Hypopituitarism is the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.If there is decreased secretion of one specific pituitary hormone, the condition is known as selective hypopituitarism. If there is decreased secretion of most or all pituitary hormones, the term panhypopituitarism is used. Hypopituitarism is a complex medical condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality, requires complicated treatment regimens, and necessitates lifelong follow up by the endocrinologist.
{"title":"Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children and Adult Patients with Hypopituitarism: Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management","authors":"M. Hosseinlou","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/004","url":null,"abstract":"Hypopituitarism is the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.If there is decreased secretion of one specific pituitary hormone, the condition is known as selective hypopituitarism. If there is decreased secretion of most or all pituitary hormones, the term panhypopituitarism is used. Hypopituitarism is a complex medical condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality, requires complicated treatment regimens, and necessitates lifelong follow up by the endocrinologist.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47367423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pheochromocytomas was a neuroendocrine tumor that arise from sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia. Because of the excess secretion of hormones, these tumors often cause debilitating symptoms and a poor quality of life. While medical management plays a significant role in the treatment of pheochromocytoma patients, surgical excision remains the only cure. Improved medical management and surgical techniques and an increased understanding of hereditary disease have improved the outcome of pheochromocytoma patients with benign disease; however, the outcome of patients with malignant disease remains poor. In this review, we discuss the presentation, diagnosis, management, and future directions in the management of this disease.
{"title":"Adrenal Gland Tumor: Current Approaches and Future Directions of Pheochromocytoma.","authors":"Y. Narsimha Reddy","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/097","url":null,"abstract":"Pheochromocytomas was a neuroendocrine tumor that arise from sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia. Because of the excess secretion of hormones, these tumors often cause debilitating symptoms and a poor quality of life. While medical management plays a significant role in the treatment of pheochromocytoma patients, surgical excision remains the only cure. Improved medical management and surgical techniques and an increased understanding of hereditary disease have improved the outcome of pheochromocytoma patients with benign disease; however, the outcome of patients with malignant disease remains poor. In this review, we discuss the presentation, diagnosis, management, and future directions in the management of this disease.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49371708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function since the thyroid may encounter changes to hormones and size during pregnancy. The diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum is complex but knowledge regarding the interaction between the thyroids and pregnancy/the postpartum period is advancing at a rapid pace. For women known to have hypothyroidism, an increase in thyroxine dose by 20–40% when pregnancy is confirmed usually ensures they remain euthyroid. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is recommended if the woman has antithyroid antibodies. Treatment of hyperthyroidism, unless it is related to human chorionic gonadotrophin, involves propylthiouracil in the first trimester. Carbimazole may be used in the second trimester. Thyroid function tests are checked every month and every two weeks following a change in dose. Women with a current or a past history of Graves’ disease who have thyrotropin receptor antibodies require early specialist referral as there is a 1–5% risk of fetal hyperthyroidism. Women with thyroid disorders in pregnancy should be followed up by their GP in the postpartum period. Postpartum thyroiditis may present months after delivery.
{"title":"Management Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: Preconception, and the postpartum complications","authors":"R. F. Gross man","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/012","url":null,"abstract":"Pregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function since the thyroid may encounter changes to hormones and size during pregnancy. The diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum is complex but knowledge regarding the interaction between the thyroids and pregnancy/the postpartum period is advancing at a rapid pace. For women known to have hypothyroidism, an increase in thyroxine dose by 20–40% when pregnancy is confirmed usually ensures they remain euthyroid. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is recommended if the woman has antithyroid antibodies. Treatment of hyperthyroidism, unless it is related to human chorionic gonadotrophin, involves propylthiouracil in the first trimester. Carbimazole may be used in the second trimester. Thyroid function tests are checked every month and every two weeks following a change in dose. Women with a current or a past history of Graves’ disease who have thyrotropin receptor antibodies require early specialist referral as there is a 1–5% risk of fetal hyperthyroidism. Women with thyroid disorders in pregnancy should be followed up by their GP in the postpartum period. Postpartum thyroiditis may present months after delivery.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48773273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinological disorder affecting 4–12% of women and also the most controversial. Metformin was logically introduced to establish the extent to which hyperinsulinaemia influences the pathogenesis of the condition. Early studies were very encouraging. Randomized controlled studies and several metaanalyses have changed the picture and put the drug that was once heralded as magic in a much contracted place. Metformin is one of the longest established oral insulin sensitising agents. For decades its use was restricted to management of type 2 diabetes. However, in the past two decades, its properties as an insulin sensitising agent have been explored in relation to its applicability for women with PCOS. Metformin is an effective ovulation induction agent for non-obese women with PCOS and offers some advantages over other first line treatments for anovulatory infertility such as clomiphene. For clomiphene-resistant women, metformin alone or in combination with clomiphene is an effective next step. Women with PCOS undergoing in vitro fertilisation should be offered metformin to reduce their risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Limited evidence suggests that metformin may be a suitable alternative to the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) for treating hyperandrogenic symptoms of PCOS including hirsutism and acne. More research is required to define whether metformin has a role in improving long term health outcomes for women with PCOS, including the prevention of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and endometrial cancer.
{"title":"Clinical Evaluation of Antihyperglycemic Activity of Metformin in Treatment of Insulin Sensitivity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A double Blind Placebo-Controlled Study","authors":"Eric Casarini","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/011","url":null,"abstract":"Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinological disorder affecting 4–12% of women and also the most controversial. Metformin was logically introduced to establish the extent to which hyperinsulinaemia influences the pathogenesis of the condition. Early studies were very encouraging. Randomized controlled studies and several metaanalyses have changed the picture and put the drug that was once heralded as magic in a much contracted place. Metformin is one of the longest established oral insulin sensitising agents. For decades its use was restricted to management of type 2 diabetes. However, in the past two decades, its properties as an insulin sensitising agent have been explored in relation to its applicability for women with PCOS. Metformin is an effective ovulation induction agent for non-obese women with PCOS and offers some advantages over other first line treatments for anovulatory infertility such as clomiphene. For clomiphene-resistant women, metformin alone or in combination with clomiphene is an effective next step. Women with PCOS undergoing in vitro fertilisation should be offered metformin to reduce their risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Limited evidence suggests that metformin may be a suitable alternative to the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) for treating hyperandrogenic symptoms of PCOS including hirsutism and acne. More research is required to define whether metformin has a role in improving long term health outcomes for women with PCOS, including the prevention of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and endometrial cancer.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45117661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pediatric endocrinology is a medical subspecialty dealing with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, diabetes and many more. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is a rare form of diabetes characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life.Type 2 diabetes mellitus is emerging as a new clinical problem within pediatric practice. Aim of the Study An explosion of work over the last decade has produced insight into the multiple hereditary causes of a non-immunological form of diabetes diagnosed most frequently within the first 6 months of life. These studies are providing increased understanding of genes involved in the entire chain of steps that control glucose homeostasis. Neonatal diabetes is now understood to arise from mutations in genes that play critical roles in the development of the pancreas, of β-cell apoptosis and insulin processing, as well as the regulation of insulin release.
{"title":"Pediatric Endocrinology: Global Spread of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Neonatal and Permanent Treatment Using Sulfonylurea Drug Regimen Glibenclamide","authors":"F. Elnady","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/007","url":null,"abstract":"Pediatric endocrinology is a medical subspecialty dealing with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, diabetes and many more. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is a rare form of diabetes characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life.Type 2 diabetes mellitus is emerging as a new clinical problem within pediatric practice. Aim of the Study An explosion of work over the last decade has produced insight into the multiple hereditary causes of a non-immunological form of diabetes diagnosed most frequently within the first 6 months of life. These studies are providing increased understanding of genes involved in the entire chain of steps that control glucose homeostasis. Neonatal diabetes is now understood to arise from mutations in genes that play critical roles in the development of the pancreas, of β-cell apoptosis and insulin processing, as well as the regulation of insulin release.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46246081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. Many are benign, while some are malignant. They most commonly occur in the intestine, where they are often called carcinoid tumors, but they are also found in the pancreas, lung and the rest of the body. Although there are many kinds of NETs, they are treated as a group of tissue because the cells of these neoplasms share common features, such as looking similar, having special secretory granules, and often producing biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones.
{"title":"Classification of Neuroendocrine Tumors: Consensus Guidelines for the Management and Treatment","authors":"Sonallah Ibrahim","doi":"10.31579/2640-1045/094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/094","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. Many are benign, while some are malignant. They most commonly occur in the intestine, where they are often called carcinoid tumors, but they are also found in the pancreas, lung and the rest of the body. Although there are many kinds of NETs, they are treated as a group of tissue because the cells of these neoplasms share common features, such as looking similar, having special secretory granules, and often producing biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones.","PeriodicalId":72909,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and disorders : open access","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42719447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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