Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.920142
L. Koutika
The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) deposition from oil exploitation occurring since 1969 may potentially affect bacterial communities in acacia and eucalyptus plantations of the Congolese coastal plains. These plantations have been implemented on previous native savannas to use the unsuitable soils for agriculture, provide pulp wood and fuel wood energy, and preserve the natural forests. Increased carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in stands containing acacia relative to baseline (eucalyptus) stocks have been reported. Phosphorus availability also improved in coarse particulate organic matter (4,000–250 µm) in afforested stands as compared to natural savannas. Investigation of the abundance of bacterial phyla by metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene in different stands of monocultures and mixed-species stands reveals the prevalence of Actinobacteria in all stands. This phylum is generally associated with the presence of sulfur in industrial areas and has a crucial role in organic matter decomposition. This may be linked to improved soil attributes (C, N, and P) and related to oil exploitation in addition to natural processes. This review shows, therefore, how potentially human activities may impact bacterial community composition, which may further change other soil attributes. It also acknowledges that the sustainability of forest plantations on inherently nutrient-poor soils strongly relies on interactions between soil functions, the environment, and human activities driven by soil organisms.
{"title":"How hydrogen sulfide deposition from oil exploitation may affect bacterial communities and the health of forest soils in Congolese coastal plains?","authors":"L. Koutika","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.920142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.920142","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) deposition from oil exploitation occurring since 1969 may potentially affect bacterial communities in acacia and eucalyptus plantations of the Congolese coastal plains. These plantations have been implemented on previous native savannas to use the unsuitable soils for agriculture, provide pulp wood and fuel wood energy, and preserve the natural forests. Increased carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in stands containing acacia relative to baseline (eucalyptus) stocks have been reported. Phosphorus availability also improved in coarse particulate organic matter (4,000–250 µm) in afforested stands as compared to natural savannas. Investigation of the abundance of bacterial phyla by metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene in different stands of monocultures and mixed-species stands reveals the prevalence of Actinobacteria in all stands. This phylum is generally associated with the presence of sulfur in industrial areas and has a crucial role in organic matter decomposition. This may be linked to improved soil attributes (C, N, and P) and related to oil exploitation in addition to natural processes. This review shows, therefore, how potentially human activities may impact bacterial community composition, which may further change other soil attributes. It also acknowledges that the sustainability of forest plantations on inherently nutrient-poor soils strongly relies on interactions between soil functions, the environment, and human activities driven by soil organisms.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45385403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.869136
Ouyang Yang, J. Reeve, J. Norton
Organic amendments are applied in organic farming systems to provide nutrients for crop uptake and to improve soil health. Compost is often favored over fresh manure for food safety reasons, while fresh manure can be a valuable source of readily available nitrogen (N). However, the potential for fresh versus composted manure to differentially affect soil microbial and N-cycling functional communities over multiple seasons remains unknown. We compared the effect of composted vs. fresh cattle manure on soil microbial communities using taxonomic and functional approaches. Soils were collected from field plots with three organic N treatments: control (no amendment), composted manure (compost, 224 kg/ha total N), and fresh manure (manure, 224 kg/ha total N) in an organic production system. Illumina amplicon sequencing was used to comprehensively assess the bacterial community (16S rRNA genes), fungal community (ITS), ureolytic community (ureC), chitinolytic community (chiA), bacterial ammonia oxidizers (AOB amoA), and nitrite oxidizers (Nitrospira nxrB). The results showed that both compost and manure treatment significantly changed the soil microbial communities. Manure had a stronger effect than compost on soil bacterial and fungal community composition, as well as on the ureolytic and chitinolytic communities, while compost treated soils had higher microbial richness than manure treated soils. Both taxonomic and functional approaches showed that the microbial community was more responsive to fresh manure than to compost. Manure treated soil also had more complex microbial interactions than compost treated soil. The abundance and community composition of N-cycling functional groups often played more limited roles than soil chemical properties (soil organic carbon, extractable organic carbon, and pH) in driving N-cycling processes. Results from our study may guide strategies for the management of organic amendments in organic farming systems and provide insights into the linkages between soil microbial communities and soil function.
{"title":"The quality of organic amendments affects soil microbiome and nitrogen-cycling bacteria in an organic farming system","authors":"Ouyang Yang, J. Reeve, J. Norton","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.869136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.869136","url":null,"abstract":"Organic amendments are applied in organic farming systems to provide nutrients for crop uptake and to improve soil health. Compost is often favored over fresh manure for food safety reasons, while fresh manure can be a valuable source of readily available nitrogen (N). However, the potential for fresh versus composted manure to differentially affect soil microbial and N-cycling functional communities over multiple seasons remains unknown. We compared the effect of composted vs. fresh cattle manure on soil microbial communities using taxonomic and functional approaches. Soils were collected from field plots with three organic N treatments: control (no amendment), composted manure (compost, 224 kg/ha total N), and fresh manure (manure, 224 kg/ha total N) in an organic production system. Illumina amplicon sequencing was used to comprehensively assess the bacterial community (16S rRNA genes), fungal community (ITS), ureolytic community (ureC), chitinolytic community (chiA), bacterial ammonia oxidizers (AOB amoA), and nitrite oxidizers (Nitrospira nxrB). The results showed that both compost and manure treatment significantly changed the soil microbial communities. Manure had a stronger effect than compost on soil bacterial and fungal community composition, as well as on the ureolytic and chitinolytic communities, while compost treated soils had higher microbial richness than manure treated soils. Both taxonomic and functional approaches showed that the microbial community was more responsive to fresh manure than to compost. Manure treated soil also had more complex microbial interactions than compost treated soil. The abundance and community composition of N-cycling functional groups often played more limited roles than soil chemical properties (soil organic carbon, extractable organic carbon, and pH) in driving N-cycling processes. Results from our study may guide strategies for the management of organic amendments in organic farming systems and provide insights into the linkages between soil microbial communities and soil function.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43607404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.927589
Razia Sultana, Tamim Ahmed, S. Islam, Md. Nizam Uddin
The potentiality of barnyard grass for remediation of arsenic (As)-contaminated soil has been reported in several research works. However, the phytoremediation ability of barnyard grass from industrially polluted multimetal-contaminated soil in comparison to As-amended soil needs to be elucidated. This work investigated the As remediation potentiality of barnyard grass from As-amended and industrially polluted soils, and the fractionation of As was done in soils with plants and without plants grown. The result showed that at the highest As level in the soil, barnyard grass accumulated the highest amount of As in both the root (414.81 mg kg-1) and shoot (114.12 mg kg-1). However, barnyard grass produced the highest amount of biomass in industrially polluted soil that resulted in the highest amount of As uptake. Moreover, barnyard grass also accumulated lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) from industrially polluted soil. The bioaccumulation factor (BF) of As was >1 in As-amended soil in all the treatments as well as in industrially polluted soil. Fractionation of As in post-harvest soil revealed that compared to soil without plants grown, As in the soil was reduced from residual As (F5); As associated with well-crystallized hydrous oxides of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) (F4); As associated with amorphous and poorly crystallized hydrous oxides of Fe and Al (F3), whereas a slight increase was found in non-specifically sorbed As (F1) and specifically sorbed As (F2) due to the plant’s effect. The slight increase in the concentration of As in F1 and F2 fractions contributed to the bioavailable forms of As in the rhizosphere and sustained As concentration for further plant uptake. The maximum plant growth and highest uptake of As in the industrially polluted soil revealed the potentiality of barnyard grass for remediation of multimetal-polluted soil.
{"title":"Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) as a candidate plant for phytoremediation of arsenic from arsenic-amended and industrially polluted soils","authors":"Razia Sultana, Tamim Ahmed, S. Islam, Md. Nizam Uddin","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.927589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.927589","url":null,"abstract":"The potentiality of barnyard grass for remediation of arsenic (As)-contaminated soil has been reported in several research works. However, the phytoremediation ability of barnyard grass from industrially polluted multimetal-contaminated soil in comparison to As-amended soil needs to be elucidated. This work investigated the As remediation potentiality of barnyard grass from As-amended and industrially polluted soils, and the fractionation of As was done in soils with plants and without plants grown. The result showed that at the highest As level in the soil, barnyard grass accumulated the highest amount of As in both the root (414.81 mg kg-1) and shoot (114.12 mg kg-1). However, barnyard grass produced the highest amount of biomass in industrially polluted soil that resulted in the highest amount of As uptake. Moreover, barnyard grass also accumulated lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) from industrially polluted soil. The bioaccumulation factor (BF) of As was >1 in As-amended soil in all the treatments as well as in industrially polluted soil. Fractionation of As in post-harvest soil revealed that compared to soil without plants grown, As in the soil was reduced from residual As (F5); As associated with well-crystallized hydrous oxides of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) (F4); As associated with amorphous and poorly crystallized hydrous oxides of Fe and Al (F3), whereas a slight increase was found in non-specifically sorbed As (F1) and specifically sorbed As (F2) due to the plant’s effect. The slight increase in the concentration of As in F1 and F2 fractions contributed to the bioavailable forms of As in the rhizosphere and sustained As concentration for further plant uptake. The maximum plant growth and highest uptake of As in the industrially polluted soil revealed the potentiality of barnyard grass for remediation of multimetal-polluted soil.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43922977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-22DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.863122
André Somavilla, L. Caner, I. B. D. da Silva, D. Rheinheimer, A. Chabbi
Phosphorus (P) nutrition is essential to both plant yield and soil organic matter (SOM) input. However, continuous extraction of P by plants and biomass harvesting can lead to soil P stock depletion, a reduction in crop yields and ultimately a reduction in organic matter input to the soil. In this work, we analysed P, C and N stock trends in the 0-30 cm topsoil layer cultivated with permanent cropland (CC) and mowed permanent grassland (GG) for 13 years. In addition, we characterized the changes in P organic forms by using 31P-NMR. The results showed that the amount of P exported within 13 years was 10% greater in GG than in CC (295 and 268 kg ha-1, respectively). The total P stocks decreased under both the CC and GG management systems (0.30 and 0.25 Mg ha-1, respectively). This depletion was mainly observed in total Pi forms, which recorded reductions of 0.75 and 0.29 Mg ha-1 in GG and CC, respectively. The total Po stock increased by 42.6% in GG; these results were consistent with the increase in C and N stocks in GG (2.6 and 0.19 Mg ha-1, respectively) and their reduction in CC (-4.2 and -0.38 Mg ha-1, respectively). Although P depletion mainly affected the P pool presenting the highest lability (labile P), this depletion did not have a negative effect on plant yield after 13 years due to the buffering capacity of P pools presenting less lability (moderately labile P). Mowing permanent grasslands led to a change in the pool of labile P from inorganic to organic forms and an increase in soil C and N stocks. Based on the 31P-NMR technique, permanent grasslands significantly reduced α-glycerophosphate and increased myo-IHP and adenosine monophosphate more than the permanent cropland. Although there was no significant decrease in productivity, the depletion of available P should be monitored over time, especially in mown permanent grassland crops, to prevent potential nutrient stress.
{"title":"Phosphorus Stock Depletion and Soil C:N:P Stoichiometry Under Annual Crop Rotations and Grassland Management Systems Over 13 Years","authors":"André Somavilla, L. Caner, I. B. D. da Silva, D. Rheinheimer, A. Chabbi","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.863122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.863122","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P) nutrition is essential to both plant yield and soil organic matter (SOM) input. However, continuous extraction of P by plants and biomass harvesting can lead to soil P stock depletion, a reduction in crop yields and ultimately a reduction in organic matter input to the soil. In this work, we analysed P, C and N stock trends in the 0-30 cm topsoil layer cultivated with permanent cropland (CC) and mowed permanent grassland (GG) for 13 years. In addition, we characterized the changes in P organic forms by using 31P-NMR. The results showed that the amount of P exported within 13 years was 10% greater in GG than in CC (295 and 268 kg ha-1, respectively). The total P stocks decreased under both the CC and GG management systems (0.30 and 0.25 Mg ha-1, respectively). This depletion was mainly observed in total Pi forms, which recorded reductions of 0.75 and 0.29 Mg ha-1 in GG and CC, respectively. The total Po stock increased by 42.6% in GG; these results were consistent with the increase in C and N stocks in GG (2.6 and 0.19 Mg ha-1, respectively) and their reduction in CC (-4.2 and -0.38 Mg ha-1, respectively). Although P depletion mainly affected the P pool presenting the highest lability (labile P), this depletion did not have a negative effect on plant yield after 13 years due to the buffering capacity of P pools presenting less lability (moderately labile P). Mowing permanent grasslands led to a change in the pool of labile P from inorganic to organic forms and an increase in soil C and N stocks. Based on the 31P-NMR technique, permanent grasslands significantly reduced α-glycerophosphate and increased myo-IHP and adenosine monophosphate more than the permanent cropland. Although there was no significant decrease in productivity, the depletion of available P should be monitored over time, especially in mown permanent grassland crops, to prevent potential nutrient stress.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91172151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.917490
C. Weber
A growing evidence base has shown that plastics are widely distributed in soils and could have negative effects on soil functions. However, within international standards for soil description, plastics are handled so far as one part of human-made artefacts. With the ongoing plastic crisis, such a simple classification may no longer be sufficient to provide a satisfactory description of plastics in soils. Based on the latest research on plastics in soils, these foreign components can no longer be understood as relevant only for soils in urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas. This perspective therefore aims to suggest a possible approach towards a future and more comprehensive description of plastics in soil characterization. Based on the existing definitions within the international soil description standards, a description concept and a corresponding field guide are proposed. The proposed approach comprises a recent definition of plastics and guidelines for the description of visible plastic residues in soils during field work. Classification approaches are developed for plastics abundance and distribution as well as plastic characteristics. Furthermore, pitfalls during the description, as well as during the extraction of plastics from soils in the field, and further limitations are discussed. Basic soil description during soil surveys or soil mapping, are a strong tool of soil science to derive environmental data sets. The perspective and the field guide presented in this paper are intended to change this circumstance and enable soil scientists to describe plastic residues in soils simple, comparable and adapted to existing standards in future.
{"title":"Plastics in soil description and surveys – practical considerations and field guide","authors":"C. Weber","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.917490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.917490","url":null,"abstract":"A growing evidence base has shown that plastics are widely distributed in soils and could have negative effects on soil functions. However, within international standards for soil description, plastics are handled so far as one part of human-made artefacts. With the ongoing plastic crisis, such a simple classification may no longer be sufficient to provide a satisfactory description of plastics in soils. Based on the latest research on plastics in soils, these foreign components can no longer be understood as relevant only for soils in urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas. This perspective therefore aims to suggest a possible approach towards a future and more comprehensive description of plastics in soil characterization. Based on the existing definitions within the international soil description standards, a description concept and a corresponding field guide are proposed. The proposed approach comprises a recent definition of plastics and guidelines for the description of visible plastic residues in soils during field work. Classification approaches are developed for plastics abundance and distribution as well as plastic characteristics. Furthermore, pitfalls during the description, as well as during the extraction of plastics from soils in the field, and further limitations are discussed. Basic soil description during soil surveys or soil mapping, are a strong tool of soil science to derive environmental data sets. The perspective and the field guide presented in this paper are intended to change this circumstance and enable soil scientists to describe plastic residues in soils simple, comparable and adapted to existing standards in future.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47573561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.904647
J. Farmer, C. Langan, Jo U. Smith
Our study measured heterotrophic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in a drained peatland under potato cultivation in south-western Uganda. Soil carbon losses have not previously been reported for this land use, and our study set out to capture the range and temporal variation in emissions, as well as investigate relationships with key environmental variables. Soil chamber-based emission measurements were taken over five days at four points in time over the year to capture daily and monthly variability, including day and night sampling to capture any diurnal variations in temperatures and soil flux. Differences in soil microtopography from mounding of soils for potato beds and drainage trenches had a significant effect on the rate of soil flux. Diurnal sampling showed no significant difference in emissions or soil temperatures in the raised potato beds between day and night. More significant effects on soil flux from environmental drivers, such as water table depth, were observed between months, rather than hours and days. There were significant differences in the relationships between environmental variables and soil flux, depending on if soils had been recently disturbed or not. Area-weighted emissions based on microtopography gave a mean annual emissions factor of 98.79 ± 1.7 t CO2 ha-1 y-1 (± standard error) from this peatland use.
我们的研究测量了乌干达西南部一个种植马铃薯的排水泥炭地的异养二氧化碳(CO2)排放量。土壤碳损失以前没有报道过这种土地利用，我们的研究旨在捕捉排放的范围和时间变化，并调查与关键环境变量的关系。基于土壤室的排放测量在一年中的四个时间点进行了为期五天的测量，以捕捉每日和每月的变化，包括白天和夜间采样，以捕捉温度和土壤通量的任何日变化。土壤微地形的差异对土壤通量的速率有显著影响。日测结果显示，马铃薯苗圃的温室气体排放和土壤温度在昼夜之间无显著差异。环境驱动因素(如地下水位深度)对土壤通量的影响更为显著，以月为单位，而不是以小时和天为单位。环境变量与土壤通量之间的关系存在显著差异，这取决于土壤最近是否受到干扰。基于微地形的面积加权排放得出该泥炭地利用的年平均排放因子为98.79±1.7 t CO2 ha-1 y-1(±标准误差)。
{"title":"Temporal Variability in Heterotrophic Carbon Dioxide Emissions From A Drained Tropical Peatland in Uganda","authors":"J. Farmer, C. Langan, Jo U. Smith","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.904647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.904647","url":null,"abstract":"Our study measured heterotrophic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in a drained peatland under potato cultivation in south-western Uganda. Soil carbon losses have not previously been reported for this land use, and our study set out to capture the range and temporal variation in emissions, as well as investigate relationships with key environmental variables. Soil chamber-based emission measurements were taken over five days at four points in time over the year to capture daily and monthly variability, including day and night sampling to capture any diurnal variations in temperatures and soil flux. Differences in soil microtopography from mounding of soils for potato beds and drainage trenches had a significant effect on the rate of soil flux. Diurnal sampling showed no significant difference in emissions or soil temperatures in the raised potato beds between day and night. More significant effects on soil flux from environmental drivers, such as water table depth, were observed between months, rather than hours and days. There were significant differences in the relationships between environmental variables and soil flux, depending on if soils had been recently disturbed or not. Area-weighted emissions based on microtopography gave a mean annual emissions factor of 98.79 ± 1.7 t CO2 ha-1 y-1 (± standard error) from this peatland use.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43681022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.917885
T. Martin, Christine D. Sprunger
Soil carbon (C) is a major driver of soil health, yet little is known regarding how sensitive measures of soil C shift temporally within a single growing season in response to short-term weather perturbations. Our study aimed to i) Examine how long-term management impacts soil C cycling and stability across a management intensity and plant biodiversity gradient and ii) Assess how sensitive soil health indicators change temporally over the course of a single growing season in response to recent weather patterns. Here we quantify a variety of sensitive soil C measures at four time points across the 2021 growing season at the W.K. Kellogg Biological Station’s Long Term Ecological Research Trial (LTER) located in southwest Michigan, USA. The eight systems sampled included four annual soybean (Glycine max) systems that ranged in management intensity (conventional, no-till, reduced input, and biologically-based), two perennial biofuel cropping systems (switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and hybrid poplars (Populus nigra x P.maximowiczii)), and two unmanaged systems (early successional system and a mown but never tilled grassland). We found that unmanaged systems with increased perenniality enhanced mineralizable C (Min C) and permanganate oxidizable C (POXC) values. Additionally, all soil health indicators were found to be sensitive to changes in short-term weather perturbations over the course of the growing season. The implications of this study are threefold. First, this study assess indicators of labile and stable C pools over the course of the growing season and reflects the stability of soil C in different systems. Second, POXC, Min C, and ß-glucosidase (GLU) activity are sensitive soil health indicators that fluctuate temporally, which means that these soil health indicators could help elucidate the impact that weather patterns have on soil C dynamics. Lastly, for effective monitoring of soil C, sampling time and frequency should be considered for a comprehensive understanding of soil C cycling within a system.
土壤碳（C）是土壤健康的主要驱动因素，但对于土壤碳的敏感指标在一个生长季节内如何因短期天气扰动而发生时间变化，目前知之甚少。我们的研究旨在i）研究长期管理如何影响管理强度和植物生物多样性梯度下的土壤碳循环和稳定性，以及ii）评估敏感的土壤健康指标在单个生长季节内对近期天气模式的时间变化。在这里，我们在位于美国密歇根州西南部的W.K.凯洛格生物站的长期生态研究试验（LTER）中量化了2021年生长季节四个时间点的各种敏感土壤C测量。采样的八个系统包括四个管理强度不等的一年生大豆（Glycine max）系统（传统、免耕、减少投入和生物基），两个多年生生物燃料种植系统（柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum）和杂交杨树（Populus nigra x P.maximowiczii）），以及两个未管理系统（早期演替系统和一个已修剪但从未耕种的草地）。我们发现，多年生性增加的非管理系统提高了可矿化C（Min C）和高锰酸盐可氧化C（POXC）值。此外，所有土壤健康指标都对生长季节的短期天气扰动变化敏感。这项研究的意义有三方面。首先，本研究评估了生长季节中不稳定和稳定碳库的指标，并反映了不同系统中土壤碳的稳定性。其次，POXC、Min C和ß-葡萄糖苷酶（GLU）活性是随时间波动的敏感土壤健康指标，这意味着这些土壤健康指标可以帮助阐明天气模式对土壤C动态的影响。最后，为了有效监测土壤碳，应考虑采样时间和频率，以全面了解系统内的土壤碳循环。
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Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.934999
Jacques Kilela Mwanasomwe, Serge Langunu, Salvatora Nsenga Nkulu, M. Shutcha, G. Colinet
Among mine wastes, tailings are known to have the largest environmental impact, as they have high concentrations of trace elements and are susceptible to wind dispersal and water erosion. A tree plantation trial was installed at Kipushi tailing (DR Congo) in order to mitigate the contaminant dispersal in the surrounding areas. Fifteen years later, the present study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the macronutrient and metal content in amended holes and assessing the performance of tree species through root behavior in the tailings dams. Results show elevated available P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration in the surface and amended layers, which is higher than the unpolluted soil of the miombo woodland. Trace metals were manifold higher compared to the pedo-geochemical background of the region, with Cu and Co concentration tending to increase in the organic matter-rich layers, while Zn, Cd, Pb, and As remained higher in tailings. Compared to the tailing layer, roots grew well in the amended layers, but few roots ranging from very fine to big from all the surviving species were able to grow beyond the amended layers, indicating the possibility of tree survival on the tailings dams over many years. Acacia polyacantha and Psidium guajava are species that showed a higher quantity of roots in the unamended tailing layers. Leaves should be avoided for human or animal consumption, but as the concentration of Cu, Zn, and Co in guava was lower, there is no indication of hazards in case of their consumption. Therefore, the use of well-adapted tree species on the mix-up of the organic amendments with the uncontaminated topsoil seemed to be a good technique for the reclamation of larger polluted areas.
{"title":"Effect of Organic Amendment on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tailings Dam Soil and Root Development of Tree Species, Fifteen Years After Planting","authors":"Jacques Kilela Mwanasomwe, Serge Langunu, Salvatora Nsenga Nkulu, M. Shutcha, G. Colinet","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.934999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.934999","url":null,"abstract":"Among mine wastes, tailings are known to have the largest environmental impact, as they have high concentrations of trace elements and are susceptible to wind dispersal and water erosion. A tree plantation trial was installed at Kipushi tailing (DR Congo) in order to mitigate the contaminant dispersal in the surrounding areas. Fifteen years later, the present study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the macronutrient and metal content in amended holes and assessing the performance of tree species through root behavior in the tailings dams. Results show elevated available P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration in the surface and amended layers, which is higher than the unpolluted soil of the miombo woodland. Trace metals were manifold higher compared to the pedo-geochemical background of the region, with Cu and Co concentration tending to increase in the organic matter-rich layers, while Zn, Cd, Pb, and As remained higher in tailings. Compared to the tailing layer, roots grew well in the amended layers, but few roots ranging from very fine to big from all the surviving species were able to grow beyond the amended layers, indicating the possibility of tree survival on the tailings dams over many years. Acacia polyacantha and Psidium guajava are species that showed a higher quantity of roots in the unamended tailing layers. Leaves should be avoided for human or animal consumption, but as the concentration of Cu, Zn, and Co in guava was lower, there is no indication of hazards in case of their consumption. Therefore, the use of well-adapted tree species on the mix-up of the organic amendments with the uncontaminated topsoil seemed to be a good technique for the reclamation of larger polluted areas.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44938812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-13DOI: 10.3389/fsoil.2022.927148
J. Dessureault‐Rompré
Phytotechnology has traditionally been considered as a tool to remediate contaminated soils. While phytotechnology has been generally defined as the application of science and engineering to study problems and provide solutions involving plants, the practical applications go far beyond restoring contaminated land. This review aims to broaden the way we think about phytotechnologies while highlighting how these living technologies can restore, conserve and regenerate the multiple functions and ecosystem services provided by the soil, particularly in the context of agroecosystems. At first, the main problems of soil degradation in agroecosystems are shortly underlined. Subsequently, the importance of plants and their living roots as engines of restoration are reviewed. This paper demonstrates the importance of root traits and functions for soil restoration. It also demonstrates that plant and root diversity together with perenniality are key component of an efficient soil restoration process. Then, a phytotechnology toolbox which includes three pillars for agroecosystems restoration is presented. The three pillars are agricultural practices and land management (1), rhizosphere engineering (2) and ecological intensification (3). This paper also highlights the importance of developing targeted phytotechnology-based restoration strategies developed from root functions and knowledge of rhizosphere processes. More work is needed to evaluate the potential benefits of incorporating phytotechnology-based restoration strategies in the context of grain or vegetable crop productions as most of the studies for agroecosystem restoration strategies were intended to mimic natural prairies.
{"title":"Restoring Soil Functions and Agroecosystem Services Through Phytotechnologies","authors":"J. Dessureault‐Rompré","doi":"10.3389/fsoil.2022.927148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.927148","url":null,"abstract":"Phytotechnology has traditionally been considered as a tool to remediate contaminated soils. While phytotechnology has been generally defined as the application of science and engineering to study problems and provide solutions involving plants, the practical applications go far beyond restoring contaminated land. This review aims to broaden the way we think about phytotechnologies while highlighting how these living technologies can restore, conserve and regenerate the multiple functions and ecosystem services provided by the soil, particularly in the context of agroecosystems. At first, the main problems of soil degradation in agroecosystems are shortly underlined. Subsequently, the importance of plants and their living roots as engines of restoration are reviewed. This paper demonstrates the importance of root traits and functions for soil restoration. It also demonstrates that plant and root diversity together with perenniality are key component of an efficient soil restoration process. Then, a phytotechnology toolbox which includes three pillars for agroecosystems restoration is presented. The three pillars are agricultural practices and land management (1), rhizosphere engineering (2) and ecological intensification (3). This paper also highlights the importance of developing targeted phytotechnology-based restoration strategies developed from root functions and knowledge of rhizosphere processes. More work is needed to evaluate the potential benefits of incorporating phytotechnology-based restoration strategies in the context of grain or vegetable crop productions as most of the studies for agroecosystem restoration strategies were intended to mimic natural prairies.","PeriodicalId":73107,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in soil science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45894252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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