Corrine Sim, Haisheng Zhang, Marianne Louise Chang
Regulating and monitoring a traditionally fragmented pharma supply chain has been a global challenge for decades. Without a trusted system and strong collaboration between stakeholders, threats such as counterfeits can easily intercept the supply chain and cause monumental disruptions. Today, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need for greater data transparency, better deployment of technology, and improved ways of connecting stakeholder information along the supply chain. There is a need for improved ways of working to help build up supply chain resilience, and one way is by implementing better end-to-end traceability using blockchain technology such as Hyperledger Fabric. This paper will explore the business value that blockchain brings to the pharma supply chain with better end-to-end traceability, using the example of an industry-grade blockchain solution called eZTracker. Through six key features, pharmaceutical manufacturers, patients, and Healthcare Practitioners (HCPs) can now participate in data sharing, with extended use cases of integrating blockchain with warehouse platforms, a patient-facing mobile application, and an interactive dashboard for real-time verification and data transparency. Beyond anti-counterfeit verification, other potential use cases include effective product recall management, cold chain monitoring, e-product information, and more. The effectiveness of a traceability solution is heavily dependent on the amount of data collected and is affected by poor adoption and scalability. Existing limitations that need to be addressed include the lack of mandated serialization in Asia and blockchain interoperability. To maximize the value of blockchain, collaboration is the key. Pharmaceutical manufacturers need to invest in new technologies, such as blockchain, to help them break out of data silos and operationalize data to build supply chain resilience. Pharmaceutical supply chain is the backbone of a US$1.27 trillion industry,1 but because of its highly complex and fragmented nature, it is hard to regulate and protect, and this makes it a valuable target for opportunistic parties such as counterfeiters looking to profit.2 As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been greater emphasis on transparency of data and connecting stakeholders along the pharma supply chain in real-time in the last few years. With the introduction of blockchain technology, companies are now able to implement solutions with more effective track and trace results, providing quality assurance to pharmaceutical manufacturers, patients, and Healthcare Practitioners (HCPs), and even improving operational efficiencies. This paper seeks to explore the positive business impact of end-to-end traceability using blockchain technology, and the effects it brings about, such as improving supply chain resilience and combating counterfeits, as seen in successful live use cases in Asia.
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Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110681130-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110681130-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681130-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85572833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110681130-204
Ledger A book, a list, or other collection of financial accounts and/or transactions. % Attack A potential attack on a blockchain network, where a single entity or organization is able to control the majority of the hash power, potentially causing a network disruption. In such a scenario, the attacker would have enough mining power to intentionally exclude or modify the ordering of transactions. -blocks Confirmation A period of time (commonly around min) necessary for adding six new blocks behind a solved block that contain some transaction. After this period, the transaction is considered confirmed because creating a new version of the blockchain that will not contain a given transaction becomes too difficult, because too expensive in computing power. Altcoins Cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin. Artificial Neural Networks A computing system is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Bitcoin The most popular cryptocurrency, running on a blockchain created in January by an unknown person under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin/Digital Wallet A software program for holding and trading Bitcoins which uses a person’s private key (secret number) to access the person’s public Bitcoin address (an identifier of – alphanumeric characters) and transaction signatures that need to be securely stored; the Bitcoin wallet comes in many forms – the four main types are desktop, mobile, web, and hardware. Blockchain A distributed ledger consists of a series of transaction blocks where each block (except the first and the last) is linked with the previous and next block by means of cryptography, making that way an unbreakable chain of blocks. Blockchain Fork A situation within the community (of nodes/members of a blockchain PP network) that occurs when in the network exist two or more versions of the blockchain (i.e., different nodes may have different versions of the file which contains blockchain data). Blockchain Mining A peer-to-peer computer process aimed to secure and verify transactions of a given cryptocurrency (such as Bitcoin). Border Gateway Protocol Protocol for routing of IP packets (routing protocol); it is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems on the Internet. Branch Tip A tip that represents the last individual transaction in a branch tip bundle (see IOTA bundle).
{"title":"List of notions","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110681130-204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681130-204","url":null,"abstract":"Ledger A book, a list, or other collection of financial accounts and/or transactions. % Attack A potential attack on a blockchain network, where a single entity or organization is able to control the majority of the hash power, potentially causing a network disruption. In such a scenario, the attacker would have enough mining power to intentionally exclude or modify the ordering of transactions. -blocks Confirmation A period of time (commonly around min) necessary for adding six new blocks behind a solved block that contain some transaction. After this period, the transaction is considered confirmed because creating a new version of the blockchain that will not contain a given transaction becomes too difficult, because too expensive in computing power. Altcoins Cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin. Artificial Neural Networks A computing system is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Bitcoin The most popular cryptocurrency, running on a blockchain created in January by an unknown person under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin/Digital Wallet A software program for holding and trading Bitcoins which uses a person’s private key (secret number) to access the person’s public Bitcoin address (an identifier of – alphanumeric characters) and transaction signatures that need to be securely stored; the Bitcoin wallet comes in many forms – the four main types are desktop, mobile, web, and hardware. Blockchain A distributed ledger consists of a series of transaction blocks where each block (except the first and the last) is linked with the previous and next block by means of cryptography, making that way an unbreakable chain of blocks. Blockchain Fork A situation within the community (of nodes/members of a blockchain PP network) that occurs when in the network exist two or more versions of the blockchain (i.e., different nodes may have different versions of the file which contains blockchain data). Blockchain Mining A peer-to-peer computer process aimed to secure and verify transactions of a given cryptocurrency (such as Bitcoin). Border Gateway Protocol Protocol for routing of IP packets (routing protocol); it is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems on the Internet. Branch Tip A tip that represents the last individual transaction in a branch tip bundle (see IOTA bundle).","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78605414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110681130-004
{"title":"4 Selected use cases","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110681130-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681130-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73354792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1515/9783110681130-003
{"title":"3 Distributed ledgers and internet of things","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110681130-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681130-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75008498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.1142/9789811236518_0005
{"title":"Blockchain + Local Government Innovation","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9789811236518_0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811236518_0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78593556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.1142/9789811236518_0007
{"title":"Application Cases of Blockchain Combined with Real Industry","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9789811236518_0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811236518_0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87206992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.1142/9789811236518_0002
{"title":"Blockchain Technology Architecture and Development Trends","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9789811236518_0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811236518_0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75167324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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