Microglia are the innate immune cells of central nervous system which play critical roles in brain homeostasis. Recently, the effects of general anesthetic agents (GAAs) on microglia and their potential neurotoxicity in neurodevelopment have attracted the attention of anesthesiologists and neuroscientists.
Here, we review the physiology of microglia in neurodevelopment, the potential mechanisms of GAAs on microglia and the consequent changes in microglial function.
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a key mechanism of neurocognitive deficits during neurodevelopment. In addition, microglia could be primed by active inflammatory processes and have innate immune memory, both of which make them a potential candidate responsible of long-term neural deficits.
This review aims in summarizing the in vivo and in vitro studies associating microglia with general anesthesia and describing how GAAs induce neurocognitive deficits via microglia to further explore the effects of GAAs on neurodevelopment.
Lung cancer represents a significant public health concern worldwide. Lung cancer typically receives a diagnosis at a late stage, leading to a generally unfavourable prognosis. Additionally, traditional treatments frequently fail in cases of metastatic lung cancer. However, targeted therapy has advanced considerably in the management of lung cancer, and overcoming drug resistance has emerged as a significant hurdle in achieving optimal treatment outcomes. As a result, there has been a new trend toward precision therapy for lung cancer based on changes at the molecular and genetic levels. On the other hand, for lung cancer, early diagnosis plays a crucial role in treatment and prognosis. Based on existing knowledge, we strongly believe that it is imperative to promptly identify innovative biomarkers. The emergence of microRNAs (miRNAs) provides new ideas. The expression profiles of miRNAs have been investigated using noninvasive blood samples to explore the regulatory mechanisms played by miRNAs during the progression and targeted therapy resistance of lung cancer. Due to the complexity of miRNA profiles, they may play the role of tumour suppressors or oncogenes. However, specific regulatory mechanisms are still a huge topic to be explored. In this Review, we summarize the latest research that has shed light on the potential regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in driving lung cancer progression, their value for clinical application as biomarkers and their role in targeted therapy resistance.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with its increasing prevalence globally, is emerging as a major health challenge. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells exhibit both significant homogeneity and heterogeneity, governed by complex epigenomic regulations. Recently, numerous single-cell unimodal techniques have been used to study HCC at various levelswhich have already revealed a complex interplay at genomic, transcriptomic, spatial and epigenomic levels. However, the use of single-cell multimodal techniques combining different unimodal layers in HCC remains quite limited, necessitating further studies focusing on these methods to uncover novel markers, and mechanisms at epigenetic levels. In this commentary, we highlight how integrating multimodal approaches with epigenetic modifications can provide new insights into HCC and foster future therapeutic advancements.
Cancer has grabbed the attention of scientists and medical professionals all over the world much more than any other disease. In the past few decades, the medical field has improved quite a lot but progress in the path to find a solution for cancer is very less. As the popularity of invasive technologies is diminishing in cancer treatment, scientists have come up withminimally invasive or non-invasive alternatives, among which liquid biopsy, by far is the most suitable.
Liquid biopsy is used to analyse nucleic acids, subcellular components and circulating tumour cells in various biological fluids for diagnosis of cancer. It can also be used to know the efficacy of cancer drugs in a patient by analysing multiple samples.
Liquid biopsy is becoming standard of care as it allows biopsy of those samples in which solid tumour biopsies are not possible. The diversity of sampling procedures, such as collection of urine for urothelial carcinoma or bladder or prostate cancer and phlebotomy for other types of cancer, make liquid biopsy one of the best methods for diagnosis of cancer.
This review aims in discussing the several techniques used for the detection of cancer biomarkers and some clinical manifestations due to the changes in the biomarkers which are analysed by liquid biopsy.
Most eukaryotic genes generate multiple messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript variants by alternative splicing. The incomplete annotation of gene transcripts in genomic databases can result in improper primer design, adversely affecting the reliability of gene expression measurements by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Hence, we present a workflow combining bioinformatics analyses, to select two to three evolutionarily conserved constitutive exons in rats, mice and humans as target sequences for PCR primer design, with experimental RT-PCR amplification and amplicon sequencing to confirm the expression and identity of gene transcript targets. The application of this workflow to the characterization of neurodevelopmental biomarker genes identified an unannotated exon in the rat Map2 gene, illustrating the importance of target sequence validation for the development of translational mRNA biomarkers for toxicological and biomedical studies.
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：