Chloride penetration is one of the main causes for the failure of reinforced concrete structures, especially in undersea tunnels, which is also accompanied by stress and seepage water-induced calcium leaching. In this paper, the chloride penetration resistances of concrete under the single and dual effects of stress and calcium leaching were investigated, and the microscopic mechanism was explained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The results show that the chloride diffusion depth and chloride content linearly increase with the stress level in the tensile zone, while linearly decrease in the compressive zone, and the change is more obvious in the tensile zone. At stress levels of 15%, 30%, and 45%, the diffusion depth in the tensile zone increases by 11.4%, 36.6%, and 43.5%, respectively, and the increased ratios of chloride content are 1.2%, 11.2%, and 19.4%. There is no significant synergistic effect between stress and calcium leaching on chloride diffusion depth, but it is obvious on chloride content, especially when the tensile stress level is below 15% and the compressive stress level is above 30%, for which the differences caused by considering the synergistic effect or not are approximately 6% and 15%, respectively.
{"title":"Chloride penetration resistance of concrete under dual effects of leaching and stress","authors":"Shaowei Wang, Wenlong Gao, Yanyu Xiao, Jiawen Wu, Qun Xia","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.23.00227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00227","url":null,"abstract":"Chloride penetration is one of the main causes for the failure of reinforced concrete structures, especially in undersea tunnels, which is also accompanied by stress and seepage water-induced calcium leaching. In this paper, the chloride penetration resistances of concrete under the single and dual effects of stress and calcium leaching were investigated, and the microscopic mechanism was explained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The results show that the chloride diffusion depth and chloride content linearly increase with the stress level in the tensile zone, while linearly decrease in the compressive zone, and the change is more obvious in the tensile zone. At stress levels of 15%, 30%, and 45%, the diffusion depth in the tensile zone increases by 11.4%, 36.6%, and 43.5%, respectively, and the increased ratios of chloride content are 1.2%, 11.2%, and 19.4%. There is no significant synergistic effect between stress and calcium leaching on chloride diffusion depth, but it is obvious on chloride content, especially when the tensile stress level is below 15% and the compressive stress level is above 30%, for which the differences caused by considering the synergistic effect or not are approximately 6% and 15%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140251845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stainless steel slag's low activity, primarily attributed to its high γ-C2S and low C3S content, impedes its effective utilization. This study employs a thermochemical high-temperature reconstruction method utilizing lime and bauxite as tempering agents to regulate the mineral phase. Through an array of tests and analytical techniques, including compressive strength test, activity index, XRD, SEM, and hydration heat analysis, the impact of Ca/Si ratio and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties and activity of reconstituted stainless steel slag mortar is examined. The findings indicate that at a Ca/Si ratio of 4.2 and a sintering temperature of 1290°C, the reconstructed slag demonstrates optimal mechanical properties and activity, yielding compressive strengths of 43.69 MPa and 62.58 MPa at 7 days and 28 days, respectively, with remarkable 28 day activity index of 143.49%. The proposed thermochemical high-temperature reconstruction method ingeniously employs high temperature to increase the content of C3S while rapid cooling prevents the alteration of the C2S crystalline structure. This innovation significantly enhances the mechanical properties and activity of the stainless steel slag, offering promising avenues to increase its utilization rate.
{"title":"Influence of thermochemical high-temperature reconstruction on mechanical properties and activity of stainless steel slag","authors":"Pengjie Xu, Jintao Fan, Rongjin Liu, Ping Chen, Jiazhan Wei, Yi Yang, Xiaochun Tang","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.23.00083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00083","url":null,"abstract":"The stainless steel slag's low activity, primarily attributed to its high <i>γ</i>-C<sub>2</sub>S and low C<sub>3</sub>S content, impedes its effective utilization. This study employs a thermochemical high-temperature reconstruction method utilizing lime and bauxite as tempering agents to regulate the mineral phase. Through an array of tests and analytical techniques, including compressive strength test, activity index, XRD, SEM, and hydration heat analysis, the impact of Ca/Si ratio and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties and activity of reconstituted stainless steel slag mortar is examined. The findings indicate that at a Ca/Si ratio of 4.2 and a sintering temperature of 1290°C, the reconstructed slag demonstrates optimal mechanical properties and activity, yielding compressive strengths of 43.69 MPa and 62.58 MPa at 7 days and 28 days, respectively, with remarkable 28 day activity index of 143.49%. The proposed thermochemical high-temperature reconstruction method ingeniously employs high temperature to increase the content of C<sub>3</sub>S while rapid cooling prevents the alteration of the C<sub>2</sub>S crystalline structure. This innovation significantly enhances the mechanical properties and activity of the stainless steel slag, offering promising avenues to increase its utilization rate.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pore in steam-cured concrete affect its strength and durability, and the optimization of steaming system can improve the pore structure to some extent. However, the influence mechanism of evaporation on recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) remains unclear. In this paper, the effects of curing temperature (20°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C), steam curing time (6h, 9h and 12h) and pozzolans (slag powder and fly ash) on the compressive strength and pore structure of RAC were studied. The microstructure characteristics such as pore size and pore size distribution were analyzed by the mercury injection porosimetry. The results shown that steam curing can significantly improve the compressive strength and reduce the most probable aperture and average pore sizes of RAC. Moreover, the effect of slag powder on RAC pore structure is better than that of fly ash. And there is a linear correlation between the compressive strength and the average pore size of steam-cured RAC. This can be an important parameter for constructing future steam cured RAC strength prediction models.
{"title":"Effects of stream curing on the pore structure of recycled aggregate concrete","authors":"Yuzhi Chen, Yingjie Ning, Xudong Chen, Weihong Xuan, Yuzhu Guo","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.22.00092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.22.00092","url":null,"abstract":"Pore in steam-cured concrete affect its strength and durability, and the optimization of steaming system can improve the pore structure to some extent. However, the influence mechanism of evaporation on recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) remains unclear. In this paper, the effects of curing temperature (20°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C), steam curing time (6h, 9h and 12h) and pozzolans (slag powder and fly ash) on the compressive strength and pore structure of RAC were studied. The microstructure characteristics such as pore size and pore size distribution were analyzed by the mercury injection porosimetry. The results shown that steam curing can significantly improve the compressive strength and reduce the most probable aperture and average pore sizes of RAC. Moreover, the effect of slag powder on RAC pore structure is better than that of fly ash. And there is a linear correlation between the compressive strength and the average pore size of steam-cured RAC. This can be an important parameter for constructing future steam cured RAC strength prediction models.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140168505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the fabrication of cement-based sensors blended with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) using carbonation curing. The effects of SCM types (i.e. fly ash or slag) and curing conditions on CO2 uptake degree, compressive strength, electrical conductivity, and piezoresistive sensing capability were systematically examined. The results indicate that the inclusion of fly ash or slag enhances CO2 uptake degree. However, it is also found that the excessive carbonation curing negatively affects compressive strength. Electrical resistivity is increased after carbonation curing due to carbonation-induced hydrate formation disrupting CNT-based conductive networks. The piezoresistive sensing capability is influenced by binder types and curing conditions, with higher sensitivity observed in samples blended with fly ash.
{"title":"Enhancing piezoresistivity of cement sensor with supplementary materials and carbonation curing","authors":"Daeik Jang, Jinho Bang, Haemin Jeon","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.23.00202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00202","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the fabrication of cement-based sensors blended with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) using carbonation curing. The effects of SCM types (i.e. fly ash or slag) and curing conditions on CO2 uptake degree, compressive strength, electrical conductivity, and piezoresistive sensing capability were systematically examined. The results indicate that the inclusion of fly ash or slag enhances CO2 uptake degree. However, it is also found that the excessive carbonation curing negatively affects compressive strength. Electrical resistivity is increased after carbonation curing due to carbonation-induced hydrate formation disrupting CNT-based conductive networks. The piezoresistive sensing capability is influenced by binder types and curing conditions, with higher sensitivity observed in samples blended with fly ash.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139794155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the fabrication of cement-based sensors blended with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) using carbonation curing. The effects of SCM types (i.e. fly ash or slag) and curing conditions on CO2 uptake degree, compressive strength, electrical conductivity, and piezoresistive sensing capability were systematically examined. The results indicate that the inclusion of fly ash or slag enhances CO2 uptake degree. However, it is also found that the excessive carbonation curing negatively affects compressive strength. Electrical resistivity is increased after carbonation curing due to carbonation-induced hydrate formation disrupting CNT-based conductive networks. The piezoresistive sensing capability is influenced by binder types and curing conditions, with higher sensitivity observed in samples blended with fly ash.
{"title":"Enhancing piezoresistivity of cement sensor with supplementary materials and carbonation curing","authors":"Daeik Jang, Jinho Bang, Haemin Jeon","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.23.00202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00202","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the fabrication of cement-based sensors blended with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) using carbonation curing. The effects of SCM types (i.e. fly ash or slag) and curing conditions on CO2 uptake degree, compressive strength, electrical conductivity, and piezoresistive sensing capability were systematically examined. The results indicate that the inclusion of fly ash or slag enhances CO2 uptake degree. However, it is also found that the excessive carbonation curing negatively affects compressive strength. Electrical resistivity is increased after carbonation curing due to carbonation-induced hydrate formation disrupting CNT-based conductive networks. The piezoresistive sensing capability is influenced by binder types and curing conditions, with higher sensitivity observed in samples blended with fly ash.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139853968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dinghu Wu, Xiaotong Liu, Yuan Liu, Anxu Yang, Lin Yang
Fluorine-containing silicon residue is a solid waste that is harmful to the environment. A new Al2(SO4)3 base alkali-free liquid accelerator (LAFS) was prepared by using fluorine-containing silicon residue. The LAFS shortens the setting time and significantly improves the early strength. When the content of LAFS reaches 8.0 %, the initial setting time and final setting time of cement are 2.48 min and 11.83 min respectively, and the 1d compressive strength reaches 14.6 MPa, which is 200 % of the mortar without LAFS. In this paper, the mechanism of action of LAFS was studied by the isothermal calorimeter test, XRD, TG, SEM, and other analytical methods. The results show that the LAFS rapidly generates a large amount of ettringite in cement paste. Moreover, the LAFS promotes the formation of calcium silicate hydrate in cement paste. Finally, a conceptual model of the early hydration process of the cement paste with LAFS was established based on the analytical results.
{"title":"Preparation of alkali-free liquid accelerator with fluorine-containing silicon residue and its accelerating mechanism","authors":"Dinghu Wu, Xiaotong Liu, Yuan Liu, Anxu Yang, Lin Yang","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.23.00151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00151","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorine-containing silicon residue is a solid waste that is harmful to the environment. A new Al2(SO4)3 base alkali-free liquid accelerator (LAFS) was prepared by using fluorine-containing silicon residue. The LAFS shortens the setting time and significantly improves the early strength. When the content of LAFS reaches 8.0 %, the initial setting time and final setting time of cement are 2.48 min and 11.83 min respectively, and the 1d compressive strength reaches 14.6 MPa, which is 200 % of the mortar without LAFS. In this paper, the mechanism of action of LAFS was studied by the isothermal calorimeter test, XRD, TG, SEM, and other analytical methods. The results show that the LAFS rapidly generates a large amount of ettringite in cement paste. Moreover, the LAFS promotes the formation of calcium silicate hydrate in cement paste. Finally, a conceptual model of the early hydration process of the cement paste with LAFS was established based on the analytical results.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139613896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guangping Huang, Jian Zhao, G. L. Dzemua, Scott Cairns, Philippe Normandeau, W. Liu
Currently, all the cement consumed in Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, is imported from other provinces (e.g., Alberta) by long-distance (∼1,800 km) truck freight. Transporting cement over long distances not only raises its cost, but also results in a higher carbon footprint. Locally producing cement is a potential low-carbon and economic solution for the local industry. However, it is unknown if the local raw materials are suitable for cement manufacturing; and there is a lack of a critical raw material—Iron ore—for cement manufacturing. Instead of iron ore, there are iron-rich tailings from a local rare earth element (REE) mine. Towards low-carbon and circular economy, this study explored the use of local raw materials (i.e., limestone, clay, and gypsum) and mine waste (REE tailings) to manufacture cement in the NWT and successfully produced the first bag of cement in the history of the NWT. The results showed that concrete samples made with NWT cement achieved comparable strength of commercial OPC-based concrete. An emission estimation suggested that locally producing cement in the NWT has the potential to reduce 3.0%–61.7% of CO2 emissions when compared with importing cement from other provinces.
{"title":"Utilization of local raw materials and mine waste to manufacture cement in Northwest Territories, Canada","authors":"Guangping Huang, Jian Zhao, G. L. Dzemua, Scott Cairns, Philippe Normandeau, W. Liu","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.23.00195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00195","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, all the cement consumed in Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, is imported from other provinces (e.g., Alberta) by long-distance (∼1,800 km) truck freight. Transporting cement over long distances not only raises its cost, but also results in a higher carbon footprint. Locally producing cement is a potential low-carbon and economic solution for the local industry. However, it is unknown if the local raw materials are suitable for cement manufacturing; and there is a lack of a critical raw material—Iron ore—for cement manufacturing. Instead of iron ore, there are iron-rich tailings from a local rare earth element (REE) mine. Towards low-carbon and circular economy, this study explored the use of local raw materials (i.e., limestone, clay, and gypsum) and mine waste (REE tailings) to manufacture cement in the NWT and successfully produced the first bag of cement in the history of the NWT. The results showed that concrete samples made with NWT cement achieved comparable strength of commercial OPC-based concrete. An emission estimation suggested that locally producing cement in the NWT has the potential to reduce 3.0%–61.7% of CO2 emissions when compared with importing cement from other provinces.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139613165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is well known as the capable of improving the performance of cement-based materials, but few studies focus on the impact of its large dosage on concrete containing basalt powder. In this study, the compressive strength and chloride permeability of cement-based materials with compound mineral admixtures (CMAs) containing the high-volume GGBFS, basalt powder, and desulfurization gypsum were investigated. The results showed that the mortar strengths at 3, 7, and 28 days decreased with increasing GGBFS content, but that at 56 and 84 days increased with the addition of 45 wt.% GGBFS. This is because the activity of GGBFS at early stage has not been stimulated and the pozzolanic effect is exerted at later stage. Moreover, cement replacement with up to 55 wt.% GGBFS caused a significant decrease in the chloride diffusion coefficient of the mortar and concrete. Furthermore, the incorporation of GGBFS led to a remarkable refinement in pore structure of the hardened paste due to the pozzolanic and filler effects. Therefore, the partial replacement of cement with high CMA contents (≥ 70 wt.%) in concrete is desirable for ocean projects requiring low chloride permeability and significantly reduces carbon emissions.
{"title":"Evaluation of compressive strength and chloride permeability of cement-based materials with high-volume compound mineral admixtures","authors":"Nannan Zhang, Qionglin Fu, Junfeng Wang, Liulei Lu, Qi Luo, Feng Xing","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.23.00185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00185","url":null,"abstract":"Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is well known as the capable of improving the performance of cement-based materials, but few studies focus on the impact of its large dosage on concrete containing basalt powder. In this study, the compressive strength and chloride permeability of cement-based materials with compound mineral admixtures (CMAs) containing the high-volume GGBFS, basalt powder, and desulfurization gypsum were investigated. The results showed that the mortar strengths at 3, 7, and 28 days decreased with increasing GGBFS content, but that at 56 and 84 days increased with the addition of 45 wt.% GGBFS. This is because the activity of GGBFS at early stage has not been stimulated and the pozzolanic effect is exerted at later stage. Moreover, cement replacement with up to 55 wt.% GGBFS caused a significant decrease in the chloride diffusion coefficient of the mortar and concrete. Furthermore, the incorporation of GGBFS led to a remarkable refinement in pore structure of the hardened paste due to the pozzolanic and filler effects. Therefore, the partial replacement of cement with high CMA contents (≥ 70 wt.%) in concrete is desirable for ocean projects requiring low chloride permeability and significantly reduces carbon emissions.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139525575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of chlorides on the corrosion of steel bars within a matrix comprising modified magnesium oxysulfide (MMOS) cementitious materials was investigated in this study, containing the phase composition, morphology, and distribution of steel corrosion products. The results showed that there was basically no corrosion of the steel bars in MMOS cement without chlorides. The presence of high chloride content and a high water-cement ratio in MMOS matrix had adverse effects on the corrosion of steel bars. The primary product of steel corrosion in MMOS was FeOOH and Fe2O3, while FeO was only observed at low water cement ratios, indicating a lower degree of oxidation. Moreover, the presence of Fe2(CO)9 at high water cement ratios suggests a higher degree of oxidation. At lower water-cement ratios, rust products readily diffused; Conversely, at higher ratios, these products accumulated in proximity to the steel bars, forming a compact structure.
{"title":"Characteristics of the corrosion products of steel bars in modified magnesium oxysulfide cement containing chloride salts","authors":"Mingfang Ba, Siyi Fang, Zhirui Xu, Gaoke Yu, Danlei Zhang","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.23.00141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00141","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of chlorides on the corrosion of steel bars within a matrix comprising modified magnesium oxysulfide (MMOS) cementitious materials was investigated in this study, containing the phase composition, morphology, and distribution of steel corrosion products. The results showed that there was basically no corrosion of the steel bars in MMOS cement without chlorides. The presence of high chloride content and a high water-cement ratio in MMOS matrix had adverse effects on the corrosion of steel bars. The primary product of steel corrosion in MMOS was FeOOH and Fe2O3, while FeO was only observed at low water cement ratios, indicating a lower degree of oxidation. Moreover, the presence of Fe2(CO)9 at high water cement ratios suggests a higher degree of oxidation. At lower water-cement ratios, rust products readily diffused; Conversely, at higher ratios, these products accumulated in proximity to the steel bars, forming a compact structure.","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139533019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1680/jadcr.2024.36.1.45
{"title":"Advances in Cement Research: Referees 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jadcr.2024.36.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.2024.36.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7299,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Cement Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139537108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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