Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.56397/crms.2022.12.04
Ashley Bissenas, Chance Fleeting, Drashti Patel, Raja Al-Bahou, Aashay Patel, Andrew Nguyen, Maxwell Woolridge, Conner Angelle, Brandon Lucke-Wold
Beyond its neuroprotective role, CSF functions to rid the brain of toxic waste products through glymphatic clearance. Disturbances in the circulation of CSF and glymphatic exchange are common among those experiencing HCP syndrome, which often results from SAH. Normally, the secretion of CSF follows a two-step process, including filtration of plasma followed by the introduction of ions, bicarbonate, and water. Arachnoid granulations are the main site of CSF absorption, although there are other influencing factors that affect this process. The pathway through which CSF is through to flow is from its site of secretion, at the choroid plexus, to its site of absorption. However, the CSF flow dynamics are influenced by the cardiovascular system and interactions between CSF and CNS anatomy. One, two, and three-dimensional models are currently methods researchers use to predict and describe CSF flow, both under normal and pathological conditions. They are, however, not without their limitations. "Rest-of-body" models, which consider whole-body compartments, may be more effective for understanding the disruption to CSF flow due to hemorrhages and hydrocephalus. Specifically, SAH is thought to prevent CSF flow into the basal cistern and paravascular spaces. It is also more subject to backflow, caused by the presence of coagulation cascade products. In regard to the fluid dynamics of CSF, scar tissue, red blood cells, and protein content resulting from SAH may contribute to increased viscosity, decreased vessel diameter, and increased vessel resistance. Outside of its direct influence on CSF flow, SAH may result in one or both forms of hydrocephalus, including noncommunicating (obstructive) and communicating (nonobstructive) HCP. Imaging modalities such as PC-MRI, Time-SLIP, and CFD model, a mathematical model relying on PC-MRI data, are commonly used to better understand CSF flow. While PC-MRI utilizes phase shift data to ultimately determine CSF speed and flow, Time-SLIP compares signals generated by CSF to background signals to characterizes complex fluid dynamics. Currently, there are gaps in sufficient CSF flow models and imaging modalities. A prospective area of study includes generation of models that consider "rest-of-body" compartments and elements like arterial pulse waves, respiratory waves, posture, and jugular venous posture. Going forward, imaging modalities should work to focus more on patients in nature in order to appropriately assess how CSF flow is disrupted in SAH and HCP.
{"title":"CSF Dynamics: Implications for Hydrocephalus and Glymphatic Clearance.","authors":"Ashley Bissenas, Chance Fleeting, Drashti Patel, Raja Al-Bahou, Aashay Patel, Andrew Nguyen, Maxwell Woolridge, Conner Angelle, Brandon Lucke-Wold","doi":"10.56397/crms.2022.12.04","DOIUrl":"10.56397/crms.2022.12.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beyond its neuroprotective role, CSF functions to rid the brain of toxic waste products through glymphatic clearance. Disturbances in the circulation of CSF and glymphatic exchange are common among those experiencing HCP syndrome, which often results from SAH. Normally, the secretion of CSF follows a two-step process, including filtration of plasma followed by the introduction of ions, bicarbonate, and water. Arachnoid granulations are the main site of CSF absorption, although there are other influencing factors that affect this process. The pathway through which CSF is through to flow is from its site of secretion, at the choroid plexus, to its site of absorption. However, the CSF flow dynamics are influenced by the cardiovascular system and interactions between CSF and CNS anatomy. One, two, and three-dimensional models are currently methods researchers use to predict and describe CSF flow, both under normal and pathological conditions. They are, however, not without their limitations. \"Rest-of-body\" models, which consider whole-body compartments, may be more effective for understanding the disruption to CSF flow due to hemorrhages and hydrocephalus. Specifically, SAH is thought to prevent CSF flow into the basal cistern and paravascular spaces. It is also more subject to backflow, caused by the presence of coagulation cascade products. In regard to the fluid dynamics of CSF, scar tissue, red blood cells, and protein content resulting from SAH may contribute to increased viscosity, decreased vessel diameter, and increased vessel resistance. Outside of its direct influence on CSF flow, SAH may result in one or both forms of hydrocephalus, including noncommunicating (obstructive) and communicating (nonobstructive) HCP. Imaging modalities such as PC-MRI, Time-SLIP, and CFD model, a mathematical model relying on PC-MRI data, are commonly used to better understand CSF flow. While PC-MRI utilizes phase shift data to ultimately determine CSF speed and flow, Time-SLIP compares signals generated by CSF to background signals to characterizes complex fluid dynamics. Currently, there are gaps in sufficient CSF flow models and imaging modalities. A prospective area of study includes generation of models that consider \"rest-of-body\" compartments and elements like arterial pulse waves, respiratory waves, posture, and jugular venous posture. Going forward, imaging modalities should work to focus more on patients in nature in order to appropriately assess how CSF flow is disrupted in SAH and HCP.</p>","PeriodicalId":72751,"journal":{"name":"Current research in medical sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"24-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10604117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.56397/crms.2022.12.03
O. Demirhan
Microchimerism (Mc) is a bidirectional exchange of fetal and maternal cells during pregnancy. Pregnancy is the most common and natural cause of chimerism. Therefore, we are all born as microchimera. Although there are many unanswered questions it is thought that chimerism has an important role in human health. For many years, the clinical effects of microchimeric cells (McCs) in organ repair and cancer therapy have just begun to be understood. While the mission of chimerism is straight forward, the subject is profound. Chimerism carries the potential for disease as well as for health benefits. This article describes the role of Mc in the etiology of psychotic disorders. In this review, we consider Mc to be a physiological phenomenon, but it can also transform into pathology under inappropriate conditions. We describe in detail below the possible physio-pathological roles of F-MMcCs.
{"title":"Physiological and Pathological Effects of Fetal and Maternal Microchimerism","authors":"O. Demirhan","doi":"10.56397/crms.2022.12.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56397/crms.2022.12.03","url":null,"abstract":"Microchimerism (Mc) is a bidirectional exchange of fetal and maternal cells during pregnancy. Pregnancy is the most common and natural cause of chimerism. Therefore, we are all born as microchimera. Although there are many unanswered questions it is thought that chimerism has an important role in human health. For many years, the clinical effects of microchimeric cells (McCs) in organ repair and cancer therapy have just begun to be understood. While the mission of chimerism is straight forward, the subject is profound. Chimerism carries the potential for disease as well as for health benefits. This article describes the role of Mc in the etiology of psychotic disorders. In this review, we consider Mc to be a physiological phenomenon, but it can also transform into pathology under inappropriate conditions. We describe in detail below the possible physio-pathological roles of F-MMcCs.","PeriodicalId":72751,"journal":{"name":"Current research in medical sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76971924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.56397/crms.2022.12.02
Siniša Franjić
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various organs and parts of the body, especially the skin, joints, blood, kidneys, and central nervous system. Systemic lupus erythematosus is not a contagious disease, it is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system loses the ability to distinguish foreign from the patient’s own tissues and cells. The immune system makes mistakes and produces, among other things, autoantibodies that recognize their own cells as foreign and attack them. The result is an autoimmune reaction that causes inflammation. Inflammation means that the affected part of the body becomes warm, red, swollen and sometimes painfully sensitive. If the signs of inflammation are long-lasting, as they may be in the case of systemic lupus erythematosus, tissue damage and its normal function may occur. Therefore, the goal of treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus is to alleviate inflammation. A number of hereditary risk factors along with various environmental factors are thought to be responsible for this impaired immune response. Systemic lupus erythematosus is known to be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances during puberty, stress, and environmental factors such as sun exposure, viral infections, and medications.
{"title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Gynecology","authors":"Siniša Franjić","doi":"10.56397/crms.2022.12.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56397/crms.2022.12.02","url":null,"abstract":"Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various organs and parts of the body, especially the skin, joints, blood, kidneys, and central nervous system. Systemic lupus erythematosus is not a contagious disease, it is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system loses the ability to distinguish foreign from the patient’s own tissues and cells. The immune system makes mistakes and produces, among other things, autoantibodies that recognize their own cells as foreign and attack them. The result is an autoimmune reaction that causes inflammation. Inflammation means that the affected part of the body becomes warm, red, swollen and sometimes painfully sensitive. If the signs of inflammation are long-lasting, as they may be in the case of systemic lupus erythematosus, tissue damage and its normal function may occur. Therefore, the goal of treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus is to alleviate inflammation. A number of hereditary risk factors along with various environmental factors are thought to be responsible for this impaired immune response. Systemic lupus erythematosus is known to be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances during puberty, stress, and environmental factors such as sun exposure, viral infections, and medications.","PeriodicalId":72751,"journal":{"name":"Current research in medical sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73061422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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