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Photothermal therapy (PTT) represents a promising advance in oncological treatments, utilizing light-induced heat mediated by photothermal agents to target and destroy cancer cells with high precision. Despite its potential, the clinical application of PTT is often limited by the efficiency of photothermal agents and their biocompatibility, highlighting a crucial need for novel materials that can safely and effectively convert light into therapeutic heat. This study demonstrates the two-dimensional Bi₂Se₃ nanosheets with tailored nanostructure via a solvothermal process. This study controls over their structural and photothermal properties by accurately optimizing synthesis conditions. In situ experiments provide insights into the crystallographic and phonon characteristics at varying temperatures, underscoring the thermal stability of Bi₂Se₃ nanosheets. Notably, these nanosheets demonstrate a high photothermal conversion efficiency, rapidly raising the tumor site temperature to 53.1 °C within 180 s, resulting in rapid tumor cell ablation. Significant tumor growth suppression is also observed, with the median survival of mice treated with the particle and light combination extending to 34 days. These findings confirm the stable in vivo thermal properties of Bi₂Se₃ nanosheets, establishing them as a potent candidate for future photothermal therapy applications.

Green nanoparticles are economically beneficial and do not harm the environment as they are eco-friendly when compared with chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Contamination of food and food products with micro-organisms can cause food spoilage and food-borne diseases. This research mainly focuses on United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2, 3, 6, 9, 12), particularly in the areas of health, food safety, and sustainable innovation. The aim of the study was to synthesize Moringa oleifera flower mediated silver nanoparticles to control the growth and biofilm formation in isolated food - borne pathogens. The fresh extract obtained from the flowers of Moringa oleifera has been utilized for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Mo-AgNPs). The Mo-AgNPs were characterized by using various analytical techniques. In silico analysis has been carried out to know the binding potential of phytocompounds of Moringa oleifera with the virulent proteins of bacterial strains. The toxicity effect of Mo-AgNPs was evaluated by using seed germination studies with the seeds of Vigna radiata and evaluated the toxicity effect in Artemia nauplii based on its mortality rate. The novelty of the work is to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized Mo-AgNPs, antimicrobial assays including agar well diffusion, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Biofilm formation assay were performed in the bacterial strains isolated from spoiled food. Mo-AgNPs confirmed its nanosize by depicting the particle size as 12.73 nm with 0.115 mV. Mo-AgNPs showed potential benefit for plant growth and exhibited toxicity to Artemia nauplii at higher concentration. The maximum concentrations of Mo-AgNPs that inhibit and kill the isolated food - borne pathogens were 3.125 and 50 µg/ml respectively. Mo-AgNPs effectively reduced the biofilm formation in all the tested strains. Molecular docking studies confirmed that the Ellagic acid has the least value of - 8.6 and - 8.9 kcal/mol with beta lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae and beta lactamase OXY1 of Klebsiella oxytoca respectively. Quercetin, Apigenin, Riboflavin and kaempferol have lower values of - 7.7, - 7.6, - 7.8 and - 7 kcal/mol (Enterobacter cloacae) and - 8.3, - 7.8, - 7.9 and - 7.7 kcal/mol (Klebsiella oxytoca), respectively. Through this study it was proven that the synthesized Mo-AgNPs could have the potential to fight against the bacterial pathogens that are responsible for food - borne diseases and food spoilage. In the future, Mo-AgNPs can be utilized to develop food packaging biomaterials that can increase the shelf life and prevent food from spoilage.

In nanostructure extraction, advanced techniques like synchrotron radiation and electron microscopy are often hindered by radiation damage and charging artifacts from long exposure times. This study presents a multiframe superresolution method using sparse coding to enhance synchrotron radiation microspectroscopy images. By reconstructing high-resolution images from multiple low-resolution ones, exposure time is minimized, reducing radiation effects, thermal drift, and sample degradation while preserving spatial resolution. Unlike deep learning-based superresolution methods, which overlook positional misalignment, our approach treats positional shifts as known control parameters, enhancing superresolution accuracy with a small, noisy dataset. Additionally, our sparse coding method learns an optimal dictionary tailored for nanostructure extraction, fine-tuning the SR process to the unique characteristics of the data, even with noise and limited samples. Applied to 3D nanoscale electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (nano-ESCA) data, our method, utilizing a high-resolution dictionary learned from 3D nano-ESCA datasets, significantly improves image quality, preserving structural details. Unlike state-of-the-art deep learning techniques that require large datasets, our method excels with limited data, making it ideal for real-world scenarios with constrained sample sizes. High-resolution quality can be maintained while reducing the measurement time by over [Formula: see text], highlighting the efficiency of our approach. The results underscore the potential of this superresolution technique to not only advance synchrotron radiation microspectroscopy but also to be adapted for other high-resolution imaging modalities, such as electron microscopy. This approach offers enhanced image quality, reduced exposure times, and improved interpretability of scientific data, making it a versatile tool for overcoming the challenges associated with radiation damage and sample degradation in nanoscale imaging.

Neuromorphic computing is an emerging architype representing a cutting-edge approach to computing that emulates the structure and function of human brain, leveraging neuroscience concepts to develop efficient, adaptive, and power conscious computing system surpassing the von Neumann architecture. Herein, we report artificial synaptic device defined on a paper using ${\text{MoO}}_3$ embedded Aloe vera matrix as an active material. The multilayer graphene electrode (MLG) is drawn using pencil-on-paper (PoP) method. Devices could be programmed for multi bit-states to avail several conducting states ( $2^n$ with n = 1,2,3,4). Further, the devices can be operated at low energy consumption ( $\sim$ pJ) stable at ambient conditions. Activity dependent measurements show that the synaptic weight update depends on the history of activity. The potentiation and depression can be tuned by properly choosing the prior activity. The threshold frequency at which transition into potentiation occurs is shifted towards lower frequency and depends on the number of prior activities. The potentiation and depression curves indicate that the nonlinearity can be controlled by utilizing non-identical pulse sequences. The pencil-on-paper (PoP) method could represent a new frontier in electronic devices leading to the development of portable, environment friendly, and flexible synaptic devices for versatile synaptic and memory applications.

This study examines the structural complexity of fullerene graphs using Hosoya entropy as a measure. The entropy values were calculated for various fullerene structures, including $F_{3,1}^s,$ $F_{4,2}^s$ and fullerenes ranging from C20 to C100.The relationship between the size of the fullerenes and the entropy is intuitively clear: the larger the fullerenes, the higher the value of entropy because of increased structural complexity and diversity of equivalence classes. Smaller fullerenes, like C20, have lower entropy, a consequence of their simpler and more symmetrical molecular structure. These findings provide theoretical insights into structural intricacies of fullerenes and their possible applications in material science and nanotechnology.

The current study proposes a low-cost, environmentally benign manufacturing approach of copper ferrite nanoparticles (CuFe₂O₄ NPs) via mushroom extract of Pleurotus florida (PFE) as the first-time report. Several characterization methods verified the production of PFE-CuFe₂O₄ NPs. The absorption spectrum exhibited the peak at 420 nm; band gap of 1.85 eV. The studies of SEM and TEM confirmed spherical and homogeneously distributed CuFe₂O₄ NPs with an average size of 22.4 ± 1.4 nm. The FTIR reported the presence of bio-essential molecules in PFE can act as a stabilizing and capping agent. The NPs were found to be fairly stable with zeta potential found at 28.9 ± 0.2 mV. Numerous in vitro biological investigations exemplified the applicability and practicality of CuFe₂O₄ NPs and compare them with the standard. The biofunctionalized CuFe₂O₄ NPs demonstrated a potent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Additionally, it was discovered that CuFe₂O₄ NPs have superior antioxidant activity (77-83%) and their scavenging ability is more comparable to ascorbic acid (control). Furthermore, a degradation efficiency of 91-92% was observed in 10-15 min for CuFe₂O₄ NPs in rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) dyes, indicating their remarkable effectiveness in this regard. Future research may focus on applying CuFe₂O₄ NPs to comprehensive wastewater treatment and determining the degradation products and ecological consequences.

Materials whose dimensions are less than 100 nm of diverse sizes and different shapes of the metal/semiconductor/insulator particles are known as nanomaterials. Nanomaterials exhibit very peculiar thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical properties compared to their bulk counterparts. When a bulk material is chopped to a nano-dimension, electrons are subjected to peculiar boundary conditions, eventually leading to the nanomaterials' special properties. Due to their exceptional properties, nanomaterials have unique applications in all branches of science. Consequently, the researchers explored many methods of synthesis of the nanomaterials. However, each method has its advantages and disadvantages, some methods are flexible in synthesizing nanoparticles with uniform size distribution and some are feasible to produce nanomaterials at higher yields. Different methods follow their own synthesis protocols, time durations, economical feasibility, and reproducibility. Most methods complement one another by producing nanomaterials of evenly distributed sizes, shapes, properties, etc. Amongst, the, laser ablation of metals/semiconductors/insulators immersed in a liquid medium is a well-known method of green synthesis of nanomaterials that utilizes no hazardous chemical precursors. Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) combines top-down and bottom-up approaches that do not require lengthy sample preparations, chemical surfactants, and sophisticated experimental methodologies. The physical processes involved in the LAL of different metals/semiconductors are discussed briefly. Additionally, the applications of nanomaterials in various fields of science are included and the review is concluded with the challenges and the future scope of LAL.

The intensifying global demand for agricultural products has been met with the excessive use of conventional fertilizers, leading to significant environmental pollution, soil and water degradation, and public health concerns. This challenge has been further exacerbated by the pressures of globalization, necessitating the adoption of more sustainable and efficient farming practices. As a promising solution to these issues, nanotechnology has been explored for its innovative approaches to enhance nutrient delivery and reduce environmental impact. In this review, the potential of various nano-fertilizers-including nano-NPK, nano-nitrogen (N), nano-phosphorous (P), nano-potassium (K), nano-iron (Fe), hydroxyapatite (HAP)-modified urea nanoparticles, and nano-zeolite composite fertilizers-has been investigated for improving crop productivity and sustainability. The applications in key crops such as wheat, potato, maize, and rice have been analyzed, with significant yield improvements reported: 20-55% for wheat, 20-35% for potato, 20-40% for maize, and 13-25% for rice. Additionally, grain yield enhancements of 20-55% for wheat, 22-50% for maize, and 30-40% for rice have been observed. It has been emphasized that the optimization of nano-fertilizer concentrations and application methods is crucial to ensure plant health and environmental safety. The transformative role of nano-fertilizers in advancing sustainable agriculture to address global food security challenges has been underscored.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumour in adults and poses a serious health risk. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are zero-dimensional crystalline discs de-rived from two-dimensional graphene, which contribution of GQDs in the treatment of GBM and the great potential for future development. In this study, the Web of Science database was applied to search 462 relevant papers published between 2009 and 2023, and analyzed using VOS viewer and CiteSpace software tools. This analysis aims to provide researchers with insights into the current state of applications and to facilitate a clearer understanding of potential pathways and directions for future research in this field. Our study showed a continuous increase in the number of papers about GQDs in the treatment of GBM. In the field for more than a decade, GQDs has been a research priority in drug delivery due to their excellent optical and chemical properties. It is reasonable to believe that the use of GQDs for drug delivery for the treatment of GBM will be-come one of the extremely important research topics in the future.

We describe the ⁶⁰Co-Gamma radiolytic synthesis of stable poly(bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate) (PB2MEP) -decorated gold nanoparticles (PB2MEP-Au) for spectrophotometric detection of uranium (U(VI)) in the ppb level. The developed technique is based on the Localize Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) band intensity quenching, accompanied by a red shift in the wavelength range 523-545 nm at higher concentrations, due to interaction between U(VI) ion and phosphate group bearing PB2MEP-Au. The response was linear in the 5-80 ppb U(VI) concentration range, with LOD of 8.6 ppb. Samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Particle Size Analysis and Zeta Potential measurements to determine morphological transitions upon analyte interaction. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were invoked to study the Au nanoparticle stabilization mechanism, and revealed the interaction of U(VI) with PB2MEP-Au to be thermodynamically spontaneous for the formation of [UO₂(B2MEP)₂(H₂O)]²⁺ complex, the stability primarily driven by entropy. Interference by other coexisting metal ions was negligible up to interferent:target ratios of 10:1. The method was validated through quantification of U(VI) in water samples spiked with known U(VI) concentrations, the results being in corroboration with those reported using laser fluorimetric method. A T-test confirmed the results derived from the proposed method were not significantly different from those obtained using the standard estimation protocol at a 95% confidence level.