Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.CH001
T. Biswal, J. Malik
The soil is considered to be one of the most important substances for the existence of the biotic community. The quality of the soil is continually degrading due to the continuous exploitation of human activity. The superiority of a soil is rated on the basis of its chemical and physical characteristics. The contaminants added to the soil mainly because of human activity change the usual function and ecological properties and cause of negative impacts on agricultural productivity and soil health. The property of the soil is potentially affected by urban wastes, industrial wastes, sewage water, mining wastes, oil, radioactive wastes, deforestation, and massive use of fertilizers and pesticides. Heavy metal contamination of the soil is a vital environmental problem because it is the cause of adverse effects on the biological community through the contamination of the food chain. A continuous exposure of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the landfill sites causes leachate formation; this is percolated inside the soil leading to the change in properties.
{"title":"Effect of Pollution on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil","authors":"T. Biswal, J. Malik","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.CH001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.CH001","url":null,"abstract":"The soil is considered to be one of the most important substances for the existence of the biotic community. The quality of the soil is continually degrading due to the continuous exploitation of human activity. The superiority of a soil is rated on the basis of its chemical and physical characteristics. The contaminants added to the soil mainly because of human activity change the usual function and ecological properties and cause of negative impacts on agricultural productivity and soil health. The property of the soil is potentially affected by urban wastes, industrial wastes, sewage water, mining wastes, oil, radioactive wastes, deforestation, and massive use of fertilizers and pesticides. Heavy metal contamination of the soil is a vital environmental problem because it is the cause of adverse effects on the biological community through the contamination of the food chain. A continuous exposure of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the landfill sites causes leachate formation; this is percolated inside the soil leading to the change in properties.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75500276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-5003-8.ch011
Vijander Singh, Amit Kumar Bairwa, Deepak Sinwar
In the development of the advanced world, information has been created each second in numerous regions like astronomy, social locales, medical fields, transportation, web-based business, logical research, horticulture, video, and sound download. As per an overview, in 60 seconds, 600+ new clients on YouTube and 7 billion queries are executed on Google. In this way, we can say that the immense measure of organized, unstructured, and semi-organized information are produced each second around the cyber world, which should be managed efficiently. Big data conveys properties such as unpredictability, 'V' factor, multivariable information, and it must be put away, recovered, and dispersed. Logical arranged data may work as information in the field of digital world. In the past century, the sources of data as to size were very limited and could be managed using pen and paper. The next generation of data generation tools include Microsoft Excel, Access, and database tools like SQL, MySQL, and DB2.
{"title":"An Analysis of Big Data Analytics","authors":"Vijander Singh, Amit Kumar Bairwa, Deepak Sinwar","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-5003-8.ch011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5003-8.ch011","url":null,"abstract":"In the development of the advanced world, information has been created each second in numerous regions like astronomy, social locales, medical fields, transportation, web-based business, logical research, horticulture, video, and sound download. As per an overview, in 60 seconds, 600+ new clients on YouTube and 7 billion queries are executed on Google. In this way, we can say that the immense measure of organized, unstructured, and semi-organized information are produced each second around the cyber world, which should be managed efficiently. Big data conveys properties such as unpredictability, 'V' factor, multivariable information, and it must be put away, recovered, and dispersed. Logical arranged data may work as information in the field of digital world. In the past century, the sources of data as to size were very limited and could be managed using pen and paper. The next generation of data generation tools include Microsoft Excel, Access, and database tools like SQL, MySQL, and DB2.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84684908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch008
Based on a one-dimensional two-layer physical and mathematical model of ignition of a deciduous tree (birch), the influence of the m-components of a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge is estimated. The problem is solved in a cylindrical coordinate system. Typical cloud-to-ground lightning discharges are considered. An assessment of the influence of m-components was carried out for a typical range of changes in their characteristics. Surface temperature of tree trunk and heat flux to this surface are obtained during simulation.
{"title":"M-Components Mathematical Modeling for Deciduous Tree Ignition","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch008","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a one-dimensional two-layer physical and mathematical model of ignition of a deciduous tree (birch), the influence of the m-components of a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge is estimated. The problem is solved in a cylindrical coordinate system. Typical cloud-to-ground lightning discharges are considered. An assessment of the influence of m-components was carried out for a typical range of changes in their characteristics. Surface temperature of tree trunk and heat flux to this surface are obtained during simulation.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78700491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch012
This chapter provides information on the physical and mathematical models of forest fuel layer ignition by the metal or non-metal particle heated up to high temperatures. Mathematically, the forest fuel layer ignition is described by a system of equations of heat conduction and diffusion with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. Scenario modeling of forest fuel layer ignition was carried out in the temperature range characteristic to the occurrence of forest fires. A scenario of a catastrophic forest fire danger is considered when there is no moisture in the forest fuel layer.
{"title":"Mathematical Modeling of Forest Fuel Ignition by the Heated Up to High Temperatures Particle","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides information on the physical and mathematical models of forest fuel layer ignition by the metal or non-metal particle heated up to high temperatures. Mathematically, the forest fuel layer ignition is described by a system of equations of heat conduction and diffusion with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. Scenario modeling of forest fuel layer ignition was carried out in the temperature range characteristic to the occurrence of forest fires. A scenario of a catastrophic forest fire danger is considered when there is no moisture in the forest fuel layer.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77170578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1722-2
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and IoT-Based Technologies for Sustainable Farming and Smart Agriculture","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-1722-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1722-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90561693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch010
Forests in the Siberian region have suffered from frequent and intense forest fires in recent years. Measures are required to restore damaged and dead forest stands. One option for preserving forest stands from catastrophic forest fires is prescribed low-intensity burning. The purpose of the study is to study the ignition mechanism of a layer of forest fuels by crystallizing small-sized metal particles (molten metal drop). The generation of such droplets is carried out using a standard electric welding machine. The physical mechanism of forest fuel layer ignition by a group of particles of a rather small size is revealed. It is proposed to use this mechanism for burning forest fuels in order to preserve coniferous and mixed stands from intense forest fires.
{"title":"Physical Modeling of Forest Fuel Ignition by the Molten Metal Particles","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch010","url":null,"abstract":"Forests in the Siberian region have suffered from frequent and intense forest fires in recent years. Measures are required to restore damaged and dead forest stands. One option for preserving forest stands from catastrophic forest fires is prescribed low-intensity burning. The purpose of the study is to study the ignition mechanism of a layer of forest fuels by crystallizing small-sized metal particles (molten metal drop). The generation of such droplets is carried out using a standard electric welding machine. The physical mechanism of forest fuel layer ignition by a group of particles of a rather small size is revealed. It is proposed to use this mechanism for burning forest fuels in order to preserve coniferous and mixed stands from intense forest fires.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81222438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.CH009
S. Ndungu, Sebastian K. Waruri, J. Wanjohi
East coast fever, a disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva and transmitted by the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (the brown ear tick), is a major constraint to cattle production in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa. In Kenya it is the most important tick-borne disease and a major constraint in cattle productivity. This is due to the high morbidity and mortality it causes in susceptible herds, the cost of control of the vector ticks, and the cost of treatment of clinical cases. Animals that recover from the disease also suffer from reduced productivity which can be long term. The limited distribution of the tick and the disease to only East, Central and Southern Africa also means that the market for therapeutic drugs and acaricides is small. Therefore, drug companies are not keen on funding research and development of new drug and acaricide molecules when resistance occurs.
{"title":"East Coast Fever","authors":"S. Ndungu, Sebastian K. Waruri, J. Wanjohi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"East coast fever, a disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva and transmitted by the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (the brown ear tick), is a major constraint to cattle production in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa. In Kenya it is the most important tick-borne disease and a major constraint in cattle productivity. This is due to the high morbidity and mortality it causes in susceptible herds, the cost of control of the vector ticks, and the cost of treatment of clinical cases. Animals that recover from the disease also suffer from reduced productivity which can be long term. The limited distribution of the tick and the disease to only East, Central and Southern Africa also means that the market for therapeutic drugs and acaricides is small. Therefore, drug companies are not keen on funding research and development of new drug and acaricide molecules when resistance occurs.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83489548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch002
J. Nyika, E. Onyari
This chapter uses the DPSIR framework to examine logistical, infrastructural, and operational challenges in SA's SWM system using Buffalo City Municipality as case study. Findings suggest that SWM is an endemic problem in the municipality characterised by a preference to landfill disposal, minimal recycling tendencies, poor waste services, non-enforcement of existent waste regulation, inadequate funding, and non-involvement of urbanites and informal sector in the process. To counter these challenges, BCM has enhanced its financial resources to facilitate scientific landfilling and transit to perceptions of solid waste as a useful good. The municipality has collaborated with local industries and international organizations to synergize efforts to implement state and local waste management plans. For an integrated model of SWM, this review suggests SA and BCM's need to plan innovatively, adopt landfill-mining, plan strategically on all waste cycle aspects, and modify existing regulations to accommodate urbanites and informal waste pickers in the process.
{"title":"A Review on Solid Waste Management Using the DPSIR Framework in a Southern Africa Case Study","authors":"J. Nyika, E. Onyari","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4921-6.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter uses the DPSIR framework to examine logistical, infrastructural, and operational challenges in SA's SWM system using Buffalo City Municipality as case study. Findings suggest that SWM is an endemic problem in the municipality characterised by a preference to landfill disposal, minimal recycling tendencies, poor waste services, non-enforcement of existent waste regulation, inadequate funding, and non-involvement of urbanites and informal sector in the process. To counter these challenges, BCM has enhanced its financial resources to facilitate scientific landfilling and transit to perceptions of solid waste as a useful good. The municipality has collaborated with local industries and international organizations to synergize efforts to implement state and local waste management plans. For an integrated model of SWM, this review suggests SA and BCM's need to plan innovatively, adopt landfill-mining, plan strategically on all waste cycle aspects, and modify existing regulations to accommodate urbanites and informal waste pickers in the process.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90449189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch007
The results of the numerical implementation for the spatial formulation of the problem of the deciduous tree ignition by an electric current of a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge are presented. The problem was solved in a three-dimensional formulation in a cylindrical coordinate system. A symmetric formulation of the problem is considered. The localization of reactive wood, structural heterogeneity of the bark, volt-ampere characteristics of a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge, and chemical reaction in the gas phase are taken into account. The conditions of deciduous tree ignition in the typical range of the discharge effect are revealed.
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Mathematical Models to Simulate Deciduous Tree Ignition","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7250-4.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the numerical implementation for the spatial formulation of the problem of the deciduous tree ignition by an electric current of a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge are presented. The problem was solved in a three-dimensional formulation in a cylindrical coordinate system. A symmetric formulation of the problem is considered. The localization of reactive wood, structural heterogeneity of the bark, volt-ampere characteristics of a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge, and chemical reaction in the gas phase are taken into account. The conditions of deciduous tree ignition in the typical range of the discharge effect are revealed.","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85964483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6709-8
{"title":"Role of IoT in Green Energy Systems","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6709-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6709-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7235,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90652322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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