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Analysis of pultrusion process for thick glass/polyester composites: transverse shear stress formations 厚玻璃/聚酯复合材料拉挤过程分析:横向剪切应力形成
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1269037
I. Baran
Abstract In the present work process-induced residual stress development is described for a 100 mm pultruded square profile made of glass/polyester. A thermo-chemical model developed in MATLAB is coupled with a mechanical model developed in ABAQUS. The temperature and degree of cure distributions are calculated for three different preheating temperatures. In the mechanical model, a parameter study is examined to investigate the effect of total volumetric shrinkage () and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in rubbery state on the residual stresses. The non-uniform internal constraints in the part yield in an internal shear deformation during the process. The transverse shear stress and compressive normal stress levels decrease significantly as compared with the tensile normal stresses with an increase in preheating temperature. The change in and CTE in rubbery state affects the shear stresses and compressive stresses significantly, whereas the tensile stresses are less affected. Graphical Abstract
摘要在本工作过程中,描述了由玻璃/聚酯制成的100mm拉挤方形型材的残余应力发展。在MATLAB中建立的热化学模型与在ABAQUS中建立的力学模型相结合。计算了三种不同预热温度下的温度和固化度分布。在力学模型中,考察了橡胶状态下总体积收缩率()和热膨胀系数(CTE)对残余应力的影响。在成形过程中,零件屈服于内部剪切变形的非均匀内部约束。随着预热温度的升高,横向剪应力和压缩法向应力水平明显低于拉伸法向应力水平。橡胶态和CTE的变化对剪切应力和压应力的影响较大,而对拉应力的影响较小。图形抽象
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引用次数: 11
Maximizing the out-of-plane-permeability of preforms manufactured by dry fiber placement 最大限度地提高干纤维预制体的面外渗透性
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1260900
Oliver Rimmel, D. Becker, P. Mitschang
Abstract Dry fiber placement (DFP) is a technology which enables outstandingly high mechanical performance of composite parts as preform structures with load-related fiber orientations can be created with minimum of fiber crimp. Furthermore, DFP has high cost-saving potential due to minimum material wastage during production. Recently, the efficiency has been further improved using an online binder application system, allowing the direct usage of untreated rovings instead of pre-designed rovings with binder applied by the manufacturer. Nevertheless, the poor impregnation behavior of DFP-preforms during liquid composite molding processing methods remains a main challenge. Encouraging an out-of-plane impregnation, e.g. by using a vacuum-assisted or compression resin transfer molding process, reduces the flow length within the preform and is a first step toward reducing cycle times. However, further improvements are required in order to apply DFP-preforming methods in serial production. Within this study influences on the out-of-plane permeability of DFP-preforms were investigated. The considered parameters were related to the material (e.g. binder amount) as well as the layup process and subsequent process steps.
摘要干纤维放置(DFP)是一种使复合材料部件具有优异机械性能的技术,它可以在最小的纤维卷曲的情况下产生与载荷相关的纤维取向的预制体结构。此外,DFP具有很高的成本节约潜力,因为在生产过程中材料浪费最小。最近,使用在线粘合剂应用系统进一步提高了效率,允许直接使用未经处理的粗纱,而不是预先设计的粗纱,由制造商应用粘合剂。然而,在液体复合成型加工方法中,dfp预制体的不良浸渍行为仍然是一个主要挑战。鼓励面外浸渍,例如通过使用真空辅助或压缩树脂传递成型工艺,减少预成型内的流动长度,是减少循环时间的第一步。然而,为了在批量生产中应用dfp预成型方法,还需要进一步的改进。在本研究中,研究了影响dfp预制体面外渗透率的因素。所考虑的参数与材料(例如粘合剂量)以及铺层工艺和随后的工艺步骤有关。
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引用次数: 27
Zero-flow: a novel approach to continuous ultrasonic welding of CF/PPS thermoplastic composite plates 零流:CF/PPS热塑性复合板材连续超声焊接的新方法
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1253968
Frank Senders, M. V. van Beurden, G. Palardy, I. F. Villegas
Abstract Continuous ultrasonic welding of plastic films, fabrics, and even thermoplastic composite prepreg tape is a common industrial practice. However, continuous ultrasonic welding of stiff thermoplastic composite plates is challenging due to squeeze flow of resin at the welding interface, and significant local deformation of the welding stack, that are generally needed to achieve strong welds. This paper presents a novel approach to continuous ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composite plates based on zero-flow welding. The proposed technique can create strong welds before any squeeze flow takes place at the interface. It is enabled by the use of very thin flat energy directors, owing to simultaneous melting of both energy director and adherends’ matrix. The results prove the feasibility and indicate the potential for high-strength welds between thermoplastic composite plates at very high speed.
塑料薄膜、织物甚至热塑性复合预浸料带的连续超声焊接是一种常见的工业做法。然而,由于树脂在焊接界面处的挤压流动以及焊接堆的显著局部变形,刚性热塑性复合材料板的连续超声焊接是具有挑战性的,而这些通常需要实现牢固的焊缝。提出了一种基于零流焊接的热塑性复合材料板连续超声焊接新方法。所提出的技术可以在界面发生任何挤压流动之前创建坚固的焊缝。它是通过使用非常薄的扁平能量导板来实现的,因为能量导板和附着物的矩阵同时熔化。结果证明了该方法的可行性,并指出了高速热塑性复合材料板间高强度焊接的潜力。
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引用次数: 37
A dry aligning method of discontinuous carbon fibers and improvement of mechanical properties of discontinuous fiber composites 一种不连续碳纤维的干式配准方法及改进不连续纤维复合材料的力学性能
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1265693
T. Miyake, Satoshi Imaeda
Abstract A novel method for dry alignment of discontinuous carbon fibers, such as recycled carbon fibers was developed by the modification of the yarn manufacturing process. In order to achieve high production rate and application for long fibers, fluffy synthetic fibers were used as the suspending and carrying media for discontinuous carbon fibers instead of a fluid medium generally used. Using the mechanical interaction in the dry alignment method, a mixture of 200 mm long discontinuous carbon fibers and fluffy polypropylene fibers was fabricated into an aligned and homogeneously comingled sliver by drafting. Then, the sliver was spun into yarn and an aligned yarn preform was obtained. Composites, with approximately 70% of the fibers aligned within an angle of ±14° with respect to the drafting direction, were successfully produced from the preform of the aligned spun yarn. The tensile modulus of the composite specimen along the aligned direction was about 10 times larger than that along the transverse direction, and about 3.5 times larger than that for the specimens obtained from the same yarn with random orientation.
摘要通过对再生碳纤维制纱工艺的改进,提出了一种对不连续碳纤维进行干法对准的新方法。为了实现长纤维的高产率和应用,采用蓬松合成纤维代替一般使用的流体介质作为不连续碳纤维的悬浮和承载介质。利用干法排列中的力学相互作用,将200 mm长不连续碳纤维与蓬松聚丙烯纤维通过牵伸制成排列均匀混纺条子。然后,将条子纺成纱,得到了对准成纱预坯。复合材料,大约70%的纤维排列在±14°的角度,相对于牵伸方向,成功地从对齐的纺纱预成型。复合材料试样沿排列方向的拉伸模量约为横向拉伸模量的10倍,约为同一纱线随机方向拉伸模量的3.5倍。
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引用次数: 16
Study on the validation of ring filament winding methods for unidirectional preform ply manufacturing 环形长丝缠绕方法在单向预制板材制造中的验证研究
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1262090
F. Finkenwerder, M. Geistbeck, P. Middendorf
Abstract Ring filament winding enables processing of continuous fibers for manufacturing unidirectional non-crimp unidirectional preform plies on straight-, curved-, or closed-mandrel geometries. However, unidirectional processing of tows can lead to increased lateral tow slippage. The objective of the present study is thus to validate unidirectional winding methods for ring filament winding, performing geodesic and non-geodesic trajectories analytically and experimentally. Implementation of geodesic paths investigates the influence of the tensile force and take-up velocity on the winding angle reproducibility. Non-geodesic winding paths are conducted here dependent on winding methods, slippage coefficients, and the mandrel’s surface materials, evidencing the occurrence of lateral tow slippage by measurements of nip-point forces. Findings indicate an excellent reproducibility of geodesic paths independent of the process velocity. Non-geodesic paths were partially validated because of the occurrence of lateral tape-slippage and a tape side-inclination effect, correlating an increased stick behavior to higher local normal pressure.
环形长丝缠绕使连续纤维加工成为可能,用于制造单向无卷曲的单向预成型层,这种预成型层可用于直芯、弯芯或闭芯几何形状。然而,单向处理拖曳会导致横向拖曳滑移增加。因此,本研究的目的是验证环形灯丝缠绕的单向缠绕方法,通过分析和实验进行测地线和非测地线轨迹。测地线路径的实现研究了拉力和卷取速度对卷绕角再现性的影响。这里进行的非测地线绕线路径取决于绕线方法、滑移系数和芯轴表面材料,通过测量夹尖力来证明横向牵引滑移的发生。研究结果表明,测地线路径具有良好的再现性,与工艺速度无关。非测地线路径的有效性得到了部分验证,因为出现了横向胶带滑移和胶带侧倾效应,这与更高的局部法向压力相关。
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引用次数: 5
The manufacture of honeycomb cores using Fused Deposition Modeling 利用熔融沉积模型制造蜂窝芯
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2017.1306337
D. Pollard, D. Pollard, C. Ward, G. Herrmann, J. Etches
Abstract Sandwich panels are used in many industries for the advantageous properties of high stiffness, good strength to weight ratio, and impact resistance. This paper investigates properties of thin-walled cores manufactured through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM); a process which, through a wider design space, could improve the functionality of sandwich panels. The bond strength between the layers of thin walls manufactured through FDM was evaluated through tensile testing. To measure the effect of modified manufacturing speeds, wall thicknesses were varied through the flow rate and nozzle speed. Honeycomb cores using FDM were produced with different toolpaths, and compared with an example of an industry standard Nomex honeycomb core. During tensile testing, thick-walled FDM components exhibited a more ductile failure with a lower yield point when compared to thinner specimens. The ultimate tensile stress remained constant across samples within each of the tested ABS and PLA polymers used. Honeycomb cores produced using FDM were found to have a higher compressive failure force than Nomex honeycomb, and a lower specific strength. The force–displacement curves of compressive failure show a ductile response for thick specimens, consistent with the previous result. These results, combined with the increased flexibility of additive manufacture technologies, could provide a method of manufacturing high strength cores with complex geometry.
摘要夹芯板具有刚度高、强度重量比好、耐冲击等优点,在许多行业中得到广泛应用。本文研究了熔融沉积成型(FDM)薄壁岩芯的性能。这个过程,通过更广泛的设计空间,可以提高夹层板的功能。通过拉伸试验评价了FDM薄壁层间的粘结强度。为了测量改变制造速度的效果,壁厚随流量和喷嘴速度的变化而变化。采用不同的加工路径制备了FDM蜂窝芯,并与工业标准Nomex蜂窝芯进行了对比。在拉伸测试中,厚壁FDM组件表现出更强的韧性破坏,与较薄的试样相比,其屈服点更低。在每个测试的ABS和PLA聚合物中,样品的极限拉伸应力保持恒定。使用FDM生产的蜂窝芯比Nomex蜂窝具有更高的压缩破坏力和更低的比强度。厚试件压缩破坏的力-位移曲线表现为延性响应,与前人的研究结果一致。这些结果与增材制造技术增加的灵活性相结合,可以提供一种制造具有复杂几何形状的高强度岩芯的方法。
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引用次数: 42
Evolution of viscoelastic behavior of a curing LY5052 epoxy resin in the glassy state 固化LY5052环氧树脂玻璃态粘弹性行为演变
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1236223
S. Saseendran, M. Wysocki, J. Varna
Abstract The aim of this work is to develop a methodology to analyze the influence of the curing history on the viscoelastic storage modulus. Two different experimental approaches are presented exposing the material to various cure temperature and cure time sequences. The evolving viscoelastic properties are characterized using standard Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Analysis (DMTA) equipment. Therefore, the present study is limited to infinitesimally small strains and linear viscoelasticity only. The methodology is demonstrated using the LY5052 epoxy resin system for its storage modulus E′ in the frequency domain. Results indicate that evolution of thermo-viscoelastic properties could be indeed assumed independent of the cure history for the investigated LY5052. We observe that the shift factor in the reduced time expression for the viscoelastic model examined in this paper is a product of two shift functions, namely the temperature and cure shift functions.
摘要本研究的目的是建立一种方法来分析固化历史对粘弹性储存模量的影响。提出了两种不同的实验方法,将材料暴露在不同的固化温度和固化时间序列中。采用标准的动态力学和热分析(DMTA)设备对其粘弹性特性进行了表征。因此,目前的研究仅限于无限小应变和线性粘弹性。该方法使用LY5052环氧树脂体系在频域的存储模量E '进行了演示。结果表明,LY5052的热粘弹性性能的演变确实可以假设独立于固化历史。我们观察到,本文研究的粘弹性模型的时间简化表达式中的位移因子是两个位移函数的乘积,即温度位移函数和固化位移函数。
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引用次数: 23
Effect of two types of graphene nanoplatelets on the physico–mechanical properties of linear low–density polyethylene composites 两种石墨烯纳米片对线性低密度聚乙烯复合材料物理力学性能的影响
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1235768
P. Noorunnisa Khanam, M. AlMaadeed, M. Ouederni, B. Mayoral, A. Hamilton, D. Sun
Abstract The influence of two types of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the physico-mechanical properties of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) was investigated. The addition of these two types of GNPs – designated as grades C and M – enhanced the thermal conductivity of the LLDPE, with a more pronounced improvement resulting from the M-GNPs compared to C-GNPs. Improvement in electrical conductivity and decomposition temperature was also noticed with the addition of GNPs. In contrast to the thermal conductivity, C-GNPs resulted in greater improvements in the electrical conductivity and thermal decomposition temperature. These differences can be attributed to differences in the surface area and dispersion of the two types of GNPs.
摘要研究了两种石墨烯纳米片(GNPs)对线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)物理力学性能的影响。添加这两种类型的GNPs——被指定为C级和M级——增强了LLDPE的导热性,与C-GNPs相比,M-GNPs的改善效果更为明显。加入GNPs后,其导电性和分解温度也有所改善。与热导率相比,C-GNPs在电导率和热分解温度方面有更大的改善。这些差异可归因于两类国民生产总值的表面积和分散程度的差异。
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引用次数: 25
Experimental investigation of delamination and surface roughness in the drilling of GFRP composite material with different drills 不同钻头对GFRP复合材料钻孔分层和表面粗糙度的实验研究
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1187434
Dhiraj Kumar, K. Singh, R. Zitoune
Abstract This paper describes the experimental investigation in the drilling of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with three dissimilar tools, having different materials and geometries (i.e. helical flute (HSS) drill, Carbide tipped straight shank (K20) drill, and Solid carbide eight-facet drill). Tool geometry and materials are considered to be major factor, which is responsible for drilling-induced damage. Cutting parameters also influence drilling-induced damage. These damages were measured by two delamination factors. Image processed technique was utilized to determine the damaged area and maximum damaged zone diameter. The results showed that qualities of drill holes significantly improved when solid carbide eight-facet drill was used.
摘要本文介绍了用三种不同材料和几何形状的刀具(螺旋槽钻头、硬质合金直柄钻头和硬质合金八面钻头)钻削玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)复合材料的实验研究。工具的几何形状和材料被认为是造成钻井损伤的主要因素。切削参数也会影响钻井引起的损伤。这些损伤是通过两个分层因子来测量的。利用图像处理技术确定损伤区域和最大损伤区域直径。结果表明:采用整体硬质合金八面钻头,可显著提高钻孔质量。
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引用次数: 64
Identification of the effect of typical curvatures encountered in RTM parts on localized permeability of fibrous preforms RTM零件中遇到的典型曲率对纤维预制体局部渗透率影响的识别
Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Pub Date : 2016-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/20550340.2016.1229829
S. Konstantopoulos, Christian Hueber, Elisabeth Mühlbachler, R. Schledjewski
Abstract Filling is a critical stage in resin transfer molding (RTM) manufacturing; it is associated to the formation of impregnation imperfections which can lead to defects. Simulations are typically employed to predict the flow behavior, which however need the preform permeability as an input. Significant work has been done in the past in in-plane permeability identification. This study focuses on the determination of the permeability of unidirectional curvatures typically encountered in RTM parts. A model for analytical calculation and a numerical optimization approach for inverse determination have been developed and applied in an omega-shaped RTM part where material-embedded flow sensors were employed for the essential flow measurements. The differences found between the experimentally derived permeability of the curvature and theoretical predictions were discussed critically and associated to flow time disagreements between simulations and reality.
填充是树脂传递成型(RTM)制造的关键阶段;它与可能导致缺陷的浸渍缺陷的形成有关。通常采用模拟来预测流体的流动特性,但这需要预成型渗透率作为输入。过去在面内渗透率识别方面已经做了大量的工作。本研究的重点是确定在RTM零件中通常遇到的单向曲率的渗透率。建立了一种分析计算模型和一种反求的数值优化方法,并将其应用于欧米茄形RTM零件中,该零件采用材料嵌入式流量传感器进行必要的流量测量。实验推导的曲率渗透率与理论预测之间的差异被批判性地讨论,并与模拟与现实之间的流动时间差异有关。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science
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