highest accuracy but it is time consuming when it is applied in the design of large radio telescopes. Also, it is only capable of computing radiation characteristics. Geometrical optics, on the other hand, reduces computational time significantly. But it does not give accurate results when designing telescopes which are to operate at Terahertz frequencies. Gaussian optics is a good trade-off between these two methods and it is a popular approach used in the design of large radio telescopes — particularly those which operate near/in the Terahertz band. Since it accounts for the effects of diffraction, this method produces reasonably accurate results. This chapter describes Gaussian optics, with emphasis given on its application in the design of radio telescopes.
{"title":"Gaussian Optics","authors":"M. Loh","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-2381-0.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2381-0.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of Terahertz waves comes in three main forms, physical optics, geometrical optics, and Gaussian optics. Physical optics has the highest accuracy but it is time consuming when it is applied in the design of large radio telescopes. Also, it is only capable of computing radiation characteristics. Geometrical optics, on the other hand, reduces computational time significantly. But it does not give accurate results when designing telescopes which are to operate at Terahertz frequencies. Gaussian optics is a good trade-off between these two methods and it is a popular approach used in the design of large radio telescopes — particularly those which operate near/in the Terahertz band. Since it accounts for the effects of diffraction, this method produces reasonably accurate results. This chapter describes Gaussian optics, with emphasis given on its application in the design of radio telescopes.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87087667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1042-1.ch013
A. Veber, S. Leonova, E. Meleshkina, Z. Esmurzaeva, T. Nikiforova
The results described in this chapter are of the investigation based on the collaborative research of scientists from the three Russian universities (Omsk State Agrarian University, Bashkir State Agrarian University, and Orenburg State University) which started in 2014. The authors assess various indicators of food safety. The study includes physical and chemical properties, technological characteristics, and chemical composition of new elite selection cultivars of pea (“Pisum arvense”, the harvest of 2018, Bashkir Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture) and haricot bean (harvest of 2018, Omsk State Agrarian University). Most of the samples have increased phytochemical capacity and high protein concentration (21.15-22.49% in haricot bean; 19.38-23.75% in pea). The authors demonstrate that these cultivars can be used for the enrichment of foodstuff and the creation of new functional foods.
{"title":"Agricultural Trade and Undernourishment, Nutrition, and Dietary Diversity","authors":"A. Veber, S. Leonova, E. Meleshkina, Z. Esmurzaeva, T. Nikiforova","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-1042-1.ch013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1042-1.ch013","url":null,"abstract":"The results described in this chapter are of the investigation based on the collaborative research of scientists from the three Russian universities (Omsk State Agrarian University, Bashkir State Agrarian University, and Orenburg State University) which started in 2014. The authors assess various indicators of food safety. The study includes physical and chemical properties, technological characteristics, and chemical composition of new elite selection cultivars of pea (“Pisum arvense”, the harvest of 2018, Bashkir Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture) and haricot bean (harvest of 2018, Omsk State Agrarian University). Most of the samples have increased phytochemical capacity and high protein concentration (21.15-22.49% in haricot bean; 19.38-23.75% in pea). The authors demonstrate that these cultivars can be used for the enrichment of foodstuff and the creation of new functional foods.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86291502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2381-0.ch008
Hirokazu Kobayashi
One of the simple and most widely used microwave antennas is the horn as a feed element for large radio telescopes, satellite tracking, and communication reflector, which are found installed throughout the world. In addition to its utility as a feed for reflectors and lenses, it is a common element of phased arrays and serves as a universal standard for calibration and gain measurement of other high gain antennas. Its widespread applicability stems from its simplicity in construction, ease of excitation, large gain, wide-band characteristics, and preferred overall performance. An electromagnetic horn can take many different forms, such as basic pyramidal, conical, corrugated, double-ridged, and dual polarized horns, as well as horns with lens and so on. The horn is nothing more than a hollow pipe of different cross-sections, which has been tapered to a larger opening aperture. This chapter explains the fundamentals of the pyramidal horn antenna in detail using aperture field method. Numerical and measured examples, are also shown.
{"title":"Horn Antenna","authors":"Hirokazu Kobayashi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-2381-0.ch008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2381-0.ch008","url":null,"abstract":"One of the simple and most widely used microwave antennas is the horn as a feed element for large radio telescopes, satellite tracking, and communication reflector, which are found installed throughout the world. In addition to its utility as a feed for reflectors and lenses, it is a common element of phased arrays and serves as a universal standard for calibration and gain measurement of other high gain antennas. Its widespread applicability stems from its simplicity in construction, ease of excitation, large gain, wide-band characteristics, and preferred overall performance. An electromagnetic horn can take many different forms, such as basic pyramidal, conical, corrugated, double-ridged, and dual polarized horns, as well as horns with lens and so on. The horn is nothing more than a hollow pipe of different cross-sections, which has been tapered to a larger opening aperture. This chapter explains the fundamentals of the pyramidal horn antenna in detail using aperture field method. Numerical and measured examples, are also shown.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78904187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9
{"title":"Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90312064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1924-0.ch010
Urvashi Srivastava, Zoomi Singh, P. Saini
Globally, many byproducts or wastes are produced through diverse food industries. These food industries dispose of their waste in the surroundings; merely a few of them reprocess their waste and use it as functional food ingredients. Fermentation techniques can be adopted as one of the methods to prevail over this waste problem. Among the different fermentation methods, solid state fermentation is reviewed as it is elegantly simple and persists to lift interest of scientists and industries around the world. The last decade has included an unprecedented rise in the significance of solid state fermentation (SSF) for the progress of bioprocesses for nutritional enrichment. This chapter focuses on a general review of the advantages of solid state fermentation over conventional fermentation, bioreactor design for SSF, production of bioactive substances from various food stuffs, bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes, and bio refining strategy. SSF is a remarkable tool to elevate nutritional and functional values of the substrate to a large extent.
{"title":"Solid-State Fermentation","authors":"Urvashi Srivastava, Zoomi Singh, P. Saini","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-1924-0.ch010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1924-0.ch010","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, many byproducts or wastes are produced through diverse food industries. These food industries dispose of their waste in the surroundings; merely a few of them reprocess their waste and use it as functional food ingredients. Fermentation techniques can be adopted as one of the methods to prevail over this waste problem. Among the different fermentation methods, solid state fermentation is reviewed as it is elegantly simple and persists to lift interest of scientists and industries around the world. The last decade has included an unprecedented rise in the significance of solid state fermentation (SSF) for the progress of bioprocesses for nutritional enrichment. This chapter focuses on a general review of the advantages of solid state fermentation over conventional fermentation, bioreactor design for SSF, production of bioactive substances from various food stuffs, bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes, and bio refining strategy. SSF is a remarkable tool to elevate nutritional and functional values of the substrate to a large extent.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83287781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7
{"title":"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts on Health in Tropical and Subtropical Regions","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88128974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7.ch001
S. Hussain, S. Siddique, A. Shah
Conferring to the Global Risk Index, Pakistan is ranked as the 7th most susceptible country to the inexorable influence of climate change. Before this century ends, the annual mean temperature in Pakistan is expected to rise from 3°C to 5°C for a focal worldwide discharge situation. Usually, annual precipitation is not relied upon to have a critical long haul pattern. Ocean level is relied upon to ascend further by 60 centimeters. All these climatic events are likely to disrupt the economy, lives, and the socio-political aspects of human life. Pakistan has already witnessed massive loss in terms of human, infrastructural, and economic aspects. The chapter is designed to understand both the direct and indirect health risks associated with frequent climatic events like floods, drought, and heat waves in Pakistan. After analyzing the available literature, it was observed that floods and drought have direct and indirect health risks associated with them while in case of heat waves, health risks cannot be established precisely as multiple variables are involved, playing a significant role.
{"title":"Climate Change and Health Impacts in Pakistan","authors":"S. Hussain, S. Siddique, A. Shah","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7.ch001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7.ch001","url":null,"abstract":"Conferring to the Global Risk Index, Pakistan is ranked as the 7th most susceptible country to the inexorable influence of climate change. Before this century ends, the annual mean temperature in Pakistan is expected to rise from 3°C to 5°C for a focal worldwide discharge situation. Usually, annual precipitation is not relied upon to have a critical long haul pattern. Ocean level is relied upon to ascend further by 60 centimeters. All these climatic events are likely to disrupt the economy, lives, and the socio-political aspects of human life. Pakistan has already witnessed massive loss in terms of human, infrastructural, and economic aspects. The chapter is designed to understand both the direct and indirect health risks associated with frequent climatic events like floods, drought, and heat waves in Pakistan. After analyzing the available literature, it was observed that floods and drought have direct and indirect health risks associated with them while in case of heat waves, health risks cannot be established precisely as multiple variables are involved, playing a significant role.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78788825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1042-1
{"title":"Handbook of Research on Globalized Agricultural Trade and New Challenges for Food Security","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-1042-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1042-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82102568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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