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Solving freshwater conservation challenges through next-generation sequencing approaches 通过下一代测序方法解决淡水保护难题
IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1039/D4VA00112E
Milena Esser, Markus Brinkmann and Markus Hecker

Freshwater ecosystems face numerous conservation challenges due to anthropogenic pressures and environmental changes, necessitating advanced monitoring methods for effective conservation strategies. Traditional monitoring approaches have limitations, including low resolution and the inability to address emerging threats or understand the structure–function relationship within ecosystems. This paper explores how Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches can revolutionize freshwater conservation efforts by integrating unbiased molecular insights into biomonitoring. By leveraging NGS methods a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem dynamics can be achieved. The paper emphasizes the critical link between microbial community composition and ecosystem functioning, highlighting the assessment of functional diversity and activity as key metrics in evaluating ecosystem health. The significant advancements NGS brings to the field enable a proactive approach to conservation strategies and informed management decisions. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the importance and advancements in integrating NGS methods, marking a paradigm shift in conservation practices and leveraging cutting-edge technologies to safeguard the integrity and resilience of freshwater ecosystems for future generations.

由于人为压力和环境变化,淡水生态系统面临着众多保护挑战,因此有必要采用先进的监测方法来制定有效的保护战略。传统的监测方法存在局限性,包括分辨率低、无法应对新出现的威胁或了解生态系统内部的结构-功能关系。本文探讨了下一代测序(NGS)方法如何通过将无偏见的分子洞察力整合到生物监测中来彻底改变淡水保护工作。通过利用 NGS 方法,可以实现对生态系统动态的全面了解。论文强调了微生物群落组成与生态系统功能之间的重要联系,突出了对功能多样性和活性的评估,将其作为评价生态系统健康状况的关键指标。NGS 为该领域带来的重大进展使我们能够采取积极主动的方法来制定保护战略和做出明智的管理决策。本文全面概述了整合 NGS 方法的重要性和进展,标志着保护实践的范式转变,并利用尖端技术为子孙后代保护淡水生态系统的完整性和恢复力。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning-based prediction of fish acute mortality: implementation, interpretation, and regulatory relevance† 基于机器学习的鱼类急性死亡率预测:实施、解释和监管相关性
IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1039/D4VA00072B
Lilian Gasser, Christoph Schür, Fernando Perez-Cruz, Kristin Schirmer and Marco Baity-Jesi

Regulation of chemicals requires knowledge of their toxicological effects on a large number of species, which has traditionally been acquired through in vivo testing. The recent effort to find alternatives based on machine learning, however, has not focused on guaranteeing transparency, comparability and reproducibility, which makes it difficult to assess advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Also, comparable baseline performances are needed. In this study, we trained regression models on the ADORE “t-F2F” challenge proposed in [Schür et al., Nature Scientific data, 2023] to predict acute mortality, measured as LC50 (lethal concentration 50), of organic compounds on fishes. We trained LASSO, random forest (RF), XGBoost, Gaussian process (GP) regression models, and found a series of aspects that are stable across models: (i) using mass or molar concentrations does not affect performances; (ii) the performances are only weakly dependent on the molecular representations of the chemicals, but (iii) strongly on how the data is split. Overall, the tree-based models RF and XGBoost performed best and we were able to predict the log10-transformed LC50 with a root mean square error of 0.90, which corresponds to an order of magnitude on the original LC50 scale. On a local level, on the other hand, the models are not able to consistently predict the toxicity of individual chemicals accurately enough. Predictions for single chemicals are mostly influenced by a few chemical properties while taxonomic traits are not captured sufficiently by the models. We discuss technical and conceptual improvements for these challenges to enhance the suitability of in silico methods to environmental hazard assessment. Accordingly, this work showcases state-of-the-art models and contributes to the ongoing discussion on regulatory integration.

对化学品的监管需要了解其对大量物种的毒理影响,而这种影响传统上是通过体内测试获得的。然而,最近基于机器学习寻找替代方法的努力并没有把重点放在保证透明度、可比性和可重复性上,因此很难评估这些方法的优缺点。此外,还需要可比较的基准性能。在本研究中,我们根据[Schür 等人,《自然科学数据》,2023 年]中提出的 ADORE "t-F2F "挑战训练了回归模型,以预测有机化合物对鱼类的急性死亡率,即 LC50(致死浓度 50)。我们对 LASSO、随机森林 (RF)、XGBoost 和高斯过程 (GP) 回归模型进行了训练,发现不同模型之间存在一系列稳定的方面:(i) 使用质量或摩尔浓度不会影响性能;(ii) 性能仅微弱依赖于化学物质的分子表征,但 (iii) 强烈依赖于数据的分割方式。总体而言,基于树的模型 RF 和 XGBoost 表现最佳,我们能够以 0.90 的均方根误差预测对数 10 转换后的 LC50,这相当于原始 LC50 标度的一个数量级。另一方面,在局部水平上,模型无法持续准确地预测单个化学品的毒性。对单种化学品的预测主要受少数化学特性的影响,而分类学特征则未被模型充分捕捉。针对这些挑战,我们讨论了技术和概念上的改进,以提高硅学方法在环境危害评估中的适用性。因此,这项工作展示了最先进的模型,并为正在进行的监管整合讨论做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Viability of elutriation for the extraction of microplastics from environmental soil samples† 从环境土壤样本中提取微塑料的洗脱可行性
IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1039/D4VA00087K
Kyle Forsythe, Mason Egermeier, Marcus Garcia, Rui Liu, Matthew Campen, Matteo Minghetti, Andrea Jilling and Jorge Gonzalez-Estrella

In this study, we evaluated the suitability of elutriation, a method successfully employed in the extraction of microplastics from marine sediments, for the extraction of microplastics from freshwater and terrestrial soils. Five soils were sampled throughout Oklahoma, USA in order to capture a range of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter composition. Each soil was subjected to microplastic extraction with and without elutriation, followed by digestion in 7.5% NaOCl, and then flotation in 6 M ZnCl2. The mass of each soil was measured after elutriation to determine sample mass reduction, and multiple methods including fluorescence imaging and automated particle counting through ImageJ, Attenuated Total Reflectence-Fourier Transfor Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Pyrolysis-coupled Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (py-GC/MS) were used to determine microplastic quantity, mass, and characteristics. T-test was used to check for statistically-significant differences between methods in terms of mass or particle quantity. For all tested soils, elutriation resulted in greater sample mass reduction than non-elutriated samples, and was between 59.0–97.3% for the tested soils. Furthermore, no statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed in particle quantification or polymer mass between methods, and no differences were observed for polymer or size distribution. Additionally, 33% more polymers were positively identified (R2 = 70%) by ATR-FTIR analysis in elutriated samples compared to non-elutriated soils. The mass reduction provided by elutriation allows for the processing of larger sample volumes, leading to greater accuracy and sensitivity in detecting microplastics. As such, we recommend elutriation be performed as a pretreatment step to extract microplastics from soils.

在这项研究中,我们评估了洗脱法(一种成功用于从海洋沉积物中提取微塑料的方法)是否适用于从淡水和陆地土壤中提取微塑料。我们在美国俄克拉荷马州各地采集了五种土壤样本,以捕捉各种砂、淤泥、粘土和有机物成分。对每种土壤都进行了微塑料萃取,包括洗脱和不洗脱,然后在 7.5% NaOCl 中消化,再在 6M ZnCl2 中浮选。洗脱后测量每种土壤的质量以确定样品质量的减少,并采用多种方法(包括通过 ImageJ 进行荧光成像和自动粒子计数、衰减全反射-傅立叶变换红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)和热解耦合气相色谱/质谱法(py-GC/MS))确定微塑料的数量、质量和特征。采用 T 检验法检查不同方法在质量或颗粒数量方面是否存在显著的统计学差异。在所有测试土壤中,洗脱法比非洗脱法减少的样本质量更大,在测试土壤中,洗脱法减少的样本质量在 59.0-97.3% 之间。此外,在颗粒数量或聚合物质量方面,不同方法之间没有发现明显的统计学差异(p < 0.05),在聚合物或粒度分布方面也没有发现差异。此外,与未经过洗脱处理的土壤相比,通过 ATR-FTIR 分析,洗脱处理过的土壤样品中可确定的聚合物数量增加了 33%(R2 = 70%)。洗脱法减少了样品的质量,可以处理更大量的样品,从而提高了检测微塑料的准确性和灵敏度。因此,我们建议将洗脱作为从土壤中提取微塑料的预处理步骤。
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引用次数: 0
A review on waste biomass-to-energy: integrated thermochemical and biochemical conversion for resource recovery 废物生物质转化为能源综述:热化学和生物化学综合转化促进资源回收
IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1039/D4VA00109E
Yasmin Ara Begum, Sheetal Kumari, Shailendra Kumar Jain and Manoj Chandra Garg

Improving energy security and lowering greenhouse gas emissions need the utilization of renewable resources like biomass. The production of power, heat, and biofuels from biomass has gained significant attention in the current energy scenario. The current study highlights the developments, advancements, and future possibilities of merging thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes for the manufacture of value-added chemicals and green fuels. While biological processes have extensive processing times and low product yields, thermochemical methods are limited by high processing costs and temperature requirements. The integration of thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes facilitates the circular economy and improves resource usage. Despite the wide range of feasible integration scenarios, the majority of research that is now accessible in the literature concentrates on the developments in thermochemical or biochemical processes as a standalone conversion pathway. The present review aids in gaining a basic understanding of potential routes to unlock pathways for complete biomass conversion. Pyrolysis, as well as hybrid conversion techniques, are the most appealing methods from an economic evaluation standpoint. In this work, a techno-economic analysis of the significant conversion processes has also been presented. Examining the environmental impact and costs of alternative waste conversion processes is necessary when obtaining energy from garbage or biomass. So, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a useful method for comparing the environmental effects of various waste-to-energy options. To increase the production of biofuels, further research is required in the areas of feedstock pretreatment, catalyst development, and total production system optimization.

提高能源安全和减少温室气体排放需要利用生物质等可再生资源。在当前的能源形势下,利用生物质生产电力、热能和生物燃料已受到极大关注。本研究强调了热化学和生物化学转化过程的发展、进步和未来的可能性,以生产增值化学品和绿色燃料。生物工艺处理时间长、产品产量低,而热化学方法则受限于高处理成本和温度要求。热化学和生物化学转化过程的整合有利于循环经济的发展并提高资源利用率。尽管有多种可行的整合方案,但目前文献中的大部分研究都集中在作为独立转化途径的热化学或生物化学工艺的发展上。本综述有助于获得对生物质完全转化途径的基本认识和潜在解锁途径。从经济评估的角度来看,热解以及混合转化技术是最有吸引力的方法。在这项工作中,还对重要的转化过程进行了技术经济分析。从垃圾或生物质中获取能源时,有必要研究替代废物转化工艺对环境的影响和成本。因此,生命周期评估(LCA)是比较各种废物变能源方案对环境影响的有效方法。为了提高生物燃料的产量,需要在原料预处理、催化剂开发和整个生产系统优化等领域开展进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Advancements in the stability, protection and lead-free strategies of perovskite solar cells: a critical review 无铅无毒 Perovskite So-lar 电池稳定性和预防策略的进展:评论
IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1039/D3VA00401E
Aryan Dilawar Khan, Muhammad Mustajab, Sawaira Moeen, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Ikram, Qasim Khan and Maaz Khan

Lead toxicity is a challenge for the large-scale commercial production and the field implementation of photovoltaics. The fabrication of lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is environmentally acceptable; researchers have investigated the unique perovskite materials that are non-toxic in nature. The recent advancements in PSCs with suitable bandgap energy, optical and electrical features and structural alterations, methods for manufacturing metal electrodes and their internal and external effects have been investigated. Moreover, the toxic lead causes various diseases due to lead spreading in the environment which has been minimized by encapsulation. Incorporation of heterovalent and isovalent materials to reduce lead toxicity and improve stability has been discussed, and encapsulation techniques to avoid deterioration and corrosion have also been discussed. This critical review addresses the stability issues and challenges of PSCs. The intention is to pique the interest of younger researchers already active in this rapidly emerging study area.

铅毒性是大规模商业生产和实地应用光伏技术所面临的挑战。无铅过氧化物太阳能电池(PSCs)的制造是环境可接受的;研究人员已经研究出了无毒的独特过氧化物材料。研究人员对带隙、光学和电学特性、结构改变、金属电极制造方法及其内部和外部影响的 PSCs 最新进展进行了研究。此外,由于铅在环境中的扩散,有毒铅的影响导致了各种疾病的产生,而使用封装技术可以最大限度地减少这种影响。文章讨论了将异价和同价材料结合在一起以降低铅毒性和提高稳定性的问题,还讨论了避免劣化和腐蚀的封装技术。本评论综述了与 PSCs 稳定性困难和挑战有关的问题。其目的是激发已经活跃在这一迅速崛起的研究领域的年轻研究人员的兴趣。
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引用次数: 0
Glyphosate: a review on its widespread prevalence and occurrence across various systems 草甘膦:关于草甘膦在各种系统中广泛流行和出现的综述
IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-25 DOI: 10.1039/D4VA00085D
Mishika Ahuja, Lakhan Kumar, Krishan Kumar, Vyas Madhavrao Shingatgeri and Saroj Kumar

Glyphosate (GLY), a versatile herbicide with several applications, has become quite popular for controlling weed growth in residential, commercial, and agricultural settings. Its widespread acceptance has been facilitated by its effectiveness and low cost. However, overuse and improper application of GLY have become an urgent concern, raising questions about potential harm to human health and environmental sustainability. Studies have revealed that GLY exhibits toxic properties that can lead to detrimental consequences for human well-being. These include the potential to induce cancer, contribute to birth defects, and disrupt reproductive functions. Moreover, when exposed to non-target organisms, GLY has been found to inflict adverse impacts on various forms of aquatic life, insects, and essential soil microorganisms. Because of its great solubility and low quantities in soil and water, GLY detection is a difficult process. In response to the concerns surrounding GLY, several detection techniques have been devised, encompassing chromatography, immunoassays, and mass spectrometry. These methods play a crucial role in investigating the ramifications associated with GLY application in agriculture and the environment. The study also emphasizes the need for continued research to fully understand the long-term effects of GLY exposure on human health and the environment.

草甘膦(GLY)是一种多用途除草剂,有多种用途,在住宅、商业和农业环境中控制杂草生长方面颇受欢迎。草甘膦的有效性和成本优势促进了它被广泛接受。然而,GLY 的过度使用和不当施用已成为一个亟待解决的问题,引发了对人类健康和环境可持续性的潜在危害。研究表明,GLY 具有毒性,可对人类健康造成有害影响。其中包括可能诱发癌症、导致先天缺陷和破坏生殖功能。此外,当 GLY 暴露于非目标生物时,它还会对各种形式的水生生物、昆虫和重要的土壤微生物造成不利影响。由于 GLY 在土壤和水中的溶解度高且含量低,因此 GLY 的检测工作十分困难。为了解决 GLY 引起的问题,人们开发了多种检测技术,包括色谱法、免疫测定法和质谱法。这些方法在调查草甘膦在农业和环境中应用的相关影响方面发挥着至关重要的作用。该研究还强调,需要继续开展研究,以充分了解接触草甘膦对人类健康和环境的长期影响。
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引用次数: 0
Bioremediation – the recent drift towards a sustainable environment 生物修复--近来向可持续环境的迈进
IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1039/D3VA00358B
Sanjana M., Prajna R., Urvi S. Katti and Kavitha R. V.

The release of untreated effluents into waterbodies poses a major threat to the environment and human health. The increasing ratio of demands to rate of supply due to the ever-growing population has resulted in the need for large-scale and efficient manufacturing. One of the pitfalls of the fast-paced industrialisation of textiles is the current negligence towards environmental safety and health concerns. Textile dyes, especially azo dyes, are one of the most toxic industrial pollutants. To date, many conventional treatment methods such as aeration lagoons, filtration, sedimentation, flocculation, and coagulation have been used for degradation. Nevertheless, modern techniques such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, and mycoremediation have been proven to be more efficient and feasible due to their eco-friendly nature. Bioremediation is the process of degradation of effluents using microbes. There are two bioremediation strategies: i.e., ex situ and in situ. In situ bioremediation involves the biological degradation of contaminants to benign products onsite. In the ex situ process, pollutants are removed from the contamination site, and then treated. Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping, land farming, biopiles, and windrows are some techniques that have been in practice. Various microbiological, ecological, and geological factors affect the rate of bioremediation. To achieve accurate results, the maintenance of an optimal functional range is necessary. Technological advancements have led to new remediation techniques, i.e., nanobioremediation. This review includes insights on the impacts of azo dyes; the principles of bioremediation and its strategies, advantages, and limitations; and future prospects involving nanobioremediation.

未经处理的污水排入水体对环境和人类健康构成重大威胁。由于人口不断增长,需求与供应的比率不断提高,因此需要大规模、高效率的生产。然而,忽视环境安全和环境问题是这种快节奏工业化的隐患。纺织染料,尤其是偶氮染料,是毒性最大的工业污染物之一。迄今为止,许多传统的处理方法,如曝气池、过滤、沉淀、絮凝、混凝等,都被用来降解染料。然而,生物修复、植物修复和菌体修复等现代技术因其生态友好的性质,已被证明更为有效和可行。生物修复是利用微生物降解污水的过程。生物修复有两种策略,即原位修复和就地修复。原位法是在现场将污染物生物降解为良性产物。在异地处理过程中,污染物被移出污染现场,然后进行处理。生物通风、生物淤积、生物冲刷、土地耕作、生物堆和风积层是一些已在实践中应用的技术。各种微生物、生态和地质因素都会影响生物修复的速度。为了取得准确的结果,必须保持最佳的功能范围。技术进步带来了修复技术的新方法,即纳米生物修复。本综述介绍了偶氮染料的影响、生物修复原理及其策略、纳米生物修复的优势、局限性和未来前景。
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引用次数: 0
Proficient Engineering of NiO/Cu2S/rGO heterojunction photocatalysts: fabrication, dye degradation, and mechanism pathways towards environmental remediation NiO/Cu2S/rGO异质结光催化剂的精深工程:制造、染料降解和环境修复的机理途径
Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1039/D3VA00368J
Balaji Parasuraman, Paramasivam Shanmugam, Sambasivam Sangaraju, Hariprasath Rangaraju, Dhayal Raj Alphonse, Mohammed Nawaz Husain and Pazhanivel Thangavelu

Contemporary fashion industry uses numerous dyes and global attention has been drawn to the widespread use, toxicity, carcinogenicity, and bioaccumulation of mixed dyes. Therefore, researchers and scientists are focused on using broad spectrum of photocatalysts to achieve dye remediation with maximum efficiency. Herein, we report the fabrication of novel NiO/Cu2S/rGO ternary nanocomposites synthesized via the one-step hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized sample was analyzed by applying different analytical techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, UV-DRS, SEM, EDX, elemental mapping, and HRTEM analyses. The results confirmed that the NiO and Cu2S nanoparticles are decorated on the 2D-rGO nanosheets. An interfacial ternary heterostructure was successfully utilized for the photocatalytic environmental remediation of mixed dye pollutants under UV-light irradiation. Several key factors contribute to the remarkable photocatalytic performance of these heterostructures, including the wide spectrum of the harvested light, good charge separation, and rapid charge transport. The optimized NiO/Cu2S/rGO ternary nanocomposites exhibited the highest degradation efficiency of 92.4%, 97.9% and 91.6% for RhB, MB and mixed (RhB and MB) dyes, respectively. In contrast, the tentative photocatalytic mechanism pathway, scavengers experiments, recyclability and stability were also investigated. The results reveal that (*O2) and *OH radical species play a major role under UV-light irradiation. The NiO/Cu2S/rGO ternary nanocomposites have potential for the effective degradation of organic dyes in industrial wastewater and environmental remediation.

当代时装业使用大量染料,混合染料的广泛使用、毒性、致癌性和生物蓄积性已引起全球关注。因此,研究人员和科学家专注于使用广谱光催化剂来实现染料修复的最高效率。在此,我们报告了通过一步水热法合成的新型 NiO/Cu2S/rGO 三元纳米复合材料。我们采用不同的分析技术对合成样品进行了分析,如 XRD、FTIR、UV-DRS、SEM、EDX、元素图谱和 HRTEM 分析。结果证实,NiO 和 Cu2S 纳米粒子装饰在二维-rGO 纳米片上。在紫外光照射下,一种界面三元异质结构被成功地用于混合染料污染物的光催化环境修复。这些异质结构之所以具有显著的光催化性能,有几个关键因素,包括采集光的光谱范围广、电荷分离好和电荷传输快。优化的 NiO/Cu2S/rGO 三元纳米复合材料对 RhB、MB 和混合(RhB 和 MB)染料的降解效率最高,分别达到 92.4%、97.9% 和 91.6%。与此同时,还研究了光催化机理的初步路径、清除剂实验、可回收性和稳定性。结果表明,在紫外光照射下,(*O2-)和*OH 自由基物种发挥了主要作用。NiO/Cu2S/rGO三元纳米复合材料具有有效降解工业废水中的有机染料和修复环境的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
A comparison of carbon dot and CdTe quantum dot toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster† 碳点和碲化镉量子点对黑腹果蝇毒性的比较
Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1039/D4VA00017J
Shawninder Chahal, Jun-Ray Macairan, Hoai-Nam N. Bui, Anthony Smith, Hans C. E. Larsson, Rafik Naccache and Nathalie Tufenkji

Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon nanoparticles that are typically ∼10 nm in size and feature many properties similar to quantum dots (QDs). Cadmium telluride QDs (CdTeQDs) are a frequently studied QD since their size, and therefore fluorescence spectra, can be easily controlled. However, cadmium is known to be toxic, making its use in consumer goods limited or outright banned in many jurisdictions. While many studies have examined the toxicity of CDs and CdTeQDs, few have directly compared both nanoparticles under the same conditions. Herein, we provide a direct comparison of the toxicity of nitrogen-doped CDs (NCDs), nitrogen, sulfur co-doped CDs (SCDs), and CdTeQDs in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly). No impact on the development of larvae into adult flies from NCDs or SCDs in the 10 – 100 mg kg−1 food range was observed, whereas an EC50 of 46 mg kg−1 CdTeQDs in food was observed. A strong positive correlation was found between the concentration of CdTeQDs in food and the mean pupation and eclosion time, indicating severe developmental delays as CdTeQD concentration increased. Further experiments at sublethal concentrations revealed no significant difference between any of the treatments when evaluating reproductive performance, larval crawling, and fly climbing ability. Gut tube anatomy did differ between control and treatment flies, with all treatment individuals expressing lengthened, and in some cases, distended midguts. This work demonstrates that both NCDs and SCDs are considerably less toxic than CdTeQDs in the 10–100 mg kg−1 food range, further enabling the former's potential applications for biocompatible QD-like nanomaterials.

碳点(CD)是一种碳纳米粒子,尺寸通常在 10 纳米以下,具有许多类似于量子点(QD)的特性。碲化镉量子点(CdTeQDs)是一种经常被研究的量子点,因为它们的尺寸和荧光光谱都很容易控制。然而,众所周知,镉是有毒的,因此许多国家限制或完全禁止在消费品中使用镉。虽然许多研究都考察了 CD 和 CdTeQDs 的毒性,但很少有研究在相同条件下直接比较这两种纳米粒子。在此,我们直接比较了掺氮 CD(NCD)、氮硫共掺 CD(SCD)和 CdTeQDs 在模式生物黑腹果蝇(果蝇)体内的毒性。在 10 - 100 毫克/千克的食物范围内,未观察到 NCDs 或 SCDs 对幼虫发育成成虫的影响,而食物中 CdTeQDs 的 EC50 值为 46 毫克/千克。研究发现,食物中的镉碲齐丁二烯浓度与平均化蛹和羽化时间之间存在很强的正相关性,表明随着镉碲齐丁二烯浓度的增加,发育会严重滞后。亚致死浓度下的进一步实验表明,在评估繁殖性能、幼虫爬行能力和苍蝇攀爬能力时,任何处理之间都没有显著差异。对照组和处理组苍蝇的肠管解剖结构确实存在差异,所有处理组个体的中肠都被拉长,在某些情况下,中肠还被撑大。这项研究表明,在 10-100 mg kg-1 的食物范围内,NCDs 和 SCDs 的毒性都比 CdTeQDs 低得多,这进一步推动了前者在生物相容性 QD 类纳米材料中的潜在应用。
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引用次数: 0
Water quality indicators influencing the formation and morphology of hydrostatically-formed photogranules† 影响静水形成的光粒体的形成和形态的水质指标
IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1039/D4VA00054D
Cynthia J. Castro, W. Camilla Kuo-Dahab, Tao Jiang, Sam Downes, Guoping Zhang, Ahmed S. Abouhend and Caitlyn S. Butler

Hydrostatic photogranulation represents an intriguing phenomenon with potential applications in aeration-free wastewater treatment. In this process, activated sludge batches transform into photogranules, manifesting as either spherical or disk-dominated shapes. Yet, the factors contributing to this morphological diversity remain unknown. Moreover, the impact of morphology on granule structure and physical characteristics remains poorly understood, posing potential implications for photogranulation in reactors that frequently utilize these hydrostatic granules as seeding materials. This study investigates the influence of water quality parameters on hydrostatic photogranulation and its role in shaping granule morphology. Spherical photogranules exhibited lower chlorophyll a concentration (5.97–7.40 mg L−1) and higher Chl a/b ratio (13−14) than disk-shaped photogranules (Chl a concentration: 8.13–11.70 mg L; a/b ratio: <10), indicating a higher cyanobacteria content in disk-shaped granules. Additionally, spherical photogranules showed significantly lower concentrations of EPS proteins and polysaccharides than disk-shaped granules, suggesting enhanced granulation under EPS limitations. Correlation analysis indicates that higher initial NO3 and total polysaccharides (TPS) increase the likelihood of producing spherical photogranules. Conversely, higher initial Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were observed in cultivations predominantly producing disks. Furthermore, principal component analysis identified Cl, Na+, NH4+, and SO42− as key initial water quality indicators and TPS, tCOD, and VSS as important sludge biomass characteristics that distinguished between different photogranule morphologies. Compared to spherical photogranules, disk-dominated photogranules exhibited higher stiffness and shear resistance, potentially due to increased cyanobacterial and EPS contents. Controlling hydrostatic photogranulation to achieve desired photogranule shapes holds potential for customizing seed granules and thus enhancing the OPG wastewater treatment performance.

静水光粒化是一种有趣的现象,在无曝气废水处理中具有潜在的应用价值。在这一过程中,活性污泥批量转化为光粒,表现为球形或盘形为主的形状。然而,导致这种形态多样性的因素仍然未知。此外,人们对形态对颗粒结构和物理特性的影响仍然知之甚少,这对经常使用这些静水颗粒作为播种材料的反应器中的光粒化过程具有潜在影响。本研究调查了水质参数对静压光粒化的影响及其在塑造颗粒形态方面的作用。与盘状光粒(叶绿素 a 浓度:8.13-11.70 mg/L;a/b 比率:10)相比,球状光粒的叶绿素 a 浓度(5.97-7.40 mg/L)较低,叶绿素 a/b 比率(13-14)较高,表明盘状光粒中蓝藻含量较高。此外,球形光粒中 EPS 蛋白和多糖的浓度明显低于盘形颗粒,表明在 EPS 的限制下,颗粒化作用增强。相关分析表明,较高的初始 NO3- 和总多糖(TPS)会增加产生球形光粒的可能性。相反,在主要产生圆盘的栽培中,观察到较高的初始 Ca2+ 和 Mg2+ 浓度。此外,主成分分析确定 Cl-、Na+、NH4+ 和 SO42- 为关键的初始水质指标,TPS、tCOD 和 VSS 为区分不同光粒形态的重要污泥生物量特征。与球形光粒体相比,盘状光粒体表现出更高的硬度和抗剪切力,这可能是由于蓝藻和 EPS 含量增加所致。控制静水光粒化以获得所需的光粒形状,有望定制种子颗粒,从而提高 OPG 废水处理性能。
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Environmental science. Advances
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