首页 > 最新文献

Endocrinology and disorders : open access最新文献

英文 中文
Hyperketonemia: Clinical features and diagnosis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis 高酮症酸血症:糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床特征和诊断
Pub Date : 2018-08-27 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/033
R. Hassannezhad
Diets that boost ketone production are increasingly used for treating several neurological disorders. Elevation in ketones in most cases is considered favorable, as they provide energy and are efficient in fueling the body's energy needs.Several physiological and pathological triggers, such as fasting, ketogenic diet, and diabetes cause an accumulation and elevation of circulating ketones. Complications of the brain, kidney, liver, and microvasculature were found to be elevated in diabetic patients who had elevated ketones compared to those diabetics with normal ketone levels. Diabetic ketoacidosis is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis with significant fluid and electrolyte loss. DKA occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). It causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and can progress to cerebral edema, coma, and death. DKA is diagnosed by detection of hyperketonemia and anion gap metabolic acidosis in the presence of hyperglycemia. Treatment involves volume expansion, insulin replacement, and prevention of hypokalemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a rare yet potentially fatal hyperglycemic crisis that can occur in patients with both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Due to its increasing incidence and economic impact related to the treatment and associated morbidity, effective management and prevention is key. Elements of management include making the appropriate diagnosis using current laboratory tools and clinical criteria and coordinating fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement through feedback obtained from timely patient monitoring and knowledge of resolution criteria. In addition, awareness of special populations such as patients with renal disease presenting with DKA is important. During the DKA therapy, complications may arise and appropriate strategies to prevent these complications are required. DKA prevention strategies including patient and provider education are important. This review aims to provide a brief overview of DKA from its pathophysiology to clinical presentation with in depth focus on up-to-date therapeutic management.
促进酮生成的饮食越来越多地用于治疗几种神经系统疾病。在大多数情况下,酮的升高被认为是有利的,因为它们提供能量,并有效地满足身体的能量需求。一些生理和病理诱因,如禁食、生酮饮食和糖尿病会引起循环酮的积累和升高。与酮水平正常的糖尿病患者相比,酮水平升高的糖尿病患者的脑、肾、肝和微血管并发症发生率升高。糖尿病酮症酸中毒是糖尿病的急性代谢性并发症,以高血糖、高酮血症和代谢性酸中毒为特征。高血糖引起渗透性利尿,伴显著的液体和电解质损失。DKA主要发生在1型糖尿病(DM)。它会引起恶心、呕吐和腹痛,并可能发展为脑水肿、昏迷和死亡。DKA是通过检测高酮血症和阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒在高血糖的存在诊断。治疗包括扩大容量、胰岛素替代和预防低血钾。糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)是一种罕见但潜在致命的高血糖危机,可发生在1型和2型糖尿病患者中。由于其发病率和与治疗和相关发病率相关的经济影响不断增加,有效的管理和预防是关键。管理的要素包括使用现有的实验室工具和临床标准做出适当的诊断,并通过及时的患者监测和解决标准知识获得的反馈来协调液体复苏、胰岛素治疗和电解质替代。此外,对特殊人群(如肾病患者)的认识也很重要。在DKA治疗过程中,可能会出现并发症,需要适当的策略来预防这些并发症。包括患者和提供者教育在内的DKA预防策略非常重要。这篇综述旨在提供DKA从病理生理到临床表现的简要概述,并深入关注最新的治疗管理。
{"title":"Hyperketonemia: Clinical features and diagnosis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis","authors":"R. Hassannezhad","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/033","url":null,"abstract":"Diets that boost ketone production are increasingly used for treating several neurological disorders. Elevation in ketones in most cases is considered favorable, as they provide energy and are efficient in fueling the body's energy needs.Several physiological and pathological triggers, such as fasting, ketogenic diet, and diabetes cause an accumulation and elevation of circulating ketones. Complications of the brain, kidney, liver, and microvasculature were found to be elevated in diabetic patients who had elevated ketones compared to those diabetics with normal ketone levels. Diabetic ketoacidosis is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis with significant fluid and electrolyte loss. DKA occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). It causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and can progress to cerebral edema, coma, and death. DKA is diagnosed by detection of hyperketonemia and anion gap metabolic acidosis in the presence of hyperglycemia. Treatment involves volume expansion, insulin replacement, and prevention of hypokalemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a rare yet potentially fatal hyperglycemic crisis that can occur in patients with both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Due to its increasing incidence and economic impact related to the treatment and associated morbidity, effective management and prevention is key. Elements of management include making the appropriate diagnosis using current laboratory tools and clinical criteria and coordinating fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement through feedback obtained from timely patient monitoring and knowledge of resolution criteria. In addition, awareness of special populations such as patients with renal disease presenting with DKA is important. During the DKA therapy, complications may arise and appropriate strategies to prevent these complications are required. DKA prevention strategies including patient and provider education are important. This review aims to provide a brief overview of DKA from its pathophysiology to clinical presentation with in depth focus on up-to-date therapeutic management.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46406039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editorial: Seminal Transferrin in the Seminal Quality Evaluation of Hemodialytic Patients 社论:精液转铁蛋白在血液透析患者精液质量评价中的作用
Pub Date : 2018-08-24 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/036
G. Silva
The Transferrin is an iron ion transport protein with a biological function that is important to avoid toxic effects due to high intra and extracellular iron ion concentrations [1]. The cellular protective function attributed to transferrin, especially to the germ and support cells (Sertoli cells), is due to its possible antioxidative function exerted together with another protein linked to iron metabolism, ferritin. Seminal transferrin (ST) is an isoform of plasma transferrin, abundant in seminal fluid, secretory product of Sertoli cells (80%)p.
转铁蛋白是一种铁离子转运蛋白,具有重要的生物学功能,可避免因体内和细胞外高铁离子浓度而产生的毒性作用[1]。转铁蛋白的细胞保护功能,特别是对生殖细胞和支持细胞(支持细胞)的保护功能,是由于其可能与另一种与铁代谢相关的蛋白质铁蛋白一起发挥抗氧化功能。精转铁蛋白(ST)是血浆转铁蛋白的一种异构体,在精液中含量丰富,是支持细胞(80%)p的分泌产物。
{"title":"Editorial: Seminal Transferrin in the Seminal Quality Evaluation of Hemodialytic Patients","authors":"G. Silva","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/036","url":null,"abstract":"The Transferrin is an iron ion transport protein with a biological function that is important to avoid toxic effects due to high intra and extracellular iron ion concentrations [1]. The cellular protective function attributed to transferrin, especially to the germ and support cells (Sertoli cells), is due to its possible antioxidative function exerted together with another protein linked to iron metabolism, ferritin. Seminal transferrin (ST) is an isoform of plasma transferrin, abundant in seminal fluid, secretory product of Sertoli cells (80%)p.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46138113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Review Based Study of Diabetic Complications: Meta-Analysis in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病并发症的综述性研究:2型糖尿病患者的Meta分析
Pub Date : 2018-04-29 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/016
Nasser Daghria
The prevalence of diabetes (DM) is constantly increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. According to the International Diabetes Federation in 2015, an estimated 415 million people globally were suffering from this condition. Complications of DM account for increased morbidity, disability, and mortality and represent a threat for the economies of all countries, especially the developing ones. The present special issue has been devoted to the recent progress in our understanding of diabetic complications, including the underlying molecular mechanisms, new diagnostic tools that facilitate early diagnosis, and novel treatment options. This special issue focuses on progress and challenges in basic and clinical research on these chronic complications of diabetes. The end-stage consequences of diabetic complications can include severe vision loss; end-stage renal disease necessitating dialysis or transplant; myocardial infarction and stroke; and amputations. Many of these life-threatening or disabling events can be preventable with proper “life-long” diabetes care and a healthy lifestyle.
糖尿病(DM)的患病率在世界范围内以惊人的速度不断增加。根据国际糖尿病联合会2015年的数据,全球约有4.15亿人患有糖尿病。糖尿病并发症导致发病率、致残率和死亡率增加,并对所有国家,特别是发展中国家的经济构成威胁。本期特刊致力于介绍我们对糖尿病并发症的最新认识,包括潜在的分子机制、促进早期诊断的新诊断工具和新的治疗方案。本期特刊关注这些慢性糖尿病并发症的基础和临床研究的进展和挑战。糖尿病并发症的终末期后果包括严重的视力丧失;终末期肾脏疾病,需要透析或移植;心肌梗死和中风;和截肢。通过适当的“终身”糖尿病护理和健康的生活方式,许多这些危及生命或致残的事件是可以预防的。
{"title":"A Review Based Study of Diabetic Complications: Meta-Analysis in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Nasser Daghria","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/016","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of diabetes (DM) is constantly increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. According to the International Diabetes Federation in 2015, an estimated 415 million people globally were suffering from this condition. Complications of DM account for increased morbidity, disability, and mortality and represent a threat for the economies of all countries, especially the developing ones. The present special issue has been devoted to the recent progress in our understanding of diabetic complications, including the underlying molecular mechanisms, new diagnostic tools that facilitate early diagnosis, and novel treatment options. This special issue focuses on progress and challenges in basic and clinical research on these chronic complications of diabetes. The end-stage consequences of diabetic complications can include severe vision loss; end-stage renal disease necessitating dialysis or transplant; myocardial infarction and stroke; and amputations. Many of these life-threatening or disabling events can be preventable with proper “life-long” diabetes care and a healthy lifestyle.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45649520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hyper Secretion of GH: Pituitary Gigantism GH分泌过多:垂体巨人症
Pub Date : 2018-04-29 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/017
A. Ballin
Gigantism refers to a condition characterized by extreme physical size and stature. By definition, this originates during infancy, childhood or adolescence, when epiphyseal growth plates remain open. Although the term gigantism may be applied to a number of non-hormonally mediated overgrowth conditions in children, it is often used to specifically denote growth hormone(GH) excess. GH excess during childhood and adolescence is extremely rare, with the total number of reported cases thus far numbering only in the hundreds. Herein we present such a case.
巨人症是指一种以极端的体型和身材为特征的疾病。根据定义,这起源于婴儿期、儿童期或青春期,此时骨骺生长板仍然开放。尽管巨人症一词可能适用于儿童的许多非激素介导的过度生长状况,但它通常被专门用于表示生长激素(GH)过量。儿童和青少年时期生长激素过量极为罕见,迄今为止报告的病例总数仅为数百例。在这里,我们提出这样一个案例。
{"title":"Hyper Secretion of GH: Pituitary Gigantism","authors":"A. Ballin","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/017","url":null,"abstract":"Gigantism refers to a condition characterized by extreme physical size and stature. By definition, this originates during infancy, childhood or adolescence, when epiphyseal growth plates remain open. Although the term gigantism may be applied to a number of non-hormonally mediated overgrowth conditions in children, it is often used to specifically denote growth hormone(GH) excess. GH excess during childhood and adolescence is extremely rare, with the total number of reported cases thus far numbering only in the hundreds. Herein we present such a case.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47707926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nature Reviews Endocrinology: Acromegaly 内分泌学:肢端肥大症
Pub Date : 2018-02-27 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/019
Chike Obi, Claudio Achebe
Acromegaly is a rare disease most often caused by the prolonged secretion of excess growth hormone from a pituitary adenoma. The disease is associated with multiple significant comorbidities and increased mortality. The delay to diagnosis is often long. This may be because of low disease awareness among health care professionals, the insidious onset of differentiating features, and because patients are likely to present with complaints typical of other conditions more frequently seen in primary care. Early identification of acromegaly facilitates prompt treatment initiation and may minimize the permanent effects of excess growth hormone. The primary treatment for many patients will be pituitary surgery, although not all patients will be eligible for surgery or achieve a surgical cure
肢端肥大症是一种罕见的疾病,最常见的原因是垂体腺瘤分泌过量生长激素的时间过长。该疾病与多种显著的合并症和死亡率增加有关。诊断的延迟往往很长。这可能是因为卫生保健专业人员对疾病的认识较低,鉴别特征的潜在发作,以及患者可能会出现初级保健中更常见的其他疾病的典型症状。肢端肥大症的早期识别有助于迅速开始治疗,并可能最大限度地减少过量生长激素的永久影响。许多患者的主要治疗方法是垂体手术,尽管并非所有患者都有资格接受手术或通过手术治愈
{"title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology: Acromegaly","authors":"Chike Obi, Claudio Achebe","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/019","url":null,"abstract":"Acromegaly is a rare disease most often caused by the prolonged secretion of excess growth hormone from a pituitary adenoma. The disease is associated with multiple significant comorbidities and increased mortality. The delay to diagnosis is often long. This may be because of low disease awareness among health care professionals, the insidious onset of differentiating features, and because patients are likely to present with complaints typical of other conditions more frequently seen in primary care. Early identification of acromegaly facilitates prompt treatment initiation and may minimize the permanent effects of excess growth hormone. The primary treatment for many patients will be pituitary surgery, although not all patients will be eligible for surgery or achieve a surgical cure","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44539891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Innervation of the Thymus Gland: A Short Review of Function and Histology 胸腺的神经支配:功能和组织学简评
Pub Date : 2018-02-27 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/022
Bolaji Babalola
The thymus, a primary lymphoid organ and the initial site for development of T cell immunological function, is morphologically similar across species. It is actually an epithelial organ in which its epithelial cells provide a framework containing T cells as well as smaller numbers of other lymphoid cells. A symbiotic interaction exists between the thymic microinvironment and developing T cells, and the specificity of T cell release into the systemic circulation is under thymic control. The thymic cortex in a young animal is heavily populated by developing T cells along with a smaller proportion of associated epithelial cells. Larger, more mature T cells are found in the medulla where epithelial and other cell types are more abundant. Understanding normal morphological features of the thymus and their perturbations provides a cornerstone to assessing immune system function.
胸腺是一种主要的淋巴器官,也是T细胞免疫功能发育的初始部位,在形态上不同物种是相似的。它实际上是一个上皮器官,它的上皮细胞提供了一个包含T细胞和少量其他淋巴样细胞的框架。胸腺微环境与发育中的T细胞之间存在共生相互作用,T细胞释放进入体循环的特异性受胸腺控制。幼龄动物的胸腺皮层大量分布着发育中的T细胞以及较小比例的相关上皮细胞。更大、更成熟的T细胞存在于髓质中,那里上皮细胞和其他类型的细胞更丰富。了解胸腺的正常形态特征及其扰动为评估免疫系统功能提供了基础。
{"title":"Innervation of the Thymus Gland: A Short Review of Function and Histology","authors":"Bolaji Babalola","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/022","url":null,"abstract":"The thymus, a primary lymphoid organ and the initial site for development of T cell immunological function, is morphologically similar across species. It is actually an epithelial organ in which its epithelial cells provide a framework containing T cells as well as smaller numbers of other lymphoid cells. A symbiotic interaction exists between the thymic microinvironment and developing T cells, and the specificity of T cell release into the systemic circulation is under thymic control. The thymic cortex in a young animal is heavily populated by developing T cells along with a smaller proportion of associated epithelial cells. Larger, more mature T cells are found in the medulla where epithelial and other cell types are more abundant. Understanding normal morphological features of the thymus and their perturbations provides a cornerstone to assessing immune system function.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43297831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Insulin-Mediated Glucose Metabolism: An Atherogenic Lipid Profile of Fructose Consumption 胰岛素介导的葡萄糖代谢:果糖消耗的动脉粥样硬化脂质图谱
Pub Date : 2018-02-15 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/021
E. Kagotho
Our laboratory has investigated two hypotheses regarding the effects of fructose consumption: 1) The endocrine effects of fructose consumption favor a positive energy balance, and 2) Fructose consumption promotes the development of an atherogenic lipid profile. In previous short- and long-term studies, we demonstrated that consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages with 3 meals results in lower 24-hour plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and leptin in humans compared with consumption of glucose-sweetened beverages. We have also tested whether prolonged consumption of high-fructose diets could lead to increased caloric intake or decreased energy expenditure, thereby contributing to weight gain and obesity. Results from a study conducted in rhesus monkeys produced equivocal results. Carefully controlled and adequately powered long-term studies are needed to address these hypotheses. In both short- and long-term studies we demonstrated that consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages substantially increases postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations compared with glucose-sweetened beverages. In the long-term studies, apolipoproteinB concentrations were also increased in subjects consuming fructose, but not those consuming glucose. Data from a short-term study comparing consumption of beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and sucrose, suggest that HFCS and sucrose increase postprandial triacylglycerol to an extent comparable to that induced by 100% fructose alone. Increased consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages along with increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes underscore the importance of investigating the metabolic consequences fructose consumption in carefully controlled experiments.
我们的实验室研究了关于果糖摄入影响的两个假设:1)果糖摄入的内分泌影响有利于正能量平衡,2)果糖摄入促进动脉粥样硬化脂质的形成。在之前的短期和长期研究中,我们证明,与食用含糖饮料相比,在三餐中食用含果糖饮料会导致人类24小时血浆葡萄糖、胰岛素和瘦素浓度降低。我们还测试了长期食用高果糖饮食是否会导致热量摄入增加或能量消耗减少,从而导致体重增加和肥胖。在恒河猴身上进行的一项研究结果产生了模棱两可的结果。为了解决这些假设,需要进行精心控制和充分有力的长期研究。在短期和长期研究中,我们都证明,与加糖饮料相比,食用含果糖饮料会显著增加餐后三酰甘油的浓度。在长期研究中,摄入果糖的受试者的载脂蛋白B浓度也有所增加,但摄入葡萄糖的受试人没有增加。一项比较食用含果糖、葡萄糖、高果糖玉米糖浆(HFCS)和蔗糖的饮料的短期研究的数据表明,HFCS和蔗糖使餐后三酰甘油的增加程度与100%果糖单独引起的增加程度相当。果糖加糖饮料消费量的增加,以及肥胖、代谢综合征和2型糖尿病患病率的增加,强调了在仔细控制的实验中研究果糖消费的代谢后果的重要性。
{"title":"Insulin-Mediated Glucose Metabolism: An Atherogenic Lipid Profile of Fructose Consumption","authors":"E. Kagotho","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/021","url":null,"abstract":"Our laboratory has investigated two hypotheses regarding the effects of fructose consumption: 1) The endocrine effects of fructose consumption favor a positive energy balance, and 2) Fructose consumption promotes the development of an atherogenic lipid profile. In previous short- and long-term studies, we demonstrated that consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages with 3 meals results in lower 24-hour plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and leptin in humans compared with consumption of glucose-sweetened beverages. We have also tested whether prolonged consumption of high-fructose diets could lead to increased caloric intake or decreased energy expenditure, thereby contributing to weight gain and obesity. Results from a study conducted in rhesus monkeys produced equivocal results. Carefully controlled and adequately powered long-term studies are needed to address these hypotheses. In both short- and long-term studies we demonstrated that consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages substantially increases postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations compared with glucose-sweetened beverages. In the long-term studies, apolipoproteinB concentrations were also increased in subjects consuming fructose, but not those consuming glucose. Data from a short-term study comparing consumption of beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and sucrose, suggest that HFCS and sucrose increase postprandial triacylglycerol to an extent comparable to that induced by 100% fructose alone. Increased consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages along with increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes underscore the importance of investigating the metabolic consequences fructose consumption in carefully controlled experiments.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49641697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Clinical Endocrinology: A Review of Adrenal Gland Hormonal and Endocrine Metabolic Disorders. 临床内分泌学:肾上腺激素和内分泌代谢紊乱综述。
Pub Date : 2018-01-17 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/014
Sandra Nicole Slagter
Adrenal Gland The adrenal glands are controlled in part by the brain. The hypothalamus, a small area of the brain involved in hormonal regulation, produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone). Vasopressin and CRH trigger the pituitary gland to secrete corticotropin (also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulated mostly by the kidneys, causes the adrenal glands to produce more or less aldosterone. The body controls the levels of corticosteroids according to need. The levels tend to be much higher in the early morning than later in the day. When the body is stressed, due to illness or otherwise, the levels of corticosteroids increase dramatically.
肾上腺部分由大脑控制。下丘脑是大脑中参与激素调节的一个小区域,产生促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)和抗利尿激素(也被称为抗利尿激素)。抗利尿激素和促肾上腺皮质激素触发垂体分泌促肾上腺皮质激素(也称为促肾上腺皮质激素或ACTH),促肾上腺皮质激素刺激肾上腺产生皮质类固醇。肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统主要由肾脏调节,使肾上腺产生或多或少的醛固酮。身体根据需要控制皮质类固醇的水平。这种水平在清晨往往比晚些时候要高得多。当身体受到压力时,由于疾病或其他原因,皮质类固醇的水平急剧增加。
{"title":"Clinical Endocrinology: A Review of Adrenal Gland Hormonal and Endocrine Metabolic Disorders.","authors":"Sandra Nicole Slagter","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/014","url":null,"abstract":"Adrenal Gland The adrenal glands are controlled in part by the brain. The hypothalamus, a small area of the brain involved in hormonal regulation, produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone). Vasopressin and CRH trigger the pituitary gland to secrete corticotropin (also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, regulated mostly by the kidneys, causes the adrenal glands to produce more or less aldosterone. The body controls the levels of corticosteroids according to need. The levels tend to be much higher in the early morning than later in the day. When the body is stressed, due to illness or otherwise, the levels of corticosteroids increase dramatically.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46309773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How to deal pituitary Adenomas: A Retro prospective Study 如何治疗垂体腺瘤:一项回顾性前瞻性研究
Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/032
Kreiter Gomari
Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a benign primary tumor that arises from the pituitary gland and is associated with ophthalmological, neurological and endocrinological abnormalities. However, causes that increase tumor progressing recurrence and invasiveness are still undetermined. Most adenomas are benign, approximately 35% are invasive and just 0.1% to 0.2% are carcinomas.Pituitary adenomas represent from 10% to 25% of all intracranial neoplasms and the estimated prevalence rate in the general population is approximately 17% Non-invasive and non-secreting pituitary adenomas are considered to be benign in the literal as well as the clinical sense; however a recent meta-analysis of available research has shown there are to date scant studies – of poor quality – to either support or refute this assumption. Etiology Adenomas which exceed 10 millimetres (0.39 in) in size are defined as macroadenomas, with those smaller than 10 mm referred to as microadenomas. Most pituitary adenomas are microadenomas, and have an estimated prevalence of 16.7% (14.4% in autopsy studies and 22.5% in radiologic studies). A majority of pituitary microadenomas often remain undiagnosed and those that are diagnosed are often found as an incidental finding, and are referred to as incidentalomas. Pituitary macroadenomas are the most common cause of hypopituitarism, and in the majority of cases they are non-secreting adenomas.While pituitary adenomas are common, affecting approximately one in 6 of the general population, clinically active pituitary adenomas that require surgical treatment are more rare, affecting approximately one in 1000 of the general population.
垂体腺瘤(PA)是一种起源于垂体的良性原发性肿瘤,与眼科、神经学和内分泌学异常有关。然而,增加肿瘤进展、复发和侵袭性的原因仍不确定。大多数腺瘤是良性的,约35%是侵袭性的,只有0.1%至0.2%是癌。垂体腺瘤占所有颅内肿瘤的10%至25%,在一般人群中的估计患病率约为17%,非侵入性和非分泌性垂体腺瘤在字面上和临床意义上都被认为是良性的;然而,最近一项对现有研究的荟萃分析表明,迄今为止,支持或反驳这一假设的研究很少——质量也很差。大小超过10毫米(0.39英寸)的腺瘤被定义为大腺瘤,小于10毫米的称为微腺瘤。大多数垂体腺瘤为微腺瘤,估计患病率为16.7%(尸检研究14.4%,放射学研究22.5%)。大多数垂体微腺瘤通常未被诊断出来,而那些被诊断出来的往往是偶然发现的,被称为偶发瘤。垂体大腺瘤是垂体功能低下最常见的原因,在大多数情况下,它们是非分泌性腺瘤。虽然垂体腺瘤很常见,约占总人口的六分之一,但需要手术治疗的临床活动性垂体腺瘤更为罕见,约占总人口的千分之一。
{"title":"How to deal pituitary Adenomas: A Retro prospective Study","authors":"Kreiter Gomari","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/032","url":null,"abstract":"Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a benign primary tumor that arises from the pituitary gland and is associated with ophthalmological, neurological and endocrinological abnormalities. However, causes that increase tumor progressing recurrence and invasiveness are still undetermined. Most adenomas are benign, approximately 35% are invasive and just 0.1% to 0.2% are carcinomas.Pituitary adenomas represent from 10% to 25% of all intracranial neoplasms and the estimated prevalence rate in the general population is approximately 17% Non-invasive and non-secreting pituitary adenomas are considered to be benign in the literal as well as the clinical sense; however a recent meta-analysis of available research has shown there are to date scant studies – of poor quality – to either support or refute this assumption. Etiology Adenomas which exceed 10 millimetres (0.39 in) in size are defined as macroadenomas, with those smaller than 10 mm referred to as microadenomas. Most pituitary adenomas are microadenomas, and have an estimated prevalence of 16.7% (14.4% in autopsy studies and 22.5% in radiologic studies). A majority of pituitary microadenomas often remain undiagnosed and those that are diagnosed are often found as an incidental finding, and are referred to as incidentalomas. Pituitary macroadenomas are the most common cause of hypopituitarism, and in the majority of cases they are non-secreting adenomas.While pituitary adenomas are common, affecting approximately one in 6 of the general population, clinically active pituitary adenomas that require surgical treatment are more rare, affecting approximately one in 1000 of the general population.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70017244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adrenomedullary Function in 21-Hydroxilase Deficiency. Is There an Association with adrenal Crises? 21-羟化酶缺乏对肾上腺髓功能的影响。是否与肾上腺危机有关?
Pub Date : 2017-12-15 DOI: 10.31579/2640-1045/002
Echeverria Fernández M
Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is characterized by impairment in normal steroid production. Patients with the most severe forms also have decreased adrenomedullary function. However, the clinical implications of epinephrine deficiency are not clear. Objective: Evaluate the adrenomedullary function in children with salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia (SW CAH) and assess its relationship to the number of hospitalizations due to adrenal crises. We compare the clinical, analytical and genotypic characteristics and the therapeutic needs of patients with and without adrenomedullary disfunction. Methods: We measured 24-hours urine catecholamine levels (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and 21-hydroxylase genotype in 21 SW CAH. Results: 11 SW CAH had adrenomedullary disfunction characterized by undetectable urine epinephrine, and interestingly, had >8 adrenal crises during infanthood. Other 10 SW CAH had normal values of urine epinephrine and had less than 4 adrenal crises during infanthood. There were no significant differences in hydrocortisone (16.08 ± 3.4 mg/m2/day vs 16.98 ± 5.01 mg/m2/day) and 9fluorohydroxortisone (0.072 ± 0.06 mg/m2/day vs 0,101 ± 0.12 mg/m2 /day) doses, although the mean value of 17-OHP (0.04 ng/ml (0.1-1.3) vs 26.7 ng/ml (0.1-79)); ATCH (45pg/ml (30.9-122)vs 71 pg/ml (34-271)), aldosterone (50 pg/ml (50-50) vs 50 pg/ml (50-244)), and androstenedione(0 ng/ml (0-0,4) vs 2,6 ng/ml (0-5.3)) was lower in patients with undetectable urine epinephrine. 11 SW CAH with urinary epinephrine deficiency had most severe genotype. Conclusion: SW CAH with undetectable epinephrine in urine had several crises during infanthood. The measurement of urine epinephrine is well correlated with the clinical severity of the disease and the expected activity of 21-hydroxilase.
背景:先天性肾上腺皮质增生(CAH)是由21-羟化酶缺乏引起的,其特征是正常类固醇产生受损。最严重的患者肾上腺髓功能也会下降。然而,肾上腺素缺乏的临床意义尚不清楚。目的:评估盐耗性先天性肾上腺增生症(SW-CAH)患儿的肾上腺髓质功能,并评估其与肾上腺危象住院人数的关系。我们比较了患有和不患有肾上腺髓功能紊乱的患者的临床、分析和基因型特征以及治疗需求。方法:我们测量了21例SW CAH患者24小时尿儿茶酚胺水平(肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺)和21羟化酶基因型。结果:11例SW CAH有肾上腺髓质功能障碍,其特征是尿液肾上腺素检测不到,有趣的是,在婴儿期有8次以上的肾上腺危象。其他10例SW CAH的尿肾上腺素值正常,婴儿期肾上腺危象少于4例。氢化可的松(16.08±3.4 mg/m2/天vs 16.98±5.01 mg/m2/天)和9氟氢诺华(0.072±0.06 mg/m2/天vs0101±0.12 mg/m2/天;在尿肾上腺素检测不到的患者中,ATCH(45pg/ml(30.9-122)vs 71pg/ml(34-271))、醛固酮(50pg/ml(50-50)vs 50pg/ml(50-244))和雄烯二酮(0ng/ml(0-0,4)vs 2,6ng/ml(0-5.3))较低。11例尿肾上腺素缺乏的SW CAH具有最严重的基因型。结论:尿中肾上腺素检测不到的SW CAH在婴儿期有多个危象。尿肾上腺素的测量与疾病的临床严重程度和21羟化酶的预期活性密切相关。
{"title":"Adrenomedullary Function in 21-Hydroxilase Deficiency. Is There an Association with adrenal Crises?","authors":"Echeverria Fernández M","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/002","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is characterized by impairment in normal steroid production. Patients with the most severe forms also have decreased adrenomedullary function. However, the clinical implications of epinephrine deficiency are not clear. Objective: Evaluate the adrenomedullary function in children with salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia (SW CAH) and assess its relationship to the number of hospitalizations due to adrenal crises. We compare the clinical, analytical and genotypic characteristics and the therapeutic needs of patients with and without adrenomedullary disfunction. Methods: We measured 24-hours urine catecholamine levels (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and 21-hydroxylase genotype in 21 SW CAH. Results: 11 SW CAH had adrenomedullary disfunction characterized by undetectable urine epinephrine, and interestingly, had >8 adrenal crises during infanthood. Other 10 SW CAH had normal values of urine epinephrine and had less than 4 adrenal crises during infanthood. There were no significant differences in hydrocortisone (16.08 ± 3.4 mg/m2/day vs 16.98 ± 5.01 mg/m2/day) and 9fluorohydroxortisone (0.072 ± 0.06 mg/m2/day vs 0,101 ± 0.12 mg/m2 /day) doses, although the mean value of 17-OHP (0.04 ng/ml (0.1-1.3) vs 26.7 ng/ml (0.1-79)); ATCH (45pg/ml (30.9-122)vs 71 pg/ml (34-271)), aldosterone (50 pg/ml (50-50) vs 50 pg/ml (50-244)), and androstenedione(0 ng/ml (0-0,4) vs 2,6 ng/ml (0-5.3)) was lower in patients with undetectable urine epinephrine. 11 SW CAH with urinary epinephrine deficiency had most severe genotype. Conclusion: SW CAH with undetectable epinephrine in urine had several crises during infanthood. The measurement of urine epinephrine is well correlated with the clinical severity of the disease and the expected activity of 21-hydroxilase.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45082575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Endocrinology and disorders : open access
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1