Physics of Particles and Nuclei最新文献

We give minireview of nonlocal field theory (infinite derivative field theory). We start with the discussion of the main peculiarities of nonlocal field theory on the example of (d = 4) scalar ({{phi }^{4}})-model. The nonlocal ({{phi }^{4}})-model is ultraviolet finite, unitary, and macrocausal. One of the problems of nonlocal field theory is that the formfactor is an arbitrary entire function that makes the predictions extremely weak. We propose some additional principle that allows to fix the formfactor. Also we review the main results obtained in nonlocal quantum gravity, namely the nonlocal generalization of Einstein gravity leads to the superrenormalizable theory.

Within the framework of a broadly Wittgensteinian approach, we criticize metaphysical realism, structural realism and Platonism in philosophy of physics and propose to replace them with what we call “contextual scientific realism.” According to this position, ontology is sensitive to context. Our view is illustrated with both ordinary and physical examples. In particular, we claim that the Higgs boson is a contextual entity within the framework of the Standard Model and the practice of its application, and that, in a sense, the nature of gravitational waves depends on the choice of a physical theory to describe them. A physical theory is interpreted as a Wittgensteinian rule (norm) for measuring physical reality within the language games if its applications. Contextual scientific realism explains the success of our best scientific theories and (dis)solves the problem of pessimistic meta-induction.

The study of the possible influence of compact stable dark matter (DM) objects on the formation of solar activity cycles [1] has been continued in relation to a primordial black hole (PBH) with a mass on the order of asteroids or planetary satellites. The numerical calculations used the most accurate astronomical data on the orbits of the planets and asteroids in the Solar System. All the dynamical calculations of the Solar System have been carried out in the post-Newtonian approximation, which is particularly important for calculating the significantly eccentric orbit of PBH, which passes close to (and even inside) the Sun’s surface. Such calculations make it possible to use the Solar System as a detector for a possible dark matter planet. It is known [2] that astronomical ground data limit the total mass of dark matter objects within the orbit of Saturn to no more than (1.7~, times {{10}^{{ - 10}}}) solar mass (~0.005 mass of the Moon or ~0.4 mass of the asteroid Ceres). It is shown that a PBH with a mass of (sim {kern 1pt} 1~,, times {{10}^{{ - 10}}}) solar mass (({{m}_{{{text{Sun}}}}})) in a highly eccentric orbit with a period of 11 years can manifest itself as a trigger of a solar dynamo with a cyclic activity of 11 years. It is also shown that along a particular PBH orbit, the observed variations in solar activity are in good agreement with the available experimental data. Furthermore, the gravitational interaction of such a PBH with the Sun and other planets of the Solar System (in particular with Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) leads to an explanation of the Maunder and Dalton minima, and other long-term changes in the amplitudes of the solar activity cycles.

Entangled Relativity is a novel theory of relativity that offers a more economical approach than General Relativity. It successfully recovers both General Relativity and standard quantum field theory within a specific (yet generic) limit. Furthermore, Entangled Relativity precludes the existence of spacetime devoid of the matter that permeates it. Consequently, I argue that Entangled Relativity is not only preferable from the standpoint of Occam’s razor, due to its economical nature, but it also aligns more closely with Einstein’s original vision for a satisfactory theory of relativity.

The wave equation in quantum mechanics and its general solution in the phase space are obtained.

The possibility of an equilibrium static state of a collapsed black hole, surrounded by dark matter, makes it possible to understand the existence of flat rotation curves of stars on the periphery of a galaxy. Under the dominant gravity, a Bose–Einstein condensate is the energetically most favourable state of an extremely compressed black hole. It turned out that the longitudinal vector field, as a wave function, adequately describes the observed manifestations of dark matter. Considering as an example a condensate of Z, W, and H bosons of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles (with rest energy of the order of 100 GeV), the dependence of rotation curves of stars on the mass of a black hole at the galaxy center was investigated. With this composition of the black hole of a mass on the order of the solar mass (2 ×10³³ g), the dark matter gives the dominant contribution to the gravitational field. In this case, the plateau on the galaxy rotation curve is explicitly expressed. As the black hole mass increases, a contribution to the gravity from the dark matter decreases, while a contribution from the black hole increases. The mass of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is seven orders of magnitude greater than the solar mass. The contribution to the gravity from the black hole dominates. Therefore, in our galaxy, the rotation velocity of stars (Vleft( r right)) as a function of radius decreases in proportion to ({1 mathord{left/ {vphantom {1 {sqrt r }}} right. kern-0em} {sqrt r }}) in accordance with Newton’s law.

Axion-like dark matter interacts with particles like an axion. The axion is a hypothetical particle being a quant of pseudoscalar field. It has been originally postulated by Peccei and Quinn in 1977 to resolve the strong (CP) problem in QCD. If axions exist, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter. The axion photon coupling distorts the electromagnetic field and leads to the inverse Primakoff effect which can be observed with haloscopes. (CP)-noninvariance of the axion-gluon coupling results in an appearance of oscillating nucleon EDMs which are proportional to the axion field. Axions manifest themselves in direct interactions with particles (so-called axion wind effect). We rigorously determine the relativistic spin dynamics defined by the pseudoscalar field of dark matter axions.

The analysis of results of the Neutrino-4 experiment and the data of the GALLEX, SAGE, and BEST experiments confirms the parameters of neutrino oscillations claimed by the Neutrino-4 experiment ((Delta m_{{14}}^{2}) = 7.3 eV² and sin²2θ₁₄ = 0.36) and increases the confidence level up to 5.8σ. This sterile neutrino thermalizes in the cosmic plasma, contributes 5% to the energy density of the Universe, and can explain 15–20% of the dark matter. It is discussed that the extension of the neutrino model by introducing two more heavy sterile neutrinos in accordance with the number of types of active neutrinos, but with very small mixing angles to avoid the thermalization, makes it possible to explain the large-scale structure of the Universe and bring the contribution of sterile neutrinos to the Universe dark matter up to a level of 27%. The dynamic process of generation of the dark matter, consisting of three right-handed neutrinos, is presented. It is shown that the current astrophysical data on the (^{4}{text{He}}) abundance make it impossible to draw a definite conclusion in favor of the model of three or four thermalized neutrinos.

The theory of General Relativity has successfully passed a large number of observational tests without requiring any adjustment from its original version proposed by Einstein in 1915. The past 8 years have seen significant advancements in the study of the strong-field regime, which can now be tested with gravitational waves, X-ray data, and black hole imaging. This is a compact and pedagogical review on the state-of-the-art of the tests of General Relativity with black hole X-ray data.

Modern fundamental physics poses new questions for philosophy, which, as it seems to us, have not yet received appropriate attention from philosophers of science. This paper formulates a number of such questions in order to present them to the attention, first of all, of professional philosophers. A rough list of the main themes is as follows: (1) Cosmic variance problem and the meaning of theoretical cosmology; (2) Epistemological status of the concept of multiverse in cosmology; (3) The operational status of quantum macrostates and the relation of this problem to cosmology; (4) The meaning of the physical reality in the “final theory”; (5) Criticism of the string theory in the relation with the item 4 above.