Engineered regeneration最新文献_第3页

MicroRNAs and mRNAs: A comparative analysis in translation and commercialization MicroRNAs和mrna：翻译和商业化的比较分析

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.04.001

Jamie Cheng , Wubin Bai , Thomas Caranasos

Success with mRNA vaccines has positioned microRNAs as possibly the nextgeneration therapeutics. While mRNAs have demonstrated rapid translation into effective vaccines, microRNAs possess certain advantages in gene regulation, particularly in targeting multiple genes concurrently. Therefore, they are promising for the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular disorders. This paper provides information about microRNAs with regard to their therapeutic applications, based on their stability, tissue distribution, and specific gene modulation. However, commercialization of microRNA also faces challenges, especially in aspects of delivery and regulatory approval. Unlike the mRNAs, which benefit from the delivery method of lipid nanoparticles, the microRNAs need an innovative delivery method that guarantees target efficacy and ensures minimal off-target effects. Additionally, regulatory pathways for microRNAs have not been fully developed and have to be well-assessed for their safety and effectiveness. We propose that microRNAs and mRNAs may exert complementary therapeutic functions, as mRNAs in vaccines are superior while microRNAs offer new roads to treatments in multifactorial diseases. Since these challenges are being overcome, microRNA-based therapies have the potential to revolutionize treatments for gene regulation and thereby affect the future of RNA therapeutics. This paper outlines the therapeutic potential of microRNAs and the steps involved in translation into clinical application.

mRNA疫苗的成功使microrna有可能成为下一代疗法。虽然mrna已被证明可以快速转化为有效的疫苗，但microrna在基因调控方面具有一定优势，特别是在同时靶向多个基因方面。因此，它们有望用于癌症和心血管疾病的治疗。本文提供了关于microrna的信息，关于他们的治疗应用，基于他们的稳定性，组织分布，和特定的基因调节。然而，microRNA的商业化也面临着挑战，特别是在递送和监管审批方面。与受益于脂质纳米颗粒递送方法的mrna不同，microrna需要一种创新的递送方法，以保证靶向效果并确保最小的脱靶效应。此外，microrna的调控途径尚未完全开发，必须对其安全性和有效性进行充分评估。我们提出microRNAs和mrna可能发挥互补的治疗功能，因为mrna在疫苗中具有优势，而microRNAs为多因子疾病的治疗提供了新的途径。由于这些挑战正在被克服，基于微RNA的治疗有可能彻底改变基因调控的治疗方法，从而影响RNA治疗的未来。本文概述了microrna的治疗潜力和转化为临床应用所涉及的步骤。

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引用次数: 0

Immunomodulating red blood cell coating for mitigation of foreign body reactions 免疫调节红血球涂层减轻异物反应

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.09.001

Yi Ye , Jinyun Wu , Tao Sun , Minghong Huang , Jiaping Pan , Danjing Hu , Keying Chen , Dawei Wang , Chenxi Wang , Yangkun Shen , Qi Chen , Baolin Huang

Chronic inflammation of biomedical implants usually leads to fibrosis and device malfunction in the long term. To address these issues, a cell-crosslinked coating of red blood cells (RBCs) was developed to imitate a self-friendly biological membrane and camouflage the implants from immune system. Using the widely applied poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as a model substrate, a natural polymer hyaluronic acid (HA) layer was constructed upon PDMS (PDMS-HA), which was further decorated with RBCs (PDMS-HA-RBC). Compared to pristine PDMS, both PDMS-HA and PDMS-HA-RBC notably polarized the original macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) rather than a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1). Especially, PDMS-HA-RBC exhibited the highest M2/M1 ratios of macrophages, suggesting efficient modulation effects of inflammation reactions by the RBCs coating. Moreover, in vivo results found that PDMS induced considerable foreign body reactions (FBRs) and extensive fibrosis formation. In contrast, PDMS-HA revealed a significantly thinner fibrotic layer while PDMS-HA-RBC induced the least amount of fibrosis. In addition, PDMS-HA-RBC exhibited the highest fluorescent intensity of CD206 (M2 antigen) and the lowest fluorescent intensity of CD86 (M1 antigen). It was speculated that the RBCs coating-mediated macrophage polarization was mainly attributed to the presence of immune escape antigens (such as CD47 and CD59) upon the cell coating. Altogether, our living RBCs coating demonstrated significant potentials in mitigating FBRs of PDMS, indicating their promising applications in surface engineering of various biomedical implants.

生物医学植入物的慢性炎症通常会导致纤维化和设备长期故障。为了解决这些问题，一种细胞交联的红细胞（rbc）涂层被开发出来，以模仿一种自友好的生物膜，并保护植入物免受免疫系统的攻击。以应用广泛的聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）为模型底物，在PDMS （PDMS-HA）上构建天然聚合物透明质酸（HA）层，并在其表面进行红细胞修饰（PDMS-HA- rbc）。与原始PDMS相比，PDMS- ha和PDMS- ha - rbc均明显使原始巨噬细胞极化为抗炎表型（M2）而不是促炎表型（M1）。特别是PDMS-HA-RBC巨噬细胞M2/M1比值最高，提示红细胞包被对炎症反应有有效的调节作用。此外，体内实验结果发现，PDMS诱导了大量的异物反应（FBRs）和广泛的纤维化形成。相比之下，PDMS-HA显示纤维化层明显变薄，而PDMS-HA- rbc诱导的纤维化量最少。此外，PDMS-HA-RBC对M2抗原CD206的荧光强度最高，对M1抗原CD86的荧光强度最低。推测红细胞包被介导的巨噬细胞极化主要是由于细胞包被上存在免疫逃逸抗原（如CD47和CD59）。总之，我们的活红细胞涂层在减轻PDMS的fbr方面显示出显著的潜力，表明它们在各种生物医学植入物的表面工程中具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

The microenvironment in atherosclerosis: molecular regulation mechanism and immunotherapy 动脉粥样硬化中的微环境：分子调控机制和免疫治疗

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.002

Xiaoyu Teng , Qinlian Jiao , Yidan Ren , Xin Su , Zigan Li , Yuxuan Cai , Tangbin Hu , Maoxiao Feng , Xiaoyan Liu , Ming Xia , Jun Tai , Yana Zhang , Yunshan Wang , Mo Wang

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease closely linked to immune dysregulation. The immune microenvironment within atherosclerotic lesions is highly complex, involving diverse innate and adaptive immune cells and their intricate crosstalk. These immune interactions collectively contribute to plaque formation, progression, and destabilization. This review comprehensively examines the roles of key immune cell populations—including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells—in regulating inflammation, foam cell formation, and lesion stability. Special attention is given to intercellular regulatory circuits such as the Th1–M1 feedback loop, the OX40L–Th17 axis, and DC–T–NK amplification loops. Furthermore, the review highlights the influence of immunometabolic reprogramming on immune cell function and plaque phenotype, illustrating how metabolic states shape inflammatory outcomes. It also discusses the contribution of key signaling pathways—including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)—to atherosclerotic inflammation and plaque vulnerability. Advances in immunotherapy are also reviewed, including anti-inflammatory agents such as colchicine and canakinumab, as well as emerging vaccine strategies targeting lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation.

A deeper understanding of immune cell interplay and signaling dynamics in atherosclerosis will provide a foundation for developing more effective, multi-targeted immunotherapeutic interventions. Future research should aim to refine these strategies to maximize efficacy and safety, with the goal of reducing the global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

动脉粥样硬化是一种与免疫失调密切相关的慢性炎症性疾病。动脉粥样硬化病变内的免疫微环境是高度复杂的，涉及多种先天和适应性免疫细胞及其复杂的相互作用。这些免疫相互作用共同促进斑块的形成、进展和不稳定。本文综述了包括巨噬细胞、树突状细胞（dc）、中性粒细胞、肥大细胞、自然杀伤细胞（NK）、T细胞和B细胞在内的关键免疫细胞群在调节炎症、泡沫细胞形成和病变稳定性中的作用。特别关注细胞间调节回路，如Th1-M1反馈回路、OX40L-Th17轴和DC-T-NK放大回路。此外，该综述强调了免疫代谢重编程对免疫细胞功能和斑块表型的影响，说明了代谢状态如何影响炎症结果。它还讨论了关键信号通路的贡献，包括toll样受体（TLRs）， nod样受体蛋白3 （NLRP3）炎症小体和蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌素/酮蛋白9 （PCSK9）对动脉粥样硬化炎症和斑块易感性的影响。免疫治疗的进展也进行了回顾，包括抗炎药，如秋水仙碱和canakinumab，以及针对脂质代谢和血管炎症的新兴疫苗策略。对动脉粥样硬化中免疫细胞相互作用和信号动力学的深入了解将为开发更有效的多靶向免疫治疗干预提供基础。未来的研究应旨在完善这些策略，以最大限度地提高疗效和安全性，以减少动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的全球负担。

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引用次数: 0

Bioactive diamond scaffolds support neuronal survival and axonal growth 生物活性金刚石支架支持神经元存活和轴突生长

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.001

R J F Sørensen , Nicolas Bertram , Ugne Dubonyte , Bob A Hersbach , Alison Salvador , Anpan Han , Agnete Kirkeby , Rune W Berg , Jaspreet Kaur

Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) can have devastating consequences for the individual, and strategies to promote endogenous axonal regeneration may be a promising future therapeutic avenue. In the case of spinal cord injury, one approach is to generate a scaffold-bridge across the injury site, through which the neuronal axons can grow and reconnect. Inspired by the various properties of diamond, including its chemical inertness, we proposed a strategy in which synthetic diamond scaffolds were coated with proteins with beneficial properties to promote biocompatibility of the scaffolds towards neurons. Here, we demonstrated that bare, non-coated diamond scaffolds, when terminated with either oxygen or hydrogen, were unable to adhere to the human embryonic stem cell-derived interneurons in culture. In contrast, oxygen terminated protein-coated scaffolds (i.e., bioactive diamond scaffold) efficiently enabled neuronal attachment and supported the survival, migration, and neurite elongation across an induced injury gap in culture. Further, hydrogen terminated bioactive scaffolds also promoted cell adhesion, migration, and neurite elongation upon injury, but not as efficiently as oxygen-terminated bioactive scaffolds. With this data we suggest that bioactive synthetic diamond scaffolds could provide a valuable tool for future therapeutic strategies in the context of CNS injuries.

中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤对个体具有毁灭性的后果，促进内源性轴突再生的策略可能是未来有希望的治疗途径。在脊髓损伤的情况下，一种方法是在损伤部位产生一个支架桥，通过它神经元轴突可以生长和重新连接。受金刚石的各种特性（包括其化学惰性）的启发，我们提出了一种策略，在合成金刚石支架上涂覆具有有益特性的蛋白质，以促进支架对神经元的生物相容性。在这里，我们证明了裸的、无涂层的金刚石支架，当用氧或氢终止时，不能附着在培养的人类胚胎干细胞衍生的中间神经元上。相比之下，氧终止蛋白包被支架（即生物活性金刚石支架）有效地使神经元附着，并支持在培养中诱导损伤间隙中的存活、迁移和神经突伸长。此外，氢端生物活性支架在损伤后也能促进细胞粘附、迁移和神经突伸长，但效果不如氧端生物活性支架。根据这些数据，我们认为生物活性合成金刚石支架可以为未来中枢神经系统损伤的治疗策略提供有价值的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Bioactive diamond scaffolds support neuronal survival and axonal growth 生物活性金刚石支架支持神经元存活和轴突生长

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.07.001

R J F Sørensen , Nicolas Bertram , Ugne Dubonyte , Bob A Hersbach , Alison Salvador , Anpan Han , Agnete Kirkeby , Rune W Berg , Jaspreet Kaur

Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) can have devastating consequences for the individual, and strategies to promote endogenous axonal regeneration may be a promising future therapeutic avenue. In the case of spinal cord injury, one approach is to generate a scaffold-bridge across the injury site, through which the neuronal axons can grow and reconnect. Inspired by the various properties of diamond, including its chemical inertness, we proposed a strategy in which synthetic diamond scaffolds were coated with proteins with beneficial properties to promote biocompatibility of the scaffolds towards neurons. Here, we demonstrated that bare, non-coated diamond scaffolds, when terminated with either oxygen or hydrogen, were unable to adhere to the human embryonic stem cell-derived interneurons in culture. In contrast, oxygen terminated protein-coated scaffolds (i.e., bioactive diamond scaffold) efficiently enabled neuronal attachment and supported the survival, migration, and neurite elongation across an induced injury gap in culture. Further, hydrogen terminated bioactive scaffolds also promoted cell adhesion, migration, and neurite elongation upon injury, but not as efficiently as oxygen-terminated bioactive scaffolds. With this data we suggest that bioactive synthetic diamond scaffolds could provide a valuable tool for future therapeutic strategies in the context of CNS injuries.

中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤对个体具有毁灭性的后果，促进内源性轴突再生的策略可能是未来有希望的治疗途径。在脊髓损伤的情况下，一种方法是在损伤部位产生一个支架桥，通过它神经元轴突可以生长和重新连接。受金刚石的各种特性（包括其化学惰性）的启发，我们提出了一种策略，在合成金刚石支架上涂覆具有有益特性的蛋白质，以促进支架对神经元的生物相容性。在这里，我们证明了裸的、无涂层的金刚石支架，当用氧或氢终止时，不能附着在培养的人类胚胎干细胞衍生的中间神经元上。相比之下，氧终止蛋白包被支架（即生物活性金刚石支架）有效地使神经元附着，并支持在培养中诱导损伤间隙中的存活、迁移和神经突伸长。此外，氢端生物活性支架在损伤后也能促进细胞粘附、迁移和神经突伸长，但效果不如氧端生物活性支架。根据这些数据，我们认为生物活性合成金刚石支架可以为未来中枢神经系统损伤的治疗策略提供有价值的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Transcript-activated collagen matrix for enhanced bone marrow stem cell differentiation and osteochondral repair 转录活化胶原基质增强骨髓干细胞分化和骨软骨修复

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.03.002

Gang Zhong , Yixuan Luo , Meng Wang , Zhengran Yu , Xuenong Zou , Gang Wang , Fei Chen , Yin Yu

The regeneration of critical-sized osteochondral defects remains a significant challenge due to the limited self-healing capacity of cartilage. Traditional approaches, such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI), have shown promise but are limited by issues like insufficient cell availability, dedifferentiation of chondrocytes during expansion, and the formation of fibrocartilage rather than functional hyaline cartilage. This study presents a promising approach utilizing transcript-activated matrices (TAMs) with mRNA to enhance the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in situ. Chemically modified mRNA (cmRNA) encoding transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) was encapsulated in a collagen hydrogel to provide localized, sustained delivery of chondrogenic signals. In a rat model of critical-sized osteochondral defects, this strategy significantly promoted cartilage regeneration, achieving structural and molecular restoration within six weeks. Histological and biochemical analyses revealed robust chondrogenesis, enhanced extracellular matrix deposition, and superior mechanical properties. Moreover, TAM therapy maintained subchondral bone integrity This work highlights the transformative potential of mRNA-activated matrices as a platform technology that not only addresses key limitations of existing cartilage repair strategies but also provides a biomimetic microenvironment that guides stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration.

由于软骨的自愈能力有限，骨软骨缺损的再生仍然是一个重大的挑战。传统的方法，如自体软骨细胞植入（ACI）和基质诱导的自体软骨细胞植入（MACI），已经显示出前景，但受到诸如细胞可用性不足、软骨细胞在扩张过程中去分化以及形成纤维软骨而不是功能透明软骨等问题的限制。本研究提出了一种利用mRNA转录激活基质（TAMs）原位增强骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）治疗潜力的有希望的方法。将编码转化生长因子β3 （TGF-β3）的化学修饰mRNA （cmRNA）包裹在胶原水凝胶中，以提供局部、持续的软骨生成信号传递。在大鼠骨软骨缺损模型中，该策略显著促进了软骨再生，在6周内实现了结构和分子的修复。组织学和生化分析显示强健的软骨形成，增强的细胞外基质沉积和优越的力学性能。此外，TAM治疗保持了软骨下骨的完整性。这项工作强调了mrna激活基质作为平台技术的转化潜力，它不仅解决了现有软骨修复策略的关键限制，而且提供了一个引导干细胞分化和组织再生的仿生微环境。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to ‘LSM6 promotes cell proliferation and migration regulated by HMGB1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma’[Engineered Regeneration 5 (2024) 247-254] “喉鳞癌中LSM6促进HMGB1调控的细胞增殖和迁移”的更正[工程再生5 (2024)247-254]

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.12.002

Dengbin Ma , Jiayi Li , Hui Li , Yao Tang , Xia Gao , Hong Chen , Xiaoyun Qian , Xiaohui Shen

引用次数: 0

Molecular pathogenesis of acne and their microneedle treatments 痤疮的分子发病机制及其微针治疗

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.11.001

Yuanyuan Zhang , Yixuan Shang , Jun Bao , Yu Wang

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit, which brings serious physical and mental burden to patients. Despite decades of research, its pathogenesis remains multifactorial and incompletely elucidated. Conventional therapeutic approaches still have limitations in meeting clinical demands due to limited skin penetration, systemic side effects, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Microneedles based drug delivery systems offer a minimally invasive strategy to overcome the stratum corneum barrier, achieve controlled intradermal drug release, and enhance local therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. This review systematically summarizes the latest research of microneedles for the treatment of acne. We first introduce the pathological mechanisms underlying acne development, followed by an overview of the latest advances in microneedle technologies for targeted acne therapy, including dissolving, hydrogel, solid, hollow, coated microneedles and stimuli-responsive designs. Finally, we highlight ongoing limitations and propose future strategies to enhance the development and clinical application of microneedle therapies in acne management.

寻常痤疮是一种毛囊皮脂腺单位的慢性炎症性疾病，给患者带来严重的身心负担。尽管几十年的研究，其发病机制仍然是多因素的，并没有完全阐明。由于皮肤渗透有限、全身副作用和抗菌素耐药性的出现，传统的治疗方法在满足临床需求方面仍然存在局限性。基于微针的给药系统提供了一种微创策略，可以克服角质层屏障，实现皮内药物可控释放，提高局部治疗效果，同时降低全身毒性。本文系统地综述了微针治疗痤疮的最新研究进展。我们首先介绍了痤疮发展的病理机制，然后概述了针对痤疮治疗的微针技术的最新进展，包括溶解微针、水凝胶微针、固体微针、空心微针、涂膜微针和刺激响应设计。最后，我们强调了目前存在的局限性，并提出了未来的策略，以加强微针疗法在痤疮治疗中的发展和临床应用。

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引用次数: 0

Advances in smart hybrid scaffolds: A strategic approach for regenerative clinical applications 智能混合支架的进展：再生临床应用的战略途径

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.02.002

Ahsan Riaz Khan , Amol D. Gholap , Navdeep Singh Grewal , Zhang Jun , Mohammad Khalid , Hai-Jun Zhang

The emergence of innovative 3D-printed hybrid scaffolds is transforming the landscape of tissue engineering by effectively addressing various regenerative clinical challenges. These scaffolds, which combine the advantageous properties of metals, polymers, and ceramics, surpass the limitations associated with single-material constructs. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the applications of hybrid scaffolds in cardiology, orthopedics, and neural tissue regeneration, highlighting their role in advancing biomimetics, accelerating wound healing, enabling targeted drug delivery, and facilitating tumor therapy. Critical factors such as biomechanical compatibility, bioactivity, degradation rates, and mechanical integrity are critically evaluated following scaffold integration into host tissues. Additionally, nano-topographical features are explored to assess scaffold performance and cellular interactions. Key architectural parameters such as porosity, pore size, and interconnectivity are analyzed for their biological implications in physiological conditions. Furthermore, the investigation extends to smart scaffolds that incorporate stimuli-responsive mechanisms through 4D printing and shape memory polymers, which mimic the complex and dynamic properties of living tissues in response to various stimuli. The review concludes by highlighting the significance of integrating stimuli-responsive characteristics as a fourth dimension in hybrid scaffolds, thereby enhancing their potential for advanced clinical applications.

创新的3d打印混合支架的出现，通过有效地解决各种再生临床挑战，正在改变组织工程的格局。这些支架结合了金属、聚合物和陶瓷的优点，超越了单一材料结构的局限性。本文综述了混合支架在心脏病学、骨科和神经组织再生中的应用，重点介绍了它们在推进仿生、加速伤口愈合、实现靶向药物传递和促进肿瘤治疗方面的作用。关键因素，如生物力学相容性、生物活性、降解率和机械完整性，在支架整合到宿主组织后进行严格评估。此外，纳米形貌特征的探讨，以评估支架的性能和细胞相互作用。关键的建筑参数，如孔隙度，孔径和互联性分析其在生理条件下的生物学意义。此外，该研究扩展到智能支架，通过4D打印和形状记忆聚合物结合刺激响应机制，模仿活组织在各种刺激下的复杂和动态特性。综述最后强调了将刺激反应特性作为混合支架的第四个维度的重要性，从而增强了它们在高级临床应用中的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Engineering neuroblastoma models for clinical translation 用于临床翻译的神经母细胞瘤工程模型

Q1 Medicine

Engineered regeneration

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2025.05.002

Taiyu Song , Rui Liu , Feika Bian , Bin Kong , Jingjing Gan

Neuroblastoma is a profoundly heterogenous extracranial solid tumor in pediatric patients. Elevated risk grade of neuroblastoma has been correlated with unsatisfactory prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Despite multimodal therapies exploited for killing neuroblastoma tumor cells, in high-risk neuroblastoma patients, the long-term survival is currently less than 50%. Promising approaches to evaluating the extent of heterogeneity via gene expression profiling of cell subpopulations within individual tumors are still lacking. There is uncertainty about the cross-talk between neuroblastoma cells and other non-neoplastic cell components in the tumor microenvironment. Recently, concerns about individualized eradication therapies have advanced the demand for the diversified construction of neuroblastoma tumor models. This review briefly introduces the genetic variation, subpopulations, and tumor microenvironment aspects of neuroblastoma heterogeneity. Then, we summarize recent methods of constructing tumor models to mimic the biological features of neuroblastoma tumors in vitro. Finally, we conclude the future trends and perspectives in neuroblastoma tumor therapy.

神经母细胞瘤是儿科患者的一种深度异质性颅外实体瘤。神经母细胞瘤的危险等级升高与预后不佳和化疗耐药有关。尽管采用了多种治疗方法来杀死神经母细胞瘤肿瘤细胞，但在高危神经母细胞瘤患者中，长期生存率目前低于50%。通过单个肿瘤细胞亚群的基因表达谱来评估异质性程度的有希望的方法仍然缺乏。神经母细胞瘤细胞与肿瘤微环境中其他非肿瘤细胞组分之间的相互作用尚不确定。近年来，对个体化根除治疗的关注提高了对神经母细胞瘤肿瘤模型多样化构建的需求。本文简要介绍了神经母细胞瘤异质性的遗传变异、亚群和肿瘤微环境。然后，我们总结了近年来在体外模拟神经母细胞瘤肿瘤生物学特征的肿瘤模型构建方法。最后，我们总结了神经母细胞瘤治疗的未来趋势和展望。

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引用次数: 0