Chirurgie (Heidelberg, Germany)最新文献

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most frequent malignant thyroid tumor in Germany. The diagnosis can only be confirmed by histological examination of the suspicious tissue. The clinical signs, sonographic findings, and the results of fine-needle aspiration, possibly supplemented by subsequent molecular genetic analysis, can confirm the suspected diagnosis before surgery. The prognosis is very good if the diagnosis is made early and, depending on the size of the tumor, complete surgical removal is achieved, with a 10-year survival rate of more than 90%; however, histologically PTC has several variants that are associated with either a high or low risk of metastases and recurrence in patients. Therefore, the extent of necessary treatment, in particular surgical interventions for PTC has been discussed for years. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of PTC.

Biological 3D printing (bioprinting) is an extension of what is defined as additive manufacturing in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and is based on the automated printing of living cells and biomaterials. Researchers and experts in the field of biomaterial science, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE&RM) are constantly pointing to the potential of biological 3D printing and scientific articles regularly announce the imminent clinical application. We argue in this article that these announcements are often premature and counterproductive as they focus heavily on technological progress but regularly ignore the critical stages that need to be completed in order to successfully translate a technology into the healthcare market. The technology readiness level (TRL) scale is a potentially useful tool for measuring the relative maturity of a technology in terms of overcoming a series of critical milestones. We propose an adaptation of the TRL scale and use it to discuss the current state of research on biological 3D printing. Finally, we provide specific recommendations for optimizing future research projects to pave the way for clinical applications of biological 3D printing and thus achieve a direct positive impact on surgical patient care.

Background: Lymphadenectomy for rectal cancer is clearly defined by total mesorectal excision (TME). The analogous surgical strategy for the colon, the complete mesocolic excision (CME), follows the same principles of dissection in embryologically predefined planes.

Method: This narrative review initially identified key issues related to lymphadenectomy of rectal and colon cancer. The subsequent search was based on PubMed and focused on meta-analyses. The endpoints for rectal cancer were the benefit of high tie versus low tie and the indications for lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. For colon cancer the evidence for CME, for the longitudinal extent of resection, for the dissection of infrapyloric and gastroepiploic lymph nodes, for the number of lymph nodes and for the sentinel lymph node technique were used as endpoints.

Results: An oncological benefit of the high tie cannot be derived from the current data. Lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy should only be selectively performed after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in cases of remaining lymph nodes with suspected metastases. In most studies CME proved to be oncologically superior, especially in stage III. The longitudinal extent of resection should be at least 10 cm in both directions if the principles of CME are observed. Infrapyloric and gastroepiploic lymph node involvement is to be expected in 0.7-22% of cases, depending on patient selection, which justifies dissection, particularly in carcinomas of both flexure and the transverse colon. The minimum number of lymph nodes to be removed cannot be clearly derived from the available studies. Precisely performed CME and an optimal pathological work-up are important. The sentinel lymph node technique cannot currently be used as a criterion for limiting the extent of resection.

Conclusion: Both TME and CME are reliable standards for the lymphadenectomy in colorectal carcinomas. A lymphadenectomy that goes beyond this is reserved for selected cases and is partly the subject of currently ongoing studies.

Postoperative surgical site infections after abdominal surgery are a relevant problem for patients and healthcare systems. Alongside pneumonia and urinary tract infections, surgical site infections are among the most common nosocomial infections in these patients. While the patient-related risk factors are mostly difficult to influence in the short-term, there are some modifiable, surgery-related risk factors (e.g., duration of surgery, sterile technique, blood loss) as well as various perioperative preventive measures with different evidence levels (e.g., skin disinfection, intravenous perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, use of wound edge protectors, prophylactic wound irrigation, change of instruments and gloves before wound closure, triclosan-coated suture material, negative pressure dressing). Depending on the severity and depth of the infection, the treatment includes opening of the wound, surgical revision with fascial debridement/negative pressure wound therapy or the drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses and appropriate intravenous antibiotics. A relaparotomy for exploration and lavage is indicated in cases of generalized peritonitis.

Background: Cancer remains the second most common cause of death in Germany. Performance management and specialization concepts in medicine have the potential to positively influence the care and chances of survival of patients.

Objective: From the perspective of the University Hospital Freiburg (UKF), the legislative initiative within the framework of the Hospital Treatment Improvement Act (KHVVG) results in a number of medical strategic implications. This article explains and discusses the background, objectives and contents of the reform project "Occasional surgical oncology" and provides perspectives on strategic fields of action.

Material and methods: Analysis and interpretation of the draft of the Act for improvement of the treatment quality in hospitals and on the reform of the remuneration structures (Federal Government draft act).

Results: From the point of view of the UKF hospitals should engage in cooperative discussions with neighboring hospitals at the earliest opportunity to shape regional healthcare with the goals of mapping the local allocation of oncology patients for optimal treatment, mitigating the loss of patients at affected locations and preparing for patient growth at facilities that will continue to provide treatment in surgical oncology.

Discussion: The ongoing legislative process and the fact that a reliable analysis of relevant treatment areas will be possible for hospitals in the first half of 2025, presents particular challenges for hospitals and the strategic planning of activities. The gaps in the bill presented in this article should be urgently addressed to avoid undermining the project's goals and to support the hospitals remaining in the healthcare system in their preparations.

The prognosis for esophageal cancer is determined in particular by the depth of infiltration (T stage) and lymph node metastasis (N status). In patients with locally advanced tumors, surgical resection is the current standard. The extent of the lymphadenectomy depends on the localization of the tumor, analogous to the choice of surgical technique. For adequate tumor staging and achievement of pN0 status, seven lymph nodes without tumor metastases are necessary by definition but the current guidelines recommend 20 lymph nodes as a benchmark in an expert consensus. Despite the importance of the lymph node status for the prognosis of the patient and the already standardized use of targeted imaging of sentinel lymph nodes in other oncological disciplines, there is neither a validated method nor sufficient evidence for the benefit of lymph node mapping in esophageal cancer. The discussion about the prognostic advantage of lymphadenectomy is particularly interesting in T1 early stage cancer. Due to the technical advances of interventional endoscopy in recent years, organ preservation using endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) has not only become possible but also safe to carry out and thus established as the standard with better functional results; however, if one or more risk factors are present, endoscopic ablation is no longer defined as curative and should be supplemented by further treatment, usually non-organ-preserving resection. The step from organ-preserving interventional treatment with a low complication rate to a surgical procedure with significant mortality and morbidity as well as functional limitations seems immense and requires optimization, especially in view of the technical developments of surgery in recent years. This can either aim to identify the risk of lymph node metastases more precisely or to minimize the morbidity/mortality and functional limitations of additive treatment procedures. Approaches to this are currently the subject of research and have already been safely applied in individual pilot projects.