Energy moderation of the road transportation sector is required to limit climate change and to preserve resources. This work is focused on the moderation of vehicle consumption by optimizing the speed policy along an itinerary while taking into account vehicle dynamics, driver visibility and the road’s longitudinal profile. First, a criterion is proposed in order to detect speed policies that are impeding drivers’ eco-driving ability. Then, an energy evaluation is carried out and an optimization is proposed. A numerical application is performed on a speed limiting point with 20 usage cases and 5 longitudinal slope values. In the hypothesis of a longitudinal slope of zero, energy savings of 27.7 liter per day could be realized by a speed sign displacement of only 153.6 m. Potential energy savings can increase to up to 308.4 L per day for a −4% slope case, or up to 70.5 L per day for an ordinary −2% slope, with a sign displacement of only 391.5 m. This results in a total of 771,975 L of fuel savings over a 30 year infrastructure life cycle period. Therefore a methodology has been developed to help road managers optimize their speed policies with the aim of moderating vehicle consumption.
{"title":"Enhancement of Vehicle Eco-Driving Applicability through Road Infrastructure Design and Exploitation","authors":"Coiret Alex, Vandanjon Pierre-Olivier, Noël Romain","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010021","url":null,"abstract":"Energy moderation of the road transportation sector is required to limit climate change and to preserve resources. This work is focused on the moderation of vehicle consumption by optimizing the speed policy along an itinerary while taking into account vehicle dynamics, driver visibility and the road’s longitudinal profile. First, a criterion is proposed in order to detect speed policies that are impeding drivers’ eco-driving ability. Then, an energy evaluation is carried out and an optimization is proposed. A numerical application is performed on a speed limiting point with 20 usage cases and 5 longitudinal slope values. In the hypothesis of a longitudinal slope of zero, energy savings of 27.7 liter per day could be realized by a speed sign displacement of only 153.6 m. Potential energy savings can increase to up to 308.4 L per day for a −4% slope case, or up to 70.5 L per day for an ordinary −2% slope, with a sign displacement of only 391.5 m. This results in a total of 771,975 L of fuel savings over a 30 year infrastructure life cycle period. Therefore a methodology has been developed to help road managers optimize their speed policies with the aim of moderating vehicle consumption.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75466756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Cioffi, A. R. Prakash, E. Sabbioni, M. Vignati, F. Cheli
Heavy vehicles exiting (or entering) a tunnel at high speed under a strong crosswind is a particularly critical condition since the aerodynamic load changes drastically, greatly affecting the lateral stability of the vehicle. Often, active control systems (active suspensions, active front steering, etc.) and infrastructure elements (e.g., wind fences) are proposed to reduce the induced risks. To help the design of these devices, the present paper investigates the response of the vehicle–driver system in the case of a high-sided lorry exiting a tunnel under crosswind, by using Driver-In-the-Loop simulations. The study was performed using the dynamic driving simulator of Politecnico di Milano and 28 test drivers. Vehicle and aerodynamic models have been developed to reproduce the phenomenon in a highly immersive environment. During the tests, several combinations of vehicle and wind speed were considered. The effect of vehicle loading condition (Empty and Laden) was also investigated. The performed tests allowed us to gain information about the sequence of the driver’s actions and associated delays, which may induce lane deviation or, in the worst case, rollover. It was found that lane invasion may happen for ratios of lateral aerodynamic force over vehicle weight force bigger than 0.1, while rollover could happen for ratios bigger than 0.3. Moreover, it was found that the driver’s response typically happens with a delay of ∼0.25 s with respect to the onset of the crosswind stimulus.
{"title":"Heavy-Vehicle Response to Crosswind: Evaluation of Driver Reactions Using a Dynamic Driving Simulator","authors":"A. Cioffi, A. R. Prakash, E. Sabbioni, M. Vignati, F. Cheli","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010020","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy vehicles exiting (or entering) a tunnel at high speed under a strong crosswind is a particularly critical condition since the aerodynamic load changes drastically, greatly affecting the lateral stability of the vehicle. Often, active control systems (active suspensions, active front steering, etc.) and infrastructure elements (e.g., wind fences) are proposed to reduce the induced risks. To help the design of these devices, the present paper investigates the response of the vehicle–driver system in the case of a high-sided lorry exiting a tunnel under crosswind, by using Driver-In-the-Loop simulations. The study was performed using the dynamic driving simulator of Politecnico di Milano and 28 test drivers. Vehicle and aerodynamic models have been developed to reproduce the phenomenon in a highly immersive environment. During the tests, several combinations of vehicle and wind speed were considered. The effect of vehicle loading condition (Empty and Laden) was also investigated. The performed tests allowed us to gain information about the sequence of the driver’s actions and associated delays, which may induce lane deviation or, in the worst case, rollover. It was found that lane invasion may happen for ratios of lateral aerodynamic force over vehicle weight force bigger than 0.1, while rollover could happen for ratios bigger than 0.3. Moreover, it was found that the driver’s response typically happens with a delay of ∼0.25 s with respect to the onset of the crosswind stimulus.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88348096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the vehicle-following scenario of autonomous driving, the change of driving style in the front vehicle will directly affect the decision on the rear vehicle. In this paper, a strategy based on a probabilistic neural network (PNN) for front vehicle intention recognition is proposed, which enables the rear vehicle to obtain the driving intention of the front vehicle without communication between the two vehicles. First, real vehicle data with different intents are collected and time—frequency domain variables are extracted. Secondly, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is performed on the variables in order to obtain comprehensive features. Meanwhile, two cases are classified according to whether the front vehicle can transmit data to the rear vehicle. Finally, two recognition models are trained separately according to a PNN algorithm, and the two models obtained from the training are verified separately. When the front vehicle can communicate with the rear vehicle, the recognition accuracy of the corresponding PNN model reaches 96.39% (simulation validation) and 95.08% (real vehicle validation). If it cannot, the recognition accuracy of the corresponding PNN model reaches 78.18% (simulation validation) and 73.74% (real vehicle validation).
{"title":"The Vehicle Intention Recognition with Vehicle-Following Scene Based on Probabilistic Neural Networks","authors":"Kaixuan Chen, Guangqiang Wu","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010019","url":null,"abstract":"In the vehicle-following scenario of autonomous driving, the change of driving style in the front vehicle will directly affect the decision on the rear vehicle. In this paper, a strategy based on a probabilistic neural network (PNN) for front vehicle intention recognition is proposed, which enables the rear vehicle to obtain the driving intention of the front vehicle without communication between the two vehicles. First, real vehicle data with different intents are collected and time—frequency domain variables are extracted. Secondly, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is performed on the variables in order to obtain comprehensive features. Meanwhile, two cases are classified according to whether the front vehicle can transmit data to the rear vehicle. Finally, two recognition models are trained separately according to a PNN algorithm, and the two models obtained from the training are verified separately. When the front vehicle can communicate with the rear vehicle, the recognition accuracy of the corresponding PNN model reaches 96.39% (simulation validation) and 95.08% (real vehicle validation). If it cannot, the recognition accuracy of the corresponding PNN model reaches 78.18% (simulation validation) and 73.74% (real vehicle validation).","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85181870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we pay significant attention to the most vulnerable road users (i.e., people with disabilities) when interacting with cyclists. The special needs of these groups are studied by distributing an online questionnaire about their perception and interaction with cyclists besides conducting an on-road experiment to test the possibility of sharing cycling infrastructure with wheelchair users. In an authentic case study, 2 cyclists and 5 wheelchair users were asked to ride their vehicles on a cycling lane in Madrid, in order to evaluate wheelchair users’ interaction with cyclists and reaction to the infrastructure by applying objective and subjective measures. The participants were provided with GPS, a speed sensor, and a head-mounted camera to record the experiment. The results show that people with disabilities feel threatened by cyclists who share the sidewalk with them; the respondents to the questionnaire suggested making the sidewalk free of cyclists to avoid conflict and improve safety. Moreover, the outputs of the experiment show positive feedback from wheelchair users when sharing cycling infrastructure regarding the improvement of speed and safety feeling. However, it is recommended to increase the number of wheelchair users to obtain more reliable and generalizable results.
{"title":"Assessingthe Accessibility of Cycling Infrastructure for Wheelchair Users: Insights from an On-Road Experiment and Online Questionnaire Study","authors":"Murad M. Shoman, H. Imine","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010018","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we pay significant attention to the most vulnerable road users (i.e., people with disabilities) when interacting with cyclists. The special needs of these groups are studied by distributing an online questionnaire about their perception and interaction with cyclists besides conducting an on-road experiment to test the possibility of sharing cycling infrastructure with wheelchair users. In an authentic case study, 2 cyclists and 5 wheelchair users were asked to ride their vehicles on a cycling lane in Madrid, in order to evaluate wheelchair users’ interaction with cyclists and reaction to the infrastructure by applying objective and subjective measures. The participants were provided with GPS, a speed sensor, and a head-mounted camera to record the experiment. The results show that people with disabilities feel threatened by cyclists who share the sidewalk with them; the respondents to the questionnaire suggested making the sidewalk free of cyclists to avoid conflict and improve safety. Moreover, the outputs of the experiment show positive feedback from wheelchair users when sharing cycling infrastructure regarding the improvement of speed and safety feeling. However, it is recommended to increase the number of wheelchair users to obtain more reliable and generalizable results.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80948828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdessamad El Krine, M. Redondin, Joffrey Girard, C. Heinkélé, Aude Stresser, V. Muzet
The forthcoming arrival of automated vehicles (AV) on the roads requires the re-evaluation or even adaptation of existing infrastructures as they are currently designed on the basis of human perception. Indeed, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) do not necessarily have the same needs as drivers to detect road markings. One of the main challenges related to AV is the optimisation of the vehicle–infrastructure pair in order to guarantee the safety of all users. In this context, we compared the performance of a vehicle equipped with an ADAS machine-vision system with a dynamic retroreflectometer during the daytime on a road section. Our results questioned the reliability of the literature thresholds of the luminance contrast ratio on a dry road under sunny conditions. Despite the presence of old and worn road markings, the ADAS camera was able to detect the edge lines in more than 90% of the cases. The non-detections were not related to the poor condition of the markings but to the environmental conditions or the complexity of the infrastructure.
{"title":"Does the Condition of the Road Markings Have a Direct Impact on the Performance of Machine Vision during the Day on Dry Roads?","authors":"Abdessamad El Krine, M. Redondin, Joffrey Girard, C. Heinkélé, Aude Stresser, V. Muzet","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010016","url":null,"abstract":"The forthcoming arrival of automated vehicles (AV) on the roads requires the re-evaluation or even adaptation of existing infrastructures as they are currently designed on the basis of human perception. Indeed, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) do not necessarily have the same needs as drivers to detect road markings. One of the main challenges related to AV is the optimisation of the vehicle–infrastructure pair in order to guarantee the safety of all users. In this context, we compared the performance of a vehicle equipped with an ADAS machine-vision system with a dynamic retroreflectometer during the daytime on a road section. Our results questioned the reliability of the literature thresholds of the luminance contrast ratio on a dry road under sunny conditions. Despite the presence of old and worn road markings, the ADAS camera was able to detect the edge lines in more than 90% of the cases. The non-detections were not related to the poor condition of the markings but to the environmental conditions or the complexity of the infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87241911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphael Mieth, Fabian Markschies, Ruixin Zhou, F. Gauterin, A. Stephan
Only a small part of the high performance of electric drive systems in vehicles is used in everyday operation by customers. As a result, most drives are not operated in the optimum efficiency range. Designing a suitable drive system, whose performance is aligned with actual customer requirements, presents the potential to increase efficiency. Based on the findings of previous research, this paper serves to complement an existing method, which already introduced the basic method of transferring statistical customer data into relevant parameters for the design of a customer-specific drive system. In order to improve the method, further criteria for the selection of relevant time series come into place. Furthermore, the impact on maximum loads resulting from various sequences of the selected time series is identified and evaluated with time frame-based analysis. A new approach for the effective computation of maximum design-relevant loads in the admissible time frame range is introduced and validated. By taking this approach, the sensitivity of the derived design parameters regarding various time series sequence is evaluated in the context of selected datasets. In addition, concatenations of time series are identified which may have a relevant influence on the maximum loads. Consequently, the design process is safeguarded thoroughly against potential maximum loads as well as the associated thermal stresses.
{"title":"Enhanced Derivation of Customer-Specific Drive System Design Parameters with Time Frame-Based Maximum Load Analysis","authors":"Raphael Mieth, Fabian Markschies, Ruixin Zhou, F. Gauterin, A. Stephan","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010017","url":null,"abstract":"Only a small part of the high performance of electric drive systems in vehicles is used in everyday operation by customers. As a result, most drives are not operated in the optimum efficiency range. Designing a suitable drive system, whose performance is aligned with actual customer requirements, presents the potential to increase efficiency. Based on the findings of previous research, this paper serves to complement an existing method, which already introduced the basic method of transferring statistical customer data into relevant parameters for the design of a customer-specific drive system. In order to improve the method, further criteria for the selection of relevant time series come into place. Furthermore, the impact on maximum loads resulting from various sequences of the selected time series is identified and evaluated with time frame-based analysis. A new approach for the effective computation of maximum design-relevant loads in the admissible time frame range is introduced and validated. By taking this approach, the sensitivity of the derived design parameters regarding various time series sequence is evaluated in the context of selected datasets. In addition, concatenations of time series are identified which may have a relevant influence on the maximum loads. Consequently, the design process is safeguarded thoroughly against potential maximum loads as well as the associated thermal stresses.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81804535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Henrietta Lengyel, Shaiykbekova Maral, Sherkhan Kerebekov, Zsolt Szalay, Árpád Török
Our paper introduces new reconstruction techniques of real-life critical road traffic accidents focusing on highly automated functions. The investigation method presented here focuses on the effect of relevant control parameters and environmental factors following the concept of sensitivity analysis. Two reconstruction tools are applied, the choice depending on the relevant causal factor of the accidents. Our measurement proves that the technical parameters of the control process, like time to collision or braking pressure that affects user satisfaction directly, can significantly influence the probability of accident occurrence. Thus, it is reasonable to consider safety with an increased weight compared to the user experience when identifying these parameters’ values. On the other hand, the effects of the investigated environmental factors were also found to be significant. Accordingly, future ADAS applications need to consider the change of environmental factors in the case of increased risk level, and driver-mode should be adapted to the new situation.
{"title":"Modelling and Simulating Automated Vehicular Functions in Critical Situations—Application of a Novel Accident Reconstruction Concept","authors":"Henrietta Lengyel, Shaiykbekova Maral, Sherkhan Kerebekov, Zsolt Szalay, Árpád Török","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010015","url":null,"abstract":"Our paper introduces new reconstruction techniques of real-life critical road traffic accidents focusing on highly automated functions. The investigation method presented here focuses on the effect of relevant control parameters and environmental factors following the concept of sensitivity analysis. Two reconstruction tools are applied, the choice depending on the relevant causal factor of the accidents. Our measurement proves that the technical parameters of the control process, like time to collision or braking pressure that affects user satisfaction directly, can significantly influence the probability of accident occurrence. Thus, it is reasonable to consider safety with an increased weight compared to the user experience when identifying these parameters’ values. On the other hand, the effects of the investigated environmental factors were also found to be significant. Accordingly, future ADAS applications need to consider the change of environmental factors in the case of increased risk level, and driver-mode should be adapted to the new situation.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135238872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhaoyao Shi, Bo Liu, H. Yue, Xiaoxiao Wu, Shuhan Wang
At present, the noise of pure electric vehicles is a research hotspot, especially the noise of automatic transmission. In order to reduce the noise problem in the test, this paper proposes a method to optimize the local structure of the gearbox housing. First, the noise is evaluated and analyzed by combining subjective and objective methods, and the subjective score and noise order information are obtained. Then the factors that have great influence on the transmission error are explored, and the gearbox housing is finally determined as the optimization objective. Through finite element analysis, the weak position of the gearbox housing can be located quickly and accurately, and then the static and dynamic stiffness of the housing can be improved by adding and changing stiffeners. The simulation results show that the performance of the optimized housing is significantly improved. After the noise test of the whole vehicle, the noise of the two-speed automatic transmission is significantly reduced, and the subjective evaluation results are good.
{"title":"Noise Reduction of Two-Speed Automatic Transmission for Pure Electric Vehicles","authors":"Zhaoyao Shi, Bo Liu, H. Yue, Xiaoxiao Wu, Shuhan Wang","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010014","url":null,"abstract":"At present, the noise of pure electric vehicles is a research hotspot, especially the noise of automatic transmission. In order to reduce the noise problem in the test, this paper proposes a method to optimize the local structure of the gearbox housing. First, the noise is evaluated and analyzed by combining subjective and objective methods, and the subjective score and noise order information are obtained. Then the factors that have great influence on the transmission error are explored, and the gearbox housing is finally determined as the optimization objective. Through finite element analysis, the weak position of the gearbox housing can be located quickly and accurately, and then the static and dynamic stiffness of the housing can be improved by adding and changing stiffeners. The simulation results show that the performance of the optimized housing is significantly improved. After the noise test of the whole vehicle, the noise of the two-speed automatic transmission is significantly reduced, and the subjective evaluation results are good.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86461774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground vibrations near railway lines are generated by the forces that are acting between wheel and rail. It seems to be a straight forward assumption that the vehicle dynamics are important for the level and the frequencies of the excitation forces. Different vehicle dynamics phenomena are analysed for their role in the excitation of ground vibrations: rigid body modes of the bogies, elastic (bending) modes of the car body, and elastic modes of the wheelset. The theoretical analyses use rigid body models, simplified elastic models, and detailed elastic models. Some of these problems are vehicle–track interaction problems where 3D finite-element boundary-element models have been used for the track and soil. It is shown that the rigid or flexible vehicle modes are well in the frequency range of ground vibrations (4 to 100 Hz). They have an influence on the excitation force but the additional forces are rather small and can be neglected in ground vibration prediction. The theoretical results are checked by experimental results of a simultaneous measurement of vehicle, track, and ground vibrations.
{"title":"Vehicle Dynamics and Train-Induced Ground Vibration—Theoretical Analyses and Simultaneous Vehicle, Track, and Soil Measurements","authors":"L. Auersch","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010013","url":null,"abstract":"Ground vibrations near railway lines are generated by the forces that are acting between wheel and rail. It seems to be a straight forward assumption that the vehicle dynamics are important for the level and the frequencies of the excitation forces. Different vehicle dynamics phenomena are analysed for their role in the excitation of ground vibrations: rigid body modes of the bogies, elastic (bending) modes of the car body, and elastic modes of the wheelset. The theoretical analyses use rigid body models, simplified elastic models, and detailed elastic models. Some of these problems are vehicle–track interaction problems where 3D finite-element boundary-element models have been used for the track and soil. It is shown that the rigid or flexible vehicle modes are well in the frequency range of ground vibrations (4 to 100 Hz). They have an influence on the excitation force but the additional forces are rather small and can be neglected in ground vibration prediction. The theoretical results are checked by experimental results of a simultaneous measurement of vehicle, track, and ground vibrations.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89611665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivan Cvok, J. Deur, Mislav Hihlik, Yijing Zhang, V. Ivanovic, Y. Fujii
Step-ratio automatic transmission upshift performance can be improved by modulating the off-going (OFG) clutch during the inertia phase. In this paper, a static powertrain performance model is derived and applied for the purpose of numerically efficient, multi-objective shift control parameter optimization for the inertia phase. The optimization is aimed at finding the optimal node parameters for simplified, piecewise linear, open-loop profiles of oncoming (ONC) clutch, OFG clutch, and engine torque reduction control variables. The performance indices, i.e., the optimization objectives, include shift comfort, clutch thermal loss, and shift time. The optimization results in 3D Pareto optimal frontiers, which are then analyzed and compared with those obtained by using the previously developed, nonlinear model-based, genetic algorithm optimization tool. The derived method is employed in order to develop a static model-based predictive control (S-MPC) strategy, which commands ONC clutch torque control input while retaining open-loop controls for engine and OFG clutch control inputs. The S-MPC strategy aims at providing the prespecified shift time, while the shift time accuracy is relaxed to some extent by using a control input dead zone element to avoid chattering effect. The S-MPC system performance is verified through simulation and compared with the genetic algorithm benchmark. The simulation results demonstrate that the S-MPC strategy approaches the benchmark performance.
{"title":"Static Model-Based Optimization and Multi-Input Optimal Control of Automatic Transmission Upshift during Inertia Phase","authors":"Ivan Cvok, J. Deur, Mislav Hihlik, Yijing Zhang, V. Ivanovic, Y. Fujii","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5010011","url":null,"abstract":"Step-ratio automatic transmission upshift performance can be improved by modulating the off-going (OFG) clutch during the inertia phase. In this paper, a static powertrain performance model is derived and applied for the purpose of numerically efficient, multi-objective shift control parameter optimization for the inertia phase. The optimization is aimed at finding the optimal node parameters for simplified, piecewise linear, open-loop profiles of oncoming (ONC) clutch, OFG clutch, and engine torque reduction control variables. The performance indices, i.e., the optimization objectives, include shift comfort, clutch thermal loss, and shift time. The optimization results in 3D Pareto optimal frontiers, which are then analyzed and compared with those obtained by using the previously developed, nonlinear model-based, genetic algorithm optimization tool. The derived method is employed in order to develop a static model-based predictive control (S-MPC) strategy, which commands ONC clutch torque control input while retaining open-loop controls for engine and OFG clutch control inputs. The S-MPC strategy aims at providing the prespecified shift time, while the shift time accuracy is relaxed to some extent by using a control input dead zone element to avoid chattering effect. The S-MPC system performance is verified through simulation and compared with the genetic algorithm benchmark. The simulation results demonstrate that the S-MPC strategy approaches the benchmark performance.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88256610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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