Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献_第5页

Lower Baskets and Smaller Balls Influence Mini-Basketball Players’ Throwing Motions 较低的篮筐和较小的球影响迷你篮球运动员的投掷动作

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics3010007

Carina Thomas, Kevin Nolte, Marcus Schmidt, T. Jaitner

Children have different anthropometrical size ratios in relation to ball and basket compared to adults, but usually compete on the same basket height and field. Therefore, they have to adapt their throwing technique, which might result in movement patterns unfavorable for long-term performance development. In this study, we analyze how children adapt their throwing techniques to different conditions. Seven basketball players (10.14 ± 1.12 years) completed a total of 60 throws, combining different ball sizes, basket heights, and distances. The throwing movements were captured by a 3D motion capture system. Accumulated distances between all time courses of angles, angular accelerations, and velocities served as similarity measures and were analyzed by cluster analysis, including purity measures. Considering all throws, a division into seven clusters separated each individual. For all subjects, distances accounted for the most changes in the throwing motion (purity 0.81–1). In the subclusters, the basket heights were not a decisive condition (purity 0.42–0.63). However, an increase in purity was found compared to the main clusters. Children seem to adapt their movement behavior primarily to throwing distances and subordinately to basket heights, which indicates that changing playing conditions (e.g., closer 3-point line, lower baskets) might be beneficial in mini-basketball.

与成人相比，儿童在篮球和篮筐方面的人体测量尺寸比不同，但通常在相同的篮筐高度和场地上比赛。因此，他们必须调整他们的投掷技术，这可能导致不利于长期发展的运动模式。在这项研究中，我们分析了儿童如何适应不同的条件下的投掷技术。7名篮球运动员(10.14±1.12岁)结合不同的球大小、篮筐高度和距离，共完成了60次投掷。投掷动作由3D动作捕捉系统捕捉。角、角加速度和速度的所有时间过程之间的累积距离作为相似性度量，并通过聚类分析进行分析，包括纯度度量。考虑到所有的投掷，将每个人分成七组。对所有受试者来说，距离对投掷动作的影响最大(纯度0.81-1)。在亚簇中，篮高不是决定性条件(纯度0.42-0.63)。然而，与主要簇相比，纯度有所增加。儿童的运动行为似乎主要是适应投掷距离，其次是篮筐高度，这表明改变比赛条件(如近三分线，低篮筐)可能对迷你篮球有益。

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引用次数: 0

Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Biomechanics in 2022 对2022年生物力学评论者的肯定

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-01-12 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics3010006

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]

高质量的学术出版建立在严格的同行评审基础上〔…〕

引用次数: 0

Biomechanical Research Methods Used in Acrobatic Gymnastics: A Systematic Review 杂技体操生物力学研究方法的系统评价

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics3010005

Isaura Leite, P. Fonseca, Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho, J. Vilas-Boas, M. Goethel, L. Mochizuki, F. Conceição

The biomechanical analysis of Acrobatic Gymnastics elements has not been extensively explored in scientific research to date. Due to the increased challenge of implementing experimental protocols and collecting data from multiple individuals, it is required to develop strategies that allow a safe, valid and reproducible methodology. This work aims to collect information and systematically analyze the biomechanical approach in Acrobatic Gymnastics to date. A search was conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, PubMed and ISBS databases. After the selection and quality-control phases, fourteen documents were included. The results revealed that the biomechanical research in Acrobatics has been focused on balance evaluation, in which the force plate and the center of pressure are the most used instrument and variable, respectively. Research has been focused on kinetics evaluation. Kinematics analysis of pair/group elements would provide scientific answers to unresolved problems, considering that Gymnastics provides almost limitless possibilities to study human motion. Researchers should focus on the type of element, difficulty degree, main characteristics, relationship between the instrument and floor surface specificity and safety conditions. We encourage gymnastics clubs and coaches to establish networks with biomechanics laboratories, allowing to bridge the gap between research and practice.

杂技体操元素的生物力学分析至今在科学研究中还没有得到广泛的探讨。由于实施实验方案和从多个个体收集数据的挑战增加，需要制定允许安全，有效和可重复的方法的策略。本工作旨在收集资料，系统分析迄今为止杂技体操的生物力学方法。在Web of Science、Scopus、EBSCO、PubMed和ISBS数据库中进行了检索。经过选择和质量控制阶段，共纳入14份文件。结果表明，杂技的生物力学研究主要集中在平衡评价上，其中力板和压力中心分别是使用最多的仪器和变量。研究的重点是动力学评价。考虑到体操为研究人体运动提供了几乎无限的可能性，对/组元素的运动学分析将为尚未解决的问题提供科学的答案。研究人员应重点研究元件类型、难易程度、主要特性、仪器与地板表面的关系以及安全条件。我们鼓励体操俱乐部和教练与生物力学实验室建立联系，以弥合研究和实践之间的差距。

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引用次数: 2

Preparedness during Head Impacts in Intercollegiate Men’s and Women’s Soccer Athletes 校际男女足球运动员头部撞击时的准备

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-01-06 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics3010004

Bradley C Jackson, Catherine E. Rogerson, D. Bradney, K. Breedlove, T. Bowman

Research in hockey has found that preparedness and activity alter head impact magnitudes. It is unknown if similar occurrences take place in soccer. Therefore, our study purpose was to determine differences in the magnitudes and frequencies of head impacts due to sex and preparedness. Sixteen female (age: 19 ± 1.05 years, height: 163.68 ± 5.03 cm, mass: 61.36 ± 4.99 kg) and 14 male (age: 20 ± 1.07 years, height: 180.34 ± 5.58 cm, mass: 74.357 ± 8.64 kg) Division III intercollegiate soccer players were included in this study. The independent variables were sex and preparedness (anticipated with good body position, anticipated with poor body position, and unanticipated). xPatch sensors (X2 Biosystems, Seattle, WA, USA) applied over the participants’ right mastoid processes for practices and games provided the frequency and biomechanics of all of the head impacts over 10 g. A total of 860 female and 870 male impacts were verified and coded by preparedness and activity during 1182 female (IR = 727.58, CI = 678.95–776.21) and 801 male (IR = 1086.14, CI = 1013.97–1158.32; IRR = 1.49, CI = 1.36–1.64) exposures. The interaction between sex and preparedness was significant for the combined dependent variables (multivariate F6,3442 = 3.67, p = 0.001, ηp2 < 0.01). Male and female intercollegiate soccer players, although exposed to different frequencies of head impacts, sustained similar magnitude impacts to the head within the preparedness categories. Training interventions should aim at improving technique while sustaining impacts as both sexes often received impacts while unprepared.

对曲棍球的研究发现，准备和运动可以改变头部撞击的程度。目前尚不清楚足球界是否也会发生类似的情况。因此，我们的研究目的是确定由于性别和准备而导致的头部撞击的幅度和频率的差异。本研究选取了16名女性(年龄:19±1.05岁，身高:163.68±5.03 cm，体重:61.36±4.99 kg)和14名男性(年龄:20±1.07岁，身高:180.34±5.58 cm，体重:74.357±8.64 kg)校际三级足球运动员。自变量为性别和准备情况(预期良好体位、预期不良体位和未预期)。xPatch传感器(X2 Biosystems, Seattle, WA, USA)应用于参与者的右侧乳突进行练习和游戏，提供了超过10g的所有头部撞击的频率和生物力学。其中女性1182人(IR = 727.58, CI = 678.95 ~ 776.21)，男性801人(IR = 1086.14, CI = 1013.97 ~ 1158.32)，女性860人，男性870人。IRR = 1.49, CI = 1.36-1.64)。综合因变量，性别与心理准备的交互作用显著(多变量F6,3442 = 3.67, p = 0.001， ηp2 < 0.01)。男女校际足球运动员，虽然暴露于不同频率的头部撞击，但在准备类别中，对头部的影响程度相似。培训干预措施应旨在改进技术，同时保持影响，因为两性经常在毫无准备的情况下受到影响。

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引用次数: 0

Biomechanical Modeling of Cerebral Aneurysm Progression to Estimate Rupture Risk 脑动脉瘤进展的生物力学模型估计破裂风险

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics3010002

Prem Nath Yadav, Gurpreet Singh, Shubham Gupta, A. Chanda

A cerebral aneurysm is a medical condition described as the bulging out of the cerebral artery under adverse pressure conditions. Patients with such medical conditions have a mortality of 20% and additional morbidity of 30–40% due to aneurysm rupture. The currently used imaging tools such as MRI and CT scans only provide geometrical information of the aneurysm and not the rupture risk associated with the progression of the aneurysm. A novel computational modeling framework was developed to model aneurysm progression and evaluate the stress distribution under varying pressure loading conditions to bridge this gap. Image segmentation was used to segment two middle cerebral arteries (MCA) and reconstructed to design aneurysm models at vulnerable sites for aneurysm progression simulation. Five aneurysm sizes and two different wall thicknesses were modeled to simulate different stages of aneurysm progression. Three pressures (i.e., diastolic, systolic, and hypertensive) were adopted to mimic the realistic pressure loading scenario for the middle cerebral arteries, and the stress distributions across all the models were estimated to understand the rupture risk. It was observed that the induced stresses in the aneurysm walls increased with an increase in the aneurysm diameter and blood pressure. Additionally, an aneurysm with a large diameter and thin walls exhibited a high risk of rupture, especially at high blood pressures. The reported results are anticipated to help medical practitioners predict rupture risks with known imaging-based aneurysm sizes and make timely decisions for such aneurysm conditions.

脑动脉瘤是一种医学状况，被描述为在不利压力条件下大脑动脉膨出。患有这种疾病的患者由于动脉瘤破裂导致的死亡率为20%，额外发病率为30-40%。目前使用的成像工具，如MRI和CT扫描，只提供动脉瘤的几何信息，而不提供与动脉瘤进展相关的破裂风险。开发了一种新的计算建模框架来模拟动脉瘤的进展，并评估在不同压力载荷条件下的应力分布，以弥补这一差距。图像分割用于分割两条大脑中动脉（MCA），并重建以设计脆弱部位的动脉瘤模型，用于模拟动脉瘤进展。对五种大小和两种不同壁厚的动脉瘤进行建模，以模拟动脉瘤进展的不同阶段。采用三种压力（即舒张压、收缩压和高血压）来模拟大脑中动脉的真实压力负荷情景，并估计所有模型的应力分布，以了解破裂风险。观察到动脉瘤壁中的诱导应力随着动脉瘤直径和血压的增加而增加。此外，直径大、壁薄的动脉瘤破裂的风险很高，尤其是在高血压情况下。预计报告的结果将帮助医生预测已知的基于成像的动脉瘤大小的破裂风险，并及时对此类动脉瘤情况做出决定。

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引用次数: 1

Pressure Ulcers and Dressings: A Strain Sensitivity Analysis of the Boundary Conditions of a Finite Element Model 压力性溃疡和敷料：有限元模型边界条件的应变敏感性分析

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics3010001

N. Fougeron, I. Rivals, N. Connesson, G. Chagnon, T. Alonso, Laurent Pasquinet, S. Auguste, A. Perrier, Y. Payan

Recently, a new bi-layer dressing was proposed by Urgo RID to reduce the healing time of pressure ulcers (PU). This dressing was numerically evaluated in previously published work. In the current work, the influence on the maximal shear strains of modelling parameters such as the dressing local geometry, the pressure applied by the gauze inside the wound, the wound deepness, and the mattress stiffness, was assessed. A sensitivity analysis was performed on these four parameters. Among all experiments, the mean maximal Green–Lagrange shear strain was 0.29. The gauze pressure explained 60% of the model response in terms of the volume of tissues under strains of 0.3, while the wound deepness explained 28%. The mattress had a significant, but low impact, whereas the dressing local geometry had no significant impact. As expected, the wound deepness was one of the most influential parameters. The gauze turned out to be more significant than expected. This may be explained by the large range of values chosen for this study. The results should be extended to more subjects, but still suggest that the gauze is a parameter that might not be neglected. Care should also be taken in clinical practice when using gauze that could have either a positive or negative impact on the soft tissues’ strains. This may also depend on the wound deepness.

最近，Urgo RID提出了一种新的双层敷料，以缩短压疮（PU）的愈合时间。这种敷料在之前发表的工作中进行了数值评估。在目前的工作中，评估了建模参数对最大剪切应变的影响，如敷料的局部几何形状、伤口内纱布施加的压力、伤口深度和床垫刚度。对这四个参数进行了敏感性分析。在所有实验中，格林-拉格朗日剪切应变的平均最大值为0.29。纱布压力解释了在0.3应变下组织体积的60%的模型反应，而伤口深度解释了28%。床垫具有显著但低的影响，而敷料的局部几何形状没有显著影响。不出所料，伤口深度是最具影响力的参数之一。纱布的作用比预期的要大。这可以通过为本研究选择的大范围数值来解释。这一结果应该推广到更多的受试者，但仍然表明纱布是一个不可忽视的参数。在临床实践中，使用可能对软组织应变产生积极或消极影响的纱布时也应小心。这也可能取决于伤口的深度。

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引用次数: 0

Association between the Strength of Flexor Hallucis Brevis and Abductor Hallucis and Foot Mobility in Recreational Runners 休闲跑步者幻觉短屈肌和幻觉外展肌强度与足部活动能力的关系

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics2040048

Antonio C. F. Andrade, D. Catelli, B. Bedo, G. Cesar, Thiago F. Santos, Eduardo B. Junqueira, P. Santiago

Different measurements of foot morphological characteristics can effectively predict foot muscle strength. However, it is still uncertain if structural and postural alterations leading to foot pronation could be compensated with more efficient function of the intrinsic foot muscles and how mobility and strength are associated. Additionally, the relationship between foot mobility and the strength of the intrinsic muscles that control the foot arch is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the morphological parameters between dominant and non-dominant feet and the relationship between the intrinsic foot muscle strength and foot mobility in recreational runners. We used a cross-sectional study design to evaluate twenty-four healthy recreational runners (minimum 15 km/week) with an average training history of 70 ± 60 months. Foot Posture Index (FPI-6), isometric intrinsic muscle strength, overall morphology, and normalized mobility of both feet were assessed. Parametric tests analyzed the unidimensional measures, and paired analysis determined differences between dominant and non-dominant sides. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients determined the relationships between normalized strength and the variables of interest (CI = 95%). There was no significant association between intrinsic foot muscle strength and mobility. The only difference observed was between the dominant and non-dominant foot regarding the normalized foot length and midfoot width during non-weight-bearing, with small and medium effect sizes, respectively. Neither foot morphology nor foot mobility was associated with strength from intrinsic foot muscles in healthy recreational runners. Further work should explore the relationship investigated in our study with professional athletes and runners with symptomatic lower limb injuries to potentialize training and rehabilitation protocols.

不同的足部形态特征测量可以有效预测足部肌力。然而，结构和姿势的改变导致足内旋是否可以通过足部固有肌肉更有效的功能来补偿，以及机动性和力量是如何关联的，目前仍不确定。此外，足部移动性和控制足弓的内在肌肉强度之间的关系尚不清楚。因此，本研究旨在探讨休闲跑者优势足与非优势足的形态参数，以及内在足肌力量与足部机动性的关系。我们采用横断面研究设计来评估24名健康的休闲跑步者(最少15公里/周)，平均训练历史为70±60个月。评估足部姿势指数(FPI-6)、等距内在肌力、整体形态和双脚的标准化活动度。参数检验分析了单维测量，配对分析确定了优势侧和非优势侧之间的差异。Pearson’s和Spearman’s相关系数决定了归一化强度与相关变量之间的关系(CI = 95%)。内在足部肌肉力量和活动性之间没有显著的关联。观察到的唯一差异是在非负重期间，优势足和非优势足在标准化脚长和中足宽度方面的差异，分别具有较小和中等的效应量。在健康的休闲跑步者中，足部形态和足部活动性与内在足部肌肉的力量无关。进一步的工作应该探讨我们的研究与有症状性下肢损伤的专业运动员和跑步者之间的关系，以潜在地制定训练和康复方案。

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引用次数: 0

Neurotrauma Prevention Review: Improving Helmet Design and Implementation. 神经创伤预防回顾：改进头盔设计和实施。

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-23 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics2040039

Michael Goutnik, Joel Goeckeritz, Zackary Sabetta, Tala Curry, Matthew Willman, Jonathan Willman, Theresa Currier Thomas, Brandon Lucke-Wold

Neurotrauma continues to contribute to significant mortality and disability. The need for better protective equipment is apparent. This review focuses on improved helmet design and the necessity for continued research. We start by highlighting current innovations in helmet design for sport and subsequent utilization in the lay community for construction. The current standards by sport and organization are summarized. We then address current standards within the military environment. The pathophysiology is discussed with emphasis on how helmets provide protection. As innovative designs emerge, protection against secondary injury becomes apparent. Much research is needed, but this focused paper is intended to serve as a catalyst for improvement in helmet design and implementation to provide more efficient and reliable neuroprotection across broad arenas.

神经创伤仍然是造成大量死亡和残疾的原因之一。显然需要更好的防护设备。本综述的重点是头盔设计的改进和继续研究的必要性。首先，我们将重点介绍当前运动头盔设计的创新，以及随后在非专业人群中的应用。我们还总结了各运动项目和组织的现行标准。然后，我们讨论了军事环境中的现行标准。病理生理学讨论的重点是头盔如何提供保护。随着创新设计的出现，对二次伤害的保护变得显而易见。还需要进行大量的研究，但这篇重点突出的论文旨在作为头盔设计和实施改进的催化剂，以便在广泛的领域提供更有效、更可靠的神经保护。

引用次数: 0

Mechanics and energetics of human feet: a contemporary perspective for understanding mobility impairments in older adults. 人足的力学和能量学:理解老年人行动障碍的当代视角

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-23 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics2040038

Kota Z Takahashi, Rebecca L Krupenevich, Amy L Lenz, Luke A Kelly, Michael J Rainbow, Jason R Franz

Much of our current understanding of age-related declines in mobility has been aided by decades of investigations on the role of muscle-tendon units spanning major lower extremity joints (e.g., hip, knee and ankle) for powering locomotion. Yet, mechanical contributions from foot structures are often neglected. This is despite the emerging evidence for their critical importance in youthful locomotion. With rapid growth in the field of human foot biomechanics over the last decade, our theoretical knowledge of young asymptomatic feet has transformed, from long-held views of a stiff lever and a shock-absorber to a versatile system that can modulate mechanical power and energy output to accommodate various locomotor task demands. In this perspective review, we predict that the next set of impactful discoveries related to locomotion in older adults will emerge by integrating the novel tools and approaches that are currently transforming the field of human foot biomechanics. By illuminating the functions of feet in older adults, we envision that future investigations will refine our mechanistic understanding of mobility deficits affecting our aging population, which may ultimately inspire targeted interventions to rejuvenate the mechanics and energetics of locomotion.

几十年来，我们对跨越主要下肢关节（如髋关节、膝关节和踝关节）的肌肉-肌腱单元在推动运动中的作用进行了研究，这在很大程度上帮助了我们目前对与年龄相关的行动能力下降的理解。然而，足部结构的机械贡献往往被忽视。尽管有新的证据表明它们对年轻人的运动至关重要。在过去的十年里，随着人类足部生物力学领域的快速发展，我们对年轻无症状足部的理论知识已经从长期以来将足部视为刚性杠杆和减震器的观点转变为一种多功能系统，该系统可以调节机械功率和能量输出，以适应各种运动任务的需求。在这篇前瞻性综述中，我们预测，通过整合目前正在改变人类足部生物力学领域的新工具和方法，下一组与老年人运动相关的有影响力的发现将出现。通过阐明老年人脚部的功能，我们设想未来的研究将完善我们对影响老龄化人口的行动能力缺陷的机制理解，这可能最终激发有针对性的干预措施，以振兴运动的力学和能量学。

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引用次数: 0

Biomechanical Characteristics of Long Stair Climbing in Healthy Young Individuals in a Real-World Study Using a Wearable Motion Analysis System 在一项使用可穿戴运动分析系统的现实世界研究中，健康年轻人爬长楼梯的生物力学特征

Biomechanics (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics2040047

Haruki Yaguchi, Yusuke Sekiguchi, Keita Honda, Kenichiro Fukushi, Chenhui Huang, Kentaro Nakahara, Cheng Zhenzhao, S. Izumi

Background: Stair climbing is a part of the basic activities of daily living. Previous biomechanical analyses of stairs have been conducted in the laboratory, resulting in only a few steps. Therefore, the biomechanical characteristics of long stair climbing in the real world remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in kinematic and kinetic in the lower limb between the beginning and end phases of long stair climbing in an outdoor environment using a wearable motion analysis system. Eight subjects (four males and four females) were included in the data analysis (age: 23.6 ± 0.5 years). The long stair was 66 consecutive steps out of 202 stone steps. A wearable motion analysis system comprised six inertial measurement units and foot pressure sensors. The maximum ankle joint flexion angle in the end phase was significantly increased more than in the beginning phase (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the other kinematic, kinetic, and stair climbing speeds showed no significant difference between the phases. The findings indicated that fatigue during long stair climbing might increase ankle dorsiflexion to compensate for forwarding propulsion.

背景:爬楼梯是日常生活基本活动的一部分。以前对楼梯的生物力学分析都是在实验室进行的，结果只有几个台阶。因此，在现实世界中，长楼梯爬的生物力学特征仍不清楚。本研究的目的是使用可穿戴运动分析系统来识别在室外环境下长楼梯爬的开始和结束阶段下肢运动学和动力学的差异。数据分析纳入8例受试者(男4例，女4例)，年龄23.6±0.5岁。长长的楼梯是202级石阶中的66级连续台阶。可穿戴式运动分析系统由6个惯性测量单元和足部压力传感器组成。踝关节末期最大屈曲角度明显高于起始期(p < 0.001)。另一方面，其他运动学、动力学和爬楼梯速度在各阶段之间没有显著差异。研究结果表明，长时间爬楼梯时的疲劳可能会增加踝关节背屈来补偿向前推进。

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引用次数: 1