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Synaptic proteins in neuron-derived extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: novel methodology and clinical proof of concept. 神经元衍生细胞外小泡中的突触蛋白作为阿尔茨海默病的生物标志物:新方法和概念的临床证明。
Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.13
Erez Eitan, Tricia Thornton-Wells, Katya Elgart, Eren Erden, Eve Gershun, Amir Levine, Olga Volpert, Mitra Azadeh, Daniel G Smith, Dimitrios Kapogiannis

Aims: Blood biomarkers can improve drug development for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its treatment. Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) in plasma offer a minimally invasive platform for developing novel biomarkers that may be used to monitor the diverse pathogenic processes involved in AD. However, NDEVs comprise only a minor fraction of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs). Most published studies have leveraged the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) for NDEV immunocapture. We aimed to develop and optimize an alternative, highly specific immunoaffinity method to enrich blood NDEVs for biomarker development.

Methods: After screening multiple neuronal antigens, we achieved NDEV capture with high affinity and specificity using antibodies against Growth-Associated Protein (GAP) 43 and Neuroligin 3 (NLGN3). The EV identity of the captured material was confirmed by electron microscopy, western blotting, and proteomics. The specificity for neuronal origin was demonstrated by showing enrichment for neuronal markers (proteins, mRNA) and recovery of spiked neuronal EVs. We performed NDEV isolation retrospectively from plasma samples from two cohorts of early AD patients (N = 19 and N = 40) and controls (N = 20 and N = 19) and measured p181-Tau, amyloid-beta (Aβ) 42, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), precursor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2), postsynaptic density protein (PSD) 95, GAP43, and syntaxin-1.

Results: p181-Tau, Aβ42, and NRGN were elevated in AD samples, whereas proBDNF, GluR2, PSD95, GAP43, and Syntaxin-1 were reduced. Differences for p181-Tau, proBDNF, and GluR2 survived multiple-comparison correction and were correlated with cognitive scores. A model incorporating biomarkers correctly classified 94.7% of AD participants and 61.5% of control participants. The observed differences in NDEVs-associated biomarkers are consistent with previous findings.

Conclusion: NDEV isolation by GAP43 and NLGN3 immunocapture offers a robust novel platform for biomarker development in AD, suitable for large-scale validation.

目的:血液生物标志物可以改善阿尔茨海默病(AD)的药物开发及其治疗。血浆中神经元衍生的细胞外小泡(NDEV)为开发新的生物标志物提供了一个微创平台,可用于监测AD涉及的各种致病过程。然而,NDEV仅占循环细胞外小囊泡(EV)的一小部分。大多数已发表的研究都利用L1细胞粘附分子(L1CAM)进行NDEV免疫捕获。我们旨在开发和优化一种替代的、高度特异性的免疫亲和方法,以富集血液NDEV,用于生物标志物的开发。方法:在筛选多种神经元抗原后,我们使用抗生长相关蛋白(GAP)43和神经胶质蛋白3(NLGN3)的抗体实现了高亲和力和特异性的NDEV捕获。通过电子显微镜、蛋白质印迹和蛋白质组学证实了捕获材料的EV身份。神经元来源的特异性通过显示神经元标记物(蛋白质、mRNA)的富集和掺入的神经元EVs的回收来证明。我们从两组早期AD患者(N=19和N=40)和对照组(N=20和N=19)的血浆样本中回顾性分离NDEV,并测量p181 Tau、淀粉样蛋白β(Aβ)42、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、前体脑源性营养因子(proBDNF),结果:AD样本中p181 Tau、Aβ42和NRGN升高,而proBDNF、GluR2、PSD95、GAP43和syntaxin-1降低。p181 Tau、前BDNF和GluR2的差异在多次比较校正中幸存下来,并与认知评分相关。一个包含生物标志物的模型正确地对94.7%的AD参与者和61.5%的对照参与者进行了分类。观察到的NDEV相关生物标志物的差异与先前的研究结果一致。结论:GAP43和NLGN3免疫捕获分离NDEV为AD生物标志物的开发提供了一个强大的新平台,适合大规模验证。
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引用次数: 0
Extracellular vesicles from the CNS play pivotal roles in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration: lessons from in vitro experiments. 中枢神经系统的细胞外小泡在神经保护和神经退行性变中起着关键作用:体外实验的经验教训。
Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.07
Isaac Colvett, Hannah Saternos, Christina Coughlan, Anne Vielle, Aurélie Ledreux

Intercellular communication between diverse cell types is crucial for the maintenance of the central nervous system, and exosomes have been shown to play an important role in this process. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are released by all cell types and carry cargoes that can elicit downstream effects in recipient cells. Exosomal communication in the central nervous system has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to major depressive disorder. Though there remain many unknowns in the field of EV biology, in vitro experiments can provide many insights into their potential roles in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the findings of many in vitro EV experiments, with a focus on the potential roles in regulating cell viability, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurite integrity in the central nervous system.

不同细胞类型之间的细胞间通讯对中枢神经系统的维持至关重要,外泌体已被证明在这一过程中发挥着重要作用。外泌体是由所有细胞类型释放的细胞外小泡(EV),携带可以在受体细胞中引发下游效应的货物。中枢神经系统中的外体通讯与许多神经退行性疾病有关,从阿尔茨海默病到严重抑郁症。尽管电动汽车生物学领域仍有许多未知之处,但体外实验可以为其在健康和疾病中的潜在作用提供许多见解。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了许多体外EV实验的发现,重点是在中枢神经系统中调节细胞活力、炎症、氧化应激和轴突完整性的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
Theranostic extracellular vesicles: a concise review of current imaging technologies and labeling strategies. Theranos细胞外小泡:当前成像技术和标记策略的简要综述。
Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.01
Safiya Aafreen, Jonathan Feng, Wenshen Wang, Guanshu Liu

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, are naturally occurring nano- and micro-sized membrane vesicles playing an essential role in cell-to-cell communication. There is a recent increasing interest in harnessing the therapeutic potential of these natural nanoparticles to develop cell-free regenerative medicine and manufacture highly biocompatible and targeted drug and gene delivery vectors, amongst other applications. In the context of developing novel and effective EV-based therapy, imaging tools are of paramount importance as they can be used to not only elucidate the underlying mechanisms but also provide the basis for optimization and clinical translation. In this review, recent efforts and knowledge advances on EV-based therapies have been briefly introduced, followed by an outline of currently available labeling strategies by which EVs can be conjugated with various imaging agents and/or therapeutic drugs and genes. A comprehensive review of prevailing EV imaging technologies is then presented along with examples and applications, with emphasis on imaging probes and agents, corresponding labeling methods, and the pros and cons of each imaging modality. Finally, the potential of theranostic EVs as a powerful new weapon in the arsenal of regenerative medicine and nanomedicine is summarized and envisioned.

细胞外囊泡(EVs)或外泌体是天然存在的纳米和微米大小的膜囊泡,在细胞间通信中发挥着重要作用。最近,人们对利用这些天然纳米颗粒的治疗潜力开发无细胞再生医学、制造高度生物相容性和靶向药物和基因递送载体等应用越来越感兴趣。在开发新的、有效的基于EV的治疗方法的背景下,成像工具至关重要,因为它们不仅可以用来阐明潜在的机制,还可以为优化和临床转化提供基础。在这篇综述中,简要介绍了基于EV的治疗的最新努力和知识进展,然后概述了目前可用的标记策略,通过这些策略,EV可以与各种成像剂和/或治疗药物和基因偶联。然后,对流行的电动汽车成像技术进行了全面的综述,并举例说明了其应用,重点介绍了成像探针和试剂、相应的标记方法以及每种成像方式的优缺点。最后,总结并展望了治疗性电动汽车作为再生医学和纳米医学武器库中一种强大的新武器的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD): current and emerging technologies. 无创产前诊断(NIPD):当前和新兴技术。
Pub Date : 2023-02-22 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2022.44
Britt Hanson, Ben Paternoster, Nikita Povarnitsyn, Elizabeth Scotchman, Lyn Chitty, Natalie Chandler

Prenatal testing is important for the early detection and diagnosis of rare genetic conditions with life-changing implications for the patient and their family. Gaining access to the fetal genotype can be achieved using gold-standard invasive sampling methods, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, but these carry a small risk of miscarriage. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for select rare monogenic conditions has been in clinical service in England since 2012 and has revolutionised the field of prenatal diagnostics by reducing the number of women undergoing invasive sampling procedures. Fetal-derived genomic material is present in a highly fragmented form amongst the maternal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in circulation, with sequence coverage across the entire fetal genome. Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is the foundation for NIPD, and several technologies have been clinically implemented for the detection of paternally inherited and de novo pathogenic variants. Conversely, a low abundance of cffDNA within a high background of maternal cfDNA makes assigning maternally inherited variants to the fetal fraction a significantly more challenging task. Research is ongoing to expand available tests for maternal inheritance to include a broader range of monogenic conditions, as well as to uncover novel diagnostic avenues. This review covers the scope of technologies currently clinically available for NIPD of monogenic conditions and those still in the research pipeline towards implementation in the future.

产前检查对于早期发现和诊断罕见的遗传疾病非常重要,这些疾病会改变患者及其家庭的生活。获得胎儿基因型可以使用金标准的侵入性取样方法,如羊膜穿刺术和绒毛膜绒毛取样,但这些方法有很小的流产风险。自2012年以来,针对罕见单基因疾病的非侵入性产前诊断(NIPD)已在英国开展临床服务,并通过减少接受侵入性采样程序的妇女数量,彻底改变了产前诊断领域。胎儿来源的基因组物质以高度碎片化的形式存在于循环中的母体无细胞DNA (cfDNA)中,序列覆盖整个胎儿基因组。无细胞胎儿DNA (cffDNA)是NIPD的基础,临床上已经实施了几种技术来检测父系遗传和新生致病变异。相反,在母体cfDNA的高背景下,低丰度的cfDNA使得将母体遗传变异分配给胎儿部分成为一项更具挑战性的任务。目前正在进行研究,以扩大现有的母亲遗传测试,包括更广泛的单基因疾病,并发现新的诊断途径。这篇综述涵盖了目前临床可用于单基因NIPD的技术范围,以及那些仍在研究管道中面向未来实施的技术。
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引用次数: 0
Emerging evidence for dysregulated proteome cargoes of tau-propagating extracellular vesicles driven by familial mutations of tau and presenilin. 新证据表明,在家族性 tau 和 presenilin 基因突变的驱动下,tau-propagating 细胞外囊泡的蛋白质组载货量失调。
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.44
Vivian Hook, Sonia Podvin, Charles Mosier, Ben Boyarko, Laura Seyffert, Haley Stringer, Robert A Rissman

Tau propagation, pathogenesis, and neurotoxicity are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases that result in cognitive impairment. Tau accumulates in Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), progressive supranuclear palsy, and related tauopathies. Knowledge of the mechanisms for tau propagation in neurodegeneration is necessary for understanding the development of dementia. Exosomes, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as participants in promoting tau propagation. Recent findings show that EVs generated by neurons expressing familial mutations of tauopathies of FTDP-17 (P301L and V337M) (mTau) and presenilin (A246E) (mPS1) in AD induce tau propagation and accumulation after injection into rodent brain. To gain knowledge of the proteome cargoes of the mTau and mPS1 EVs that promote tau pathogenesis, this review compares the proteomes of these EVs, which results in important new questions concerning EV mechanisms of tau pathogenesis. Proteomics data show that EVs produced by mTau- and mPS1-expressing iPSC neurons share proteins involved in exocytosis and vesicle secretion and, notably, these EVs also possess differences in protein components of vesicle-mediated transport, extracellular functions, and cell adhesion. It will be important for future studies to gain an understanding of the breadth of familial genetic mutations of tau, presenilin, and other genes in promoting EV initiation of tau propagation and pathogenesis. Furthermore, elucidation of EV cargo components that mediate tau propagation will have potential as biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to ameliorate dementia of tauopathies.

Tau 的传播、发病机制和神经毒性是导致认知障碍的神经退行性疾病的特征。在阿尔茨海默病(AD)、与 17 号染色体相关的额颞叶痴呆和帕金森病(FTDP-17)、慢性创伤性脑病(CTE)、进行性核上性麻痹以及相关的 tau 病中,tau 都会累积。要了解痴呆症的发展,就必须了解神经退行性病变中 tau 的传播机制。被称为细胞外囊泡(EV)的外泌体已成为促进 tau 传播的参与者。最近的研究结果表明,表达FTDP-17(P301L和V337M)(mTau)和presenilin(A246E)(mPS1)(AD)家族性tau病突变的神经元产生的EVs注入啮齿类动物大脑后会诱导tau的传播和积累。为了了解促进tau发病的mTau和mPS1 EVs的蛋白质组载体,本综述比较了这些EVs的蛋白质组,从而提出了有关tau发病的EV机制的重要新问题。蛋白质组学数据显示,表达mTau和mPS1的iPSC神经元产生的EVs共享参与外吞和囊泡分泌的蛋白质,值得注意的是,这些EVs在囊泡介导的转运、细胞外功能和细胞粘附的蛋白质成分方面也存在差异。今后的研究必须了解 tau、presenilin 和其他基因的家族遗传突变在促进 EV 启动 tau 传播和发病机制方面的广泛性。此外,阐明介导tau传播的EV货物成分将有可能成为生物标记物和治疗策略,以改善tau病痴呆。
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引用次数: 0
Detection by super-resolution microscopy of viral proteins inside bloodborne extracellular vesicles 血源性细胞外囊泡内病毒蛋白的超分辨显微镜检测
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.46
Rakesh K. Singh, Mark F. Santos, Charles Herndon, Brandon A. Gieler, Isaac Lee, Jiahui Chen, Aurelio Lorico
Aim: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles released by all cells, including virally infected cells, into the extracellular space. They play a role in various cellular processes, including intercellular communication, signaling, and immunity, and carry several biomolecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can modulate cellular functions mostly by releasing their cargo inside the target cells via the endocytic pathway. One of the most exciting aspects of EV physiology is its potential in liquid biopsy as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. However, due to their extremely small size and lack of a molecular approach to examine intravesicular content or cargo, we cannot fully utilize their potential in healthcare. Methods: Here, we present a novel approach that allows examining bloodborne EVs at a single-particle level with the ability to examine their cargo without disrupting structural integrity. Our technique utilizes super-resolution microscopy and a unique permeabilization process that maintains structural integrity while facilitating the examination of EV cargo. We used a mild-detergent-based permeabilization buffer that protects the integrity of EVs, minimizes background, and improves detection. Results: Utilizing this approach, we were able to recognize viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2 virus in COVID-19 patients, including spike and nucleocapsid. Surprisingly, we found an almost equal amount of spike protein inside and on the surface of bloodborne EVs. This would have proven difficult to determine using other conventional methods. Conclusion: To summarize, we have developed an easy-to-perform, sensitive, and highly efficient method that offers a mechanism to examine bloodborne EV cargo without disrupting their structural integrity.
目的:细胞外囊泡(EVs)是所有细胞(包括病毒感染的细胞)释放到细胞外空间的小颗粒。它们在各种细胞过程中发挥作用,包括细胞间通讯、信号和免疫,并携带多种生物分子,如蛋白质、脂质和核酸,这些生物分子主要通过内吞途径在靶细胞内释放其货物来调节细胞功能。EV生理学最令人兴奋的方面之一是它在液体活检中作为诊断和预后标志物的潜力。然而,由于它们的体积非常小,并且缺乏分子方法来检查囊内内容物或货物,我们无法充分利用它们在医疗保健中的潜力。方法:在这里,我们提出了一种新的方法,可以在单颗粒水平上检查血源性电动汽车,并且能够在不破坏结构完整性的情况下检查其货物。我们的技术利用超分辨率显微镜和独特的渗透过程,保持结构完整性,同时方便检查EV货物。我们使用了一种温和的洗涤剂为基础的渗透缓冲液,以保护电动汽车的完整性,最小化背景,并提高检测。结果:利用该方法,我们能够识别COVID-19患者的SARS-CoV-2病毒蛋白,包括刺突和核衣壳。令人惊讶的是,我们在血源性ev的内部和表面发现了几乎相同数量的刺突蛋白。事实证明,使用其他传统方法很难确定这一点。结论:总之,我们开发了一种易于操作、敏感和高效的方法,提供了一种在不破坏其结构完整性的情况下检查血源性EV货物的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B is enriched in CD9-positive extracellular vesicles released by osteoclasts. 核因子κB受体激活剂在破骨细胞释放的CD9阳性细胞外小泡中富集。
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.38
Shaobo Ruan, Wellington J Rody, Shivani S Patel, Lina I Hammadi, Macey L Martin, Lorraine P de Faria, George Daaboul, Leif S Anderson, Mei He, L Shannon Holliday

Aim: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) bind RANK-Ligand (RANKL) on osteoblasts, and thereby simultaneously inhibit bone resorption and promote bone formation. Because of this, they are attractive candidates for therapeutic bone anabolic agents. Previously, RANK was detected in 1 in every 36 EVs from osteoclasts by immunogold electron microscopy. Here, we have sought to characterize the subpopulation of EVs from osteoclasts that contains RANK in more detail.

Methods: The tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 were localized in osteoclasts by immunofluorescence. EVs were visualized by transmission electron microscopy. A Single Particle Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (SP-IRIS) and immunoaffinity isolations examined whether RANK is enriched in specific types of EVs.

Results: Immunofluorescence showed CD9 was mostly on or near the plasma membrane of osteoclasts. In contrast, CD81 was localized deeper in the osteoclast's cytosolic vesicular network. By interferometry, both CD9 and CD81 positive EVs from osteoclasts were small (56-83 nm in diameter), consistent with electron microscopy. The CD9 and CD81 EV populations were mostly distinct, and only 22% of the EVs contained both markers. RANK was detected by SP-IRIS in 2%-4% of the CD9-containing EVs, but not in CD81-positive EVs, from mature osteoclasts. Immunomagnetic isolation of CD9-containing EVs from conditioned media of osteoclasts removed most of the RANK. A trace amount of RANK was isolated with CD81.

Conclusion: RANK was enriched in a subset of the CD9-positive EVs. The current study provides the first report of selective localization of RANK in subsets of EVs.

目的:含有核因子κB受体激活剂(RANK)的细胞外小泡(EVs)与成骨细胞上的RANK配体(RANKL)结合,从而同时抑制骨吸收和促进骨形成。正因为如此,它们是治疗性骨合成代谢剂的有吸引力的候选者。以前,通过免疫金电子显微镜,每36个破骨细胞EVs中就有1个检测到RANK。在这里,我们试图更详细地描述来自含有RANK的破骨细胞的EVs亚群。方法:用免疫荧光法检测破骨细胞中四跨膜蛋白CD9和CD81的表达。通过透射电子显微镜观察EV。单粒子干涉反射成像传感器(SP-IRIS)和免疫亲和分离检测了RANK是否在特定类型的EV中富集。结果:免疫荧光显示CD9主要在破骨细胞的质膜上或附近。相反,CD81在破骨细胞的胞质泡状网络中定位更深。通过干涉测量法,来自破骨细胞的CD9和CD81阳性EVs都很小(直径56-83nm),与电子显微镜一致。CD9和CD81 EV群体大多不同,只有22%的EV同时含有这两种标记。SP-IRIS在2%-4%的含有CD9的EVs中检测到RANK,但在来自成熟破骨细胞的CD81阳性EVs中没有检测到。从破骨细胞的条件培养基中免疫磁性分离含有CD9的EVs去除了大部分RANK。结论:RANK在CD9阳性EVs的一个亚群中富集。本研究首次报道了RANK在EV亚群中的选择性定位。
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引用次数: 0
A kaleidoscopic view of extracellular vesicles in lysosomal storage disorders. 溶酶体贮积症中细胞外囊泡的万花筒观察。
Pub Date : 2022-12-30 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2022.41
Charlotte V Hegeman, Olivier G de Jong, Magdalena J Lorenowicz

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of stable lipid membrane particles that play a critical role in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. EV cargo, which includes lipids, proteins, and RNAs including miRNAs, is affected by the metabolic status of the parental cell. Concordantly, abnormalities in the autophagic-endolysosomal pathway, as seen in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), can affect EV release as well as EV cargo. LSDs are a group of over 70 inheritable diseases, characterized by lysosomal dysfunction and gradual accumulation of undigested molecules. LSDs are caused by single gene mutations that lead to a deficiency of a lysosomal protein or lipid. Lysosomal dysfunction sets off a cascade of alterations in the endolysosomal pathway that can affect autophagy and alter calcium homeostasis, leading to energy imbalance, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The pathophysiology of these diseases is very heterogenous, complex, and currently incompletely understood. LSDs lead to progressive multisystemic symptoms that often include neurological deficits. In this review, a kaleidoscopic overview will be given on the roles of EVs in LSDs, from their contribution to pathology and diagnostics to their role as drug delivery vehicles. Furthermore, EV cargo and surface engineering strategies will be discussed to show the potential of EVs in future LSD treatment, both in the context of enzyme replacement therapy, as well as future gene editing strategies like CRISPR/Cas. The use of engineered EVs as drug delivery vehicles may mask therapeutic cargo from the immune system and protect it from degradation, improving circulation time and targeted delivery.

细胞外囊泡(EVs)是一种异质性的稳定脂质膜颗粒,在许多生理和病理过程的调节中起着关键作用。EV货物,包括脂质、蛋白质和rna(包括mirna),受亲本细胞代谢状态的影响。同样,自噬-内溶酶体途径的异常,如溶酶体贮积障碍(lsd)所见,可以影响EV的释放和EV的载货。lsd是一组70多种遗传性疾病,其特征是溶酶体功能障碍和未消化分子的逐渐积累。lsd是由导致溶酶体蛋白或脂质缺乏的单基因突变引起的。溶酶体功能障碍引发内溶酶体途径的级联改变,从而影响自噬和改变钙稳态,导致能量失衡、氧化应激和细胞凋亡。这些疾病的病理生理学是非常复杂的,目前还不完全了解。lsd会导致进行性多系统症状,通常包括神经功能障碍。本文将对ev在lsd中的作用进行综述,从它们对病理和诊断的贡献到它们作为药物传递载体的作用。此外,将讨论EV货物和表面工程策略,以展示EV在未来LSD治疗中的潜力,无论是在酶替代疗法的背景下,还是在未来的基因编辑策略如CRISPR/Cas中。使用工程化的电动汽车作为药物递送载体可以屏蔽免疫系统的治疗货物,保护其免受降解,改善循环时间和靶向递送。
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引用次数: 0
Emerging frontiers of cell-free DNA fragmentomics. 无细胞DNA片段组学的新兴前沿。
Pub Date : 2022-12-21 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2022.34
Xi Hu, Spencer C Ding, Peiyong Jiang

Analysis of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood has shown promise for monitoring a variety of biological processes. Plasma cfDNA is a mixture comprising DNA molecules released from various bodily tissues, mediated by characteristic DNA fragmentations occurring during cell death. Fragmentation of cfDNA is non-random and contains tissue-of-origin information, which has been demonstrated in circulating fetal, tumoral, and transplanted organ-derived cfDNA molecules. Many studies have elucidated a plurality of fragmentomic markers for noninvasive prenatal, cancer, and organ transplantation assessment, such as fragment sizes, fragment ends, end motifs, and nucleosome footprints. Recently, researchers have further revealed the large population of previously unidentified long cfDNA molecules (kilobases in size) in the plasma DNA pool. This review focuses on the emerging biological properties of cfDNA, together with a discussion on its potential clinical implications.

分析血液中的游离DNA (cfDNA)已显示出监测各种生物过程的希望。血浆cfDNA是由各种身体组织释放的DNA分子组成的混合物,由细胞死亡期间发生的特征性DNA片段介导。cfDNA的断裂是非随机的,并且包含组织起源信息,这已经在循环胎儿、肿瘤和移植器官来源的cfDNA分子中得到证实。许多研究已经阐明了用于无创产前、癌症和器官移植评估的多个片段组学标记,如片段大小、片段末端、末端基序和核小体足迹。最近,研究人员进一步揭示了血浆DNA库中大量以前未识别的长cfDNA分子(大小为千碱基)。本文综述了cfDNA新出现的生物学特性,并讨论了其潜在的临床意义。
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引用次数: 0
Towards extracellular vesicle delivery systems for tissue regeneration: material design at the molecular level. 组织再生的细胞外囊泡输送系统:分子水平上的材料设计。
Pub Date : 2022-10-14 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2022.37
Ao Chen, Hengli Tian, Nana Yang, Zhijun Zhang, Guo-Yuan Yang, Wenguo Cui, Yaohui Tang

The discovery and development of extracellular vesicles in tissue engineering have shown great potential for tissue regenerative therapies. However, their vesicle nature requires dosage-dependent administration and efficient interactions with recipient cells. Researchers have resorted to biomaterials for localized and sustained delivery of extracellular vesicles to the targeted cells, but not much emphasis has been paid on the design of the materials, which deeply impacts their molecular interactions with the loaded extracellular vesicles and subsequent delivery. Therefore, we present in this review a comprehensive survey of extracellular vesicle delivery systems from the viewpoint of material design at the molecular level. We start with general requirements of the materials and delve into different properties of delivery systems as a result of different designs, from material selections to processing strategies. Based on these differences, we analyzed the performance of extracellular vesicle delivery and tissue regeneration in representative studies. In light of the current missing links within the relationship of material structures, physicochemical properties and delivery performances, we provide perspectives on the interactions of materials and extracellular vesicles and the possible extension of materials. This review aims to be a strategic enlightenment for the future design of extracellular vesicle delivery systems to facilitate their translation from basic science to clinical applications.

组织工程中细胞外囊泡的发现和发展为组织再生治疗显示了巨大的潜力。然而,它们的囊泡性质需要剂量依赖的给药和与受体细胞的有效相互作用。研究人员已经利用生物材料将细胞外囊泡定位和持续地递送到目标细胞,但材料的设计却没有得到太多的重视,这深刻影响了它们与负载的细胞外囊泡的分子相互作用和随后的递送。因此,我们在这篇综述中从分子水平材料设计的角度对细胞外囊泡传递系统进行了全面的综述。我们从材料的一般要求开始,深入研究不同设计导致的输送系统的不同特性,从材料选择到加工策略。基于这些差异,我们在有代表性的研究中分析了细胞外囊泡传递和组织再生的性能。鉴于目前材料结构、物理化学性质和递送性能之间关系的缺失环节,我们提供了材料与细胞外囊泡相互作用以及材料可能扩展的观点。本综述旨在为细胞外囊泡传递系统的未来设计提供战略启示,以促进其从基础科学到临床应用的转化。
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引用次数: 0
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Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids
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