Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) dubard is an evergreen tree species that belongs to the Sapotaceae family which has been used in traditional system of medicines since ages in South Asia, especially in Western and Central India.
This review aims to include a thorough report on phytochemicals found in the various sections of the plant, which are responsible for their medicinal properties in turn.
All the informations in this article were collated from selected research papers from online database such as PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus.
An audit of its literature shows extracts from this plant and bio transformed products possess different activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, immuno-stimulation activity, arthritic activity, and free radical scavenging activity. Apart from therapeutic indications, the products obtained such as edible and nutritious fruit, valuable wood, latex, and bark, are cost effective and are a source of living for local people. The varieties of chemical compounds have been isolated from this species, including sterols, sugar, terpenoids, anthraquinone glycoside, cardiac glycoside, saponin and tannins, etc. Worldwide the large occurrence of this underutilized species offers an incentive to use this plant at crucial levels in the treatment of various ailments.
This review attempts to systematically collate the scattered knowledge on M. hexandra, for its botanical elements, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and biological activities, to assess the range of variation among natural populations in opening research areas, and to identify elite cultivars for popularization among farmers/tribal for conservation and sustainable use on conducting field improvement studies.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial liver metabolic disease, which affects nearly a quarter of the world's population. Yunpi Qushi Jiangzhuo Recipe (QSJZR) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound, which is composed of Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep, Coix lacryma-jobi L.var.ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf, Prunus armeniaca L.var.ansu Maxim, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn, Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries, Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, and Artemisia capillaris Thunb. QSJZR has a certain therapeutic effect on NAFLD patients, but its specific mechanism is not clear.
To investigate the effect of QSJZR on high-fat diet (HFD)-fed NAFLD mice and its mechanism.
Twenty-four SPF female C57BL/6 J mice (21.0 ± 0.5 g) were randomly divided into normal diet (ND) group, HFD group and QSJZR group. ND group was given basal diet, while the other two groups were given HFD. Meanwhile, each mouse in QSJZR group was given 0.2 mL/day (containing 2.27 g crude drug per mL) QSJZR, ND group and HFD group were given the same amount of normal saline for 13 consecutive weeks. Then, the serum was collected for biochemical assay, and the liver was removed for pathological examination and biochemical analysis.
Body weight and white fat weight of the HFD-induced NAFLD mice significantly decreased after ministration with QSJZR, while liver weight had no significant change. QSJZR also significantly reduced liver and serum triglyceride levels, and alleviated hepatocyte lipid deposition by regulating genes and proteins expression related to lipid metabolism, including AMPK, SREBP1C, CPT1A and ACC. In addition, compared with HFD group, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower in QSJZR group, while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) content was higher. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were lower in QSJZR group than those in HFD group. Treatment with QSJZR significantly alleviated liver injury by increasing BCL2/BAX protein ratio and down-regulating ASK1/JNK pathway.
Administration of QSJZR to NAFLD mice once daily for 13 weeks can decrease lipid levels, and alleviate liver damage. These results suggest that QSJZR might be used to treat NAFLD, although more studies need to be conducted for further verification.
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a common refractory disease in gynecology, and its etiology and pathogenesis are complex. Psychological stress exerts an impact on women's physical and mental health, and in turn affects the ovarian reserve function, which is one of the important etiologies and pathogenesis of POI. The compound formula Ningxin Tongyu Zishen Tang (NTZT) is composed of Chinese herbal medicines which can nourish heart and tranquilize mind, tonify kidney and supplement essence. By comparing the menstrual symptoms, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms and the levels of serum sex hormone before and after treatment, the NTZT is clarified for its curative effect and advantages in patients with POI.
The study aimed to observe the effects of NTZT on menstrual symptoms, TCM symptoms and the levels of serum sex hormone in POI patients.
60 POI patients were divided into two groups, namely observation group and control group, with 30 patients in each group. The patients in both groups were treated by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The observation and control groups received treatment with NTZT and or Liuwei Dihuang Wan (LDW), respectively. All of the patients were treated for 3 months continuously. The menstrual symptoms, TCM symptoms and the levels of serum sex hormone of the two groups were investigated before and after treatment.
It was found that the menstrual symptoms, TCM symptoms and the levels of serum sex hormone improved dramatically after treatment in the observation group (P < 0.01). By comparison, the menstrual symptoms and the levels of serum sex hormone improved significantly (P < 0.01), but no obvious improvement in TCM symptoms (P > 0.05) in the control group was observed. Compared with the control group, the observation group showed significant improvement in TCM symptoms and the levels of serum sex hormone (P < 0.01), but no significant difference was observed in the menstrual symptoms (P > 0.05). In addition, there was no any adverse events such as gastrointestinal dysfunction and drug allergyobserved in both groups, indicating the safety of the two TCM formulas.
The study found that NTZT could restore menstruation and improve the levels of sex hormone in patients with POI. It was also found that NTZT could eliminate the feelings of vexation, insomnia and dreamfulness, as well as tidal fever and sweating, aching pain of loins, and vaginal dryness significantly. It can be proved that NTZT is effective in treating patients with POI owing to its effects of nourishing heart and tranquilizing mind, tonifying kidney and supplementing essence together, leading to elimination of psychological stress, which further promotes the development of the ovaries.
Carotenoids play important role in delay of aging process. Orange coloured tubular calyx of flowers of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis contains crocin, an apocarotenoid which forms a major component of stigma of saffron. Due to presence of crocin in orange coloured tubular calyx of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, it can be used as an economical substitute to saffron for its medicinal and cosmetic utilities. Lutein from flower petals of Tagetes patula L., is another popular carotenoid which has antioxidant effect and many health benefits. The carotenoids are highly unstable when exposed to atmosphere. One of the ways to improve stability of these phytoconstituents, is their entrapment in phytosomes. Preparation of phytosomes will have dual advantages of improving stability as well as bioavailability of molecule.
In the present study crocin and lutein rich extracts were entrapped into phytosomes to improve stability and efficacy of topical preparation.
The phytosomes of Carotenoid rich extract of tubular calyx of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and the petals of Tagetes patula L. (standardized for crocin and lutein content) were prepared using lipid film hydration technique and these phytosomes were then incorporated into gel base. The gel formulation was evaluated for stability as per ICH guidelines. Efficacy of formulation was evaluated by d-galactose induced aging model. Aging in skin was induced by administration of d-galactose (100 mg/kg bwsc.) to albino mice for 42 days. The gel formulation was applied topically for 42 days. Then the effect of formulation on skin aging was evaluated by estimation of biochemical parameters viz. glutathione and malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological studies of treated skin samples. Expression of COL type I and elastin genes in skin samples was also carried out by RT-PCR.
Percent entrapment (%w/w) of crocin and lutein in phytosomes were found to be 60.20% and 50.81%, respectively. Accelerated stability studies showed improvement in stability of carotenoids viz. crocin and lutein and the content of crocin and lutein in formulation was found in the range of 99.98% w/w to 99.85% w/w at the end of three months. The formulation containing extract of Phytosomes of carotenoid rich extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and the petals of Tagetes patula L. exhibited potent antiaging activity through significant (P < 0.05) increase in dermal and epidermal layers, and increase in GSH levels of skin as compared to the untreated group. The treatment with the gel formulation revealed upregulation of collagen type I and elastin genes. There was significant reduction in lipid peroxidation as revealed through reduction in MDA levels as compared to untreated group.
Crocin and lute
Stimulation of the immune system against disease and restoration of immune functions in immunodeficiency disease state are essential for maintaining good health.
This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of the leaf extract and fractions of Musanga cecropioides in immunocompetent and immunocompromised animal models.
Humoral immune stimulatory effect of the extract and its fractions at 200 mg·kg−1 and 400 mg·kg−1 against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) antigen was determined in both immunocompetent and cyclophosphamide (80 mg·kg−1) induced immunosuppressed animals. The effect of the most active fraction on leucopoiesis was also determined following high dose cyclophosphamide (300 mg·kg−1) suppression of the immune system. Levamisole at 2.5 mg·kg−1 was used as the reference drug throughout the study.
The extract dose dependently stimulated the humoral immune response to SRBC antigen in immunocompetent animals; however, its stimulatory effect was not significant (P > 0.05). In the immunosuppressed model, the extract at 400 mg·kg−1 evoked significant (P < 0.05) increase in antibody titer value with a corresponding 67% immune-restorative effect. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) maintained the most active fraction with significant (P < 0.05) antibody stimulatory effect in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed animals. Similarly, higher recovery rate was demonstrated by the EAF as shown by steep time recovery curve in high dose immunosuppressed animals. The EAF at 200 mg·kg−1 and 400 mg·kg−1 showed above 50% leucopoiesis just like the reference drug (2.5 mg·kg−1 levamisole), against 33.83% of leucopoiesis shown by the immune-suppressed control group.
M. cecropioides boosted immune stimulation in immunocompetent animals and brought about fast rate of restoration of immune status in immunocompromised animals.
Ocimum americanum L. is an annual herbaceous plant used to manage pain and inflammation. Lack of standard dosage forms, and safety and efficacy data potentially exposes users of this medicinal plant to the risk of toxic or sub-therapeutic effects, as well as drug-herb interactions.
The study developed a standard dosage form containing O. americanum extract and assessed its anti-inflammatory efficacy and stability.
The fusion method was used to formulate an ointment comprising acetone extract, beeswax, and soft-paraffin. Formulation optimization involved the application of Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to design an experiment whose input variables were %beeswax and %soft-paraffin and its melting temperature. Output variables were drug release and viscosity which were quantified using a vertical diffusion cell (VDC) and stanhope-seta viscometer, respectively. Wistar albino rats were used in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema (n = 6/test, positive and negative control) to assess the anti-inflammatory effect. Stability studies comprised assessment of spreadability, thin layer chromatograms (TLC), and microbial growth in ointment batches stored at 25 2℃/ 60 5% RH and 40 2℃/ 75 5% RH.
Temperature and %beeswax significantly influenced drug release (P = 0.0024). Optimal drug release and viscosity were obtained at 5.4% beeswax, 89.6% soft-paraffin melted at 58℃. The predominant drug release mechanism was Higuchi (R2 = 0.967 0.023), which implied longer contact between formulation and skin favours drug diffusion. Inhibition of edema by the ointment was comparable to 1% (w/w) diclofenac gel (t = 2.1; CI = (-8.29)-1.15), and both differed significantly with negative control (t = 11.3 and 13.4; CI = 14.5-23.9 and 18.1-27.5 respectively). Insignificant changes in spreadability (P = 0.112), absence of new spots on chromatograms, and deficiency of microbial colonies on agar plates implied physical, chemical, and microbial stability, respectively.
A formulated ointment containing O. americanum extract exhibited predictable and stable drug release characteristics to produce anti-inflammatory activity. The ointment formulation can potentially be considered as an effective option in management of peripheral inflammation.
Various extracts from Citrullus colocynthis seeds were recently examined for their possible favorable effects on glucose homeostasis, other metabolic variables, and pancreatic islet size in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Considering the effectiveness of insulin upon target cells as another process susceptible to be influenced by plant extracts, the present study is used to compare the effects of either crude or defatted aqueous extracts from C. colocynthis seeds upon Na+ transport in A6 kidney cells.
The intensity of electrical currents, taken as the potential difference divided by the epithelial resistance was measured in monolayers of A6 kidney cells exposed at the basolateral side to either crude untreated aqueous (EI) or defatted aqueous (EII) extracts, as well as their fractions EI1 and EII1 containing components with high molecular weight (> 5 kDa), and EI2 and EII2 containing components with low molecular weight (< 5 kDa). The effect of insulin was to assess the functional integrity of the A6 monolayer.
All extracts caused a rapid and sustained increase in current intensity. The defatted aqueous extract (EII) was more efficient than the non-defatted aqueous extract (EI) in terms of increasing the intensity of current in the A6 monolayer. The components of the defatted aqueous extract responsible for such a greater efficiency were located in the fraction containing components with low molecular weight and acted in a time-related progressive fashion upon Na+ transport.
These data suggest that colocynth seed extracts mainly containing components with low molecular weight increased the current intensity in A6 cells, thus suggesting that colocynth may affect Na+ transport in kidney cells.
Modern research and clinical practice have proved that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in the treatment of diabetes. JinXiaoXiaoKe decoction (JXXKD) is a prescription for treating diabetes used in ancient China and still has a good clinical effect today. However, the mechanism of JXXKD against T2DM is unclear.
The purpose of this study is to screen the targets through network pharmacology, and to explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of JXXKD on diabetic rats.
The JXXKD's active components, related targets and T2DM targets were obtained from the public database, and Venny 2.1 was used to determine the common targets of JXXKD in the treatment of T2DM, and PPI, GO and KEGG analysis were performed. The core components and targets are verified by molecular docking. The diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rat model was established by high-sugar and high-fat diet, Wistar rats were used as a blank control group. The diabetic rats were randomized into three groups and administered saline (MO), metformin (MET), or JXXKD once a day for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Fasting serum insulin (FINS), and HOMA-IR were detected, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver tissue; and qPCR was used to detect the expression of relevant genes screened by network pharmacology.
93 active components and 296 targets of JXXKD were identified, of which 156 overlapped with T2DM-related targets. PPI network showed that APP, AKT1, ANXA1, RXRA, C3, EGFR, ESR1, RELA, IL6, and MAPK8 were the top 10 relevant targets. GO analysis showed the common targets are mainly involved in oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and nutrient levels, while KEGG analysis showed these targets may regulate lipids and atherosclerosis, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. Molecular docking suggested a satisfactory potential for key components to bind to these significant targets. The animal experiments showed that JXXKD significantly improved the symptoms of polyuria, decreased the protein levels of FBG and HOMA-IR, improved liver fat deposition, and decreased the gene expressions of Foxo1, Pparg and Akt in diabetic rats.
The mechanism of JXXKD treat T2DM may be achieved by modulating the expression of FOXO1, PPARG, and AKT, regulating the glucose and lipids metabolism.
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