IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors最新文献_第7页

A Method for Measuring Fluid Pressures in the Shoe-Floor-Fluid Interface: Application to Shoe Tread Evaluation. 一种测量鞋-地板-流体界面流体压力的方法:在鞋面评价中的应用。

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-11-24 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2014.919367

Gurjeet Singh, Kurt E Beschorner

Background: Fluid contaminants cause slipping accidents by reducing shoe-floor friction. Fluid pressures in the shoe-floor interface reduce contact between the surfaces and, thus, reduce friction between the surfaces. A technological gap for measuring fluid pressures, however, has impeded improved understanding of what factors influence these pressures.

Purpose: This study aimed to introduce a technique for measuring fluid pressures under the shoe and to demonstrate the utility of the technique by quantifying the effects of tread depth and fluid viscosity on fluid pressures for two different shoes.

Methods: A fluid pressure sensor embedded in the floor surface was used to measure fluid pressures, while a robotic slip-tester traversed the shoe over the floor surface. Multiple scans were collected to develop 2D fluid pressure maps across the shoe surface. Two shoe tread types (an athletic shoe and a work shoe), two fluids (high-viscosity diluted glycerol and a low-viscosity detergent solution), and three tread depths (full tread, half tread, and no tread) were tested, while fluid pressures were measured.

Results: Untreaded shoes combined with a high-viscosity fluid resulted in high fluid pressures, while treaded shoes or low-viscosity fluids resulted in low fluid pressures. The increased fluid pressures that were observed for the untreaded shoes are consistent with tribology theory and evidence from human slipping studies.

Conclusions: The methods described here successfully measured fluid pressures and yielded results consistent with tribological theory and human slipping experiments. This approach offers significant potential in evaluating the slip-resistance of tread designs and determining wear limits for replacing shoes.

背景:流体污染物通过减少鞋与地板的摩擦而导致滑倒事故。鞋-地板界面的流体压力减少了表面之间的接触，从而减少了表面之间的摩擦。然而，测量流体压力的技术差距阻碍了对影响这些压力的因素的进一步了解。目的:本研究旨在介绍一种测量鞋下流体压力的技术，并通过量化两种不同鞋子的胎面深度和流体粘度对流体压力的影响来证明该技术的实用性。方法:使用嵌入地板表面的流体压力传感器来测量流体压力，而机器人滑动测试仪则在地板表面上穿过鞋子。收集了多次扫描，形成了鞋表面的二维流体压力图。测试了两种鞋面类型(运动鞋和工作鞋)、两种液体(高粘度稀释甘油和低粘度洗涤剂溶液)和三种胎面深度(全胎面、半胎面和无胎面)，同时测量了流体压力。结果:未踩踏的鞋与高粘度流体混合会导致较高的流体压力，而踩踏的鞋或低粘度流体导致较低的流体压力。未穿鞋时观察到的流体压力增加与摩擦学理论和人体滑倒研究的证据一致。结论:本文描述的方法成功地测量了流体压力，并获得了与摩擦学理论和人体滑动实验一致的结果。这种方法在评估胎面设计的防滑性和确定更换鞋子的磨损极限方面具有重要的潜力。

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引用次数: 35

Editorial Board EOV 编辑委员会EOV

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.867186

Editorial Board: Michael J. Agnew, Virginia Tech, USA Ellen J. Bass, Drexel University, USA Ole Broberg, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Catherine Burns, University of Waterloo, Canada Rakié Cham, University of Pittsburgh, USA Patrick G. Dempsey, NIOSH, USA Jack Dennerlein, Northeastern University, USA Donald L. Fisher, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA Matthias Goebel, Rhodes University, South Africa Richard J. Holden, Vanderbilt University, USA Marco J.M. Hoozemans, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Peter Johnson, University of Washington, USA David B. Kaber, North Carolina State University, USA Steve Lavender, The Ohio State University, USA John D. Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Gary A. Mirka, Iowa State University, USA W. Patrick Neumann, Ryerson University, Canada Victor L. Pacquet, University at Buffalo, USA Raja Parasuraman, George Mason University, USA Amy R. Pritchett, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Matthew P. Reed, The University of Michigan, USA David M. Rempel, University of California, USA Michelle M. Robertson, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, USA Ling Rothrock, Penn State University, USA Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, North Carolina A&T State University, USA Jaap H. van Dieën, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Patrick Waterson, Loughborough University, UK Richard P. Wells, University of Waterloo, Canada

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引用次数: 0

Factors Contributing to Driving Safety in the Trucking Industry 影响卡车运输行业驾驶安全的因素

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.852145

Ya Li, K. Itoh

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This study sought to identify factors contributing to preventable road traffic crashes, based on analyses of crash records collected from 18 trucking companies in Japan. Road crashes in the trucking industry were found to be associated with the following factors: penalty points of the driver's license, emotional stability, safety attitudes, delivery area or range, driver workload, and driving experience. In addition to well-known causal factors for driver errors in road transport, these results suggest that managers in a trucking firm should provide drivers with safety-oriented work schedules to control stress and workload. Examples include more frequent breaks (for a shorter duration), particularly for medium- or long-distance drivers, controlling annual driving distance, and training not only for technical skills but also for enhanced safety attitudes and behaviors. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Occupational traffic safety is recognized as one of the most crucial social issues to address in many countries. Yet, causal factors for road crashes involving occupational drivers have not been fully investigated. Purpose: This study sought to identify important factors contributing to safety outcomes of occupational truck drivers in Japan. Methods: A total of 1292 drivers’ road crash and work-related records were collected from 18 trucking companies in Japan. Each record specified individual and task-related attributes and history of road crashes from 2004 to 2006. As individual attributes, each record included age, gender, experience, employment condition, supervisor assessment of fuel-efficient driving, penalty points on driver's license, scores of five personality and attitude factors, and four sensorimotor functions measured by a driver aptitude test. Examples of task-related attributes were vehicle type, delivery, and annual working days. Chi-square tests were used to examine differences between “crash-free” and “crash-involved” drivers for potential contributing factors. Results: Several driver factors contributing to safety performance were identified. For instance, years of occupational driving experience were positively associated with higher levels of traffic safety. Drivers with fewer driver's license penalty points were less likely to have been involved in a road crash. Results also suggested that drivers’ emotional stability and positive safety attitudes are associated with lower involvement in road crashes. In addition to these individual attributes, some task-related factors were identified that may influence the likelihood of crash involvement (e.g., delivery range and annual driving distance). Conclusions: Several driver factors, such as fewer driver's license penalty points, high emotional stability, positive safety attitudes, and reasonable workload, were associated with mitigation of crash risk. This suggests that occupational truck drivers should be provided safety-oriented work schedules and conditions

本研究基于对日本18家卡车运输公司收集的事故记录的分析，试图找出导致可预防的道路交通事故的因素。研究发现，卡车运输行业的道路交通事故与以下因素有关:驾驶执照的罚分、情绪稳定性、安全态度、交付区域或范围、司机工作量和驾驶经验。除了众所周知的道路运输中司机失误的原因外，这些结果表明，卡车运输公司的管理者应该为司机提供以安全为导向的工作时间表，以控制压力和工作量。例子包括更频繁的休息(持续时间更短)，特别是对于中长途司机，控制年驾驶距离，不仅要训练技术技能，还要加强安全态度和行为。技术摘要背景:职业交通安全是许多国家公认的最重要的社会问题之一。然而，涉及职业司机的道路交通事故的因果因素尚未得到充分调查。目的:本研究旨在找出影响日本职业卡车司机安全结果的重要因素。方法:收集日本18家货运公司1292名司机的道路交通事故及工作记录。每条记录都指定了2004年至2006年期间的个人和任务相关属性以及道路交通事故历史。作为个人属性，每项记录包括年龄、性别、经验、就业状况、主管对节能驾驶的评估、驾驶执照的扣分、五项性格和态度因素的得分，以及驾驶能力测试中测量的四项感觉运动功能。任务相关属性的示例包括车辆类型、交付和年度工作日。卡方检验用于检验“无碰撞”和“涉及碰撞”驾驶员之间潜在因素的差异。结果:确定了影响安全性能的几个驱动因素。例如，多年的职业驾驶经验与较高的交通安全水平呈正相关。驾照扣分少的司机发生交通事故的可能性更小。结果还表明，司机的情绪稳定和积极的安全态度与较低的道路交通事故发生率有关。除了这些单独的属性外，还确定了一些与任务相关的因素，这些因素可能会影响涉及碰撞的可能性(例如，交付范围和年驾驶距离)。结论:驾驶员的几个因素，如较少的驾照罚分、高情绪稳定性、积极的安全态度和合理的工作量，与降低碰撞风险有关。这表明，职业卡车司机应该提供以安全为导向的工作时间表和条件，以适当控制工作量和培训，不仅是技术技能，还有与安全有关的态度和行为。

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引用次数: 6

Shape-Coding and Length-Coding as a Measure to Reduce the Probability of Selection Errors During the Control of Industrial Equipment 形状编码和长度编码作为减少工业设备控制中选择错误概率的措施

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.844209

L. Steiner, R. Burgess-Limerick

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Shape-coding and length-coding of control levers may have limited benefits for the prevention of selection errors during operation of roof-bolting machines and other industrial equipment. Any benefits of arbitrary shape-coding or length-coding for reducing selection errors are likely to be restricted to situations in which the arrangement of controls in relation to the participant is subsequently altered in some way, such as the operator moving from one machine to another with a different control layout. If shape-coding is employed, measures should be taken to ensure that the relationship between shape and function remains consistent across similar equipment and that the relationship between shape and function cannot be altered in error during maintenance. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Rationale: Underground coal mining is one of the most hazardous industrial environments, and roof-bolting machine operators are the most at-risk occupation in underground coal mining. Many examples of industrial equipment, including bolting machines used in underground coal mines, are operated via a bank of levers that control different machine functions and movements. Errors in the use of these controls are a cause of serious injuries. Purpose: A recent design guideline for underground bolting equipment has specified the use of arbitrary shape-coding for principal equipment functions with the aim of reducing injuries caused by operators inadvertently operating the wrong lever (a selection error). Three experiments were conducted to provide further insight to the use of control-coding. Methods: Sixty-four individuals participated in three experiments. Each participant operated a physical simulation of a single-boom roof-bolter machine via five levers in either shape-coded, length-coded, or identical handle conditions. In two experiments, the location of the controls was changed half-way through the experiment. Selection error rate data were collected. Results: When operators are not under time pressure, their attention is not divided, and they are able to view the controls they are manipulating, any benefits of arbitrary shape-coding or length-coding for reducing selection errors are likely to be restricted to situations in which the arrangement of controls in relation to the participant is subsequently altered. Conclusions: If shape-coding is employed, measures should be taken to ensure that the relationship between shape and function remains consistent and that maintenance errors, such as reversing handle shapes, are prevented.

控制杆的形状编码和长度编码在防止锚杆机和其他工业设备操作过程中的选择错误方面可能有有限的好处。任意形状编码或长度编码对于减少选择错误的任何好处都可能仅限于与参与者相关的控制安排随后以某种方式改变的情况，例如操作员使用不同的控制布局从一台机器移动到另一台机器。如果采用形状编码，应采取措施确保形状和功能之间的关系在类似设备中保持一致，并且形状和功能之间的关系不能在维护期间错误地改变。技术摘要理论基础:煤矿井下开采是最危险的工业环境之一，锚杆机作业人员是煤矿井下开采中最危险的职业。许多工业设备，包括煤矿井下使用的螺栓机，都是通过一组控制不同机器功能和运动的杠杆来操作的。使用这些控制的错误是造成严重伤害的原因。目的:最近的地下螺栓设备设计指南规定了对主要设备功能使用任意形状编码，目的是减少操作员无意中操作错误杠杆(选择错误)造成的伤害。为了进一步了解控制编码的使用，我们进行了三个实验。方法:64人参加3个实验。每个参与者通过五个杠杆操作单杆锚杆机的物理模拟，这些杠杆分别是形状编码、长度编码或相同的手柄条件。在两个实验中，控制组的位置在实验进行到一半时被改变。收集选择错误率数据。结果:当操作者没有时间压力时，他们的注意力不会分散，并且他们能够看到他们正在操作的控件，任意形状编码或长度编码的任何好处都可能限制在与参与者相关的控件的排列随后改变的情况下。结论:如果采用形状编码，应采取措施确保形状与功能之间的关系保持一致，并防止维修错误，如反转手柄形状。

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引用次数: 7

Effect of Sitting Orientation on Touchscreen Performance, Touch Characteristics, User Preference, and Workload 坐姿对触摸屏性能、触摸特性、用户偏好和工作负荷的影响

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.847873

A. Chourasia, D. Wiegmann, Karen B. Chen, M. Sesto

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Sitting in a parallel orientation in front of a touch screen (requiring twisting of the torso) was found to cause a decrement in touchscreen performance (36%–48%). However, the adverse effect of sitting orientation on performance could be ameliorated by interface design, most notably by using button sizes greater than 20×20 mm. Larger button sizes also benefit individuals with upper extremity motor control disabilities, and this information could be used to incorporate universal design in touchscreen interfaces. Larger button sizes also help in reducing the force-time integral during button activation. Touchscreens are widely used in occupational settings, such as retail, restaurants, and health care. The touchscreen performance findings from this study are applicable to touchscreen interface design for users with and without upper extremity motor control disabilities, and the touch characteristics findings are useful for ergonomists quantifying forces involved in touchscreen operation. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Touchscreens can be used in stand-alone kiosks, embedded in larger structures, such as walls, or arranged in multi-display configurations (e.g., a control station). As a result, users may not always be positioned in front of the screen and may instead operate it in a variety of orientations. Previous touchscreen research has not considered the effect of user sitting orientation on touchscreen performance, such as in terms of the number of errors (incorrect button activation), misses (touch that does not result in button activation), task completion time, and touch characteristics (e.g., force, dwell time [the time the button was pressed], and force-time integral). Purpose: This study evaluates the effect of sitting orientation on performance and touch characteristics during a digit entry task among individuals with and without motor control disabilities, including wheelchair users and non-users. Methods: Participants with (n = 21) and without (n = 21) upper extremity motor control disabilities (+MCD and −MCD, respectively) completed a four-digit entry task on a touchscreen in both front and parallel orientations to the touchscreen. Button sizes of 10×10 to 30×30 mm (5-mm increments) and two button gaps (3 or 5 mm) were used. Results: Accuracy was adversely affected, with errors (36%) and misses (48%) greater in the parallel orientation. Dwell time (12%) and force-time integral (21%) were also greater in the parallel orientation than in the front orientation. Larger button sizes (≥20 mm) lowered misses, errors, force-time integrals, and dwell times for both orientations. The +MCD group had a greater percentage of trials with misses (150%) and longer dwell times (66%) than the −MCD group, but in general, similar trends in performance and touch characteristics were observed for both groups across button sizes, button gaps, and sitting orientation. Conclusions: Decrements in touchscreen performance occurred in t

研究发现，在触摸屏前以平行方向坐着(需要扭转躯干)会导致触摸屏性能下降(36%-48%)。然而，坐姿对性能的不利影响可以通过界面设计来改善，最明显的是使用大于20×20 mm的按钮。更大的按钮尺寸也有利于上肢运动控制障碍的人，这些信息可以用于将触摸屏界面的通用设计纳入其中。较大的按钮尺寸也有助于减少按钮激活期间的力-时间积分。触摸屏广泛应用于职业环境，如零售、餐馆和医疗保健。本研究的触摸屏性能研究结果适用于有或没有上肢运动控制障碍的用户的触摸屏界面设计，触摸特性研究结果可用于人类工效学家量化触摸屏操作所涉及的力。技术摘要背景:触摸屏可用于独立的信息亭，嵌入在较大的结构中，如墙壁，或安排在多显示配置中(例如，控制站)。因此，用户可能并不总是定位在屏幕的前面，而是可以在各种方向上操作它。之前的触摸屏研究并没有考虑到用户坐姿方向对触摸屏性能的影响，比如错误次数(按钮激活错误)、失误次数(没有激活按钮的触摸)、任务完成时间和触摸特征(如力、停留时间[按下按钮的时间]和力-时间积分)。目的:本研究评估坐姿对有和没有运动控制障碍的人(包括轮椅使用者和非轮椅使用者)在数字输入任务中的表现和触摸特征的影响。方法:上肢运动控制障碍(分别为+MCD和- MCD)的参与者(n = 21)和非上肢运动控制障碍(n = 21)分别在触摸屏的正面和平行方向上完成四位数输入任务。按钮尺寸为10×10至30×30 mm(增量为5mm)，两个按钮间隙(3或5 mm)。结果:准确性受到不利影响，平行方向的误差(36%)和遗漏(48%)更大。平行方向停留时间(12%)和力-时间积分(21%)也大于正向方向。较大的按钮尺寸(≥20mm)降低了两个方向的脱靶、误差、力-时间积分和停留时间。与- MCD组相比，+MCD组有更高的试验失败率(150%)和更长的停留时间(66%)，但总的来说，两组在按钮大小、按钮间距和坐姿方面的性能和触摸特征都有相似的趋势。结论:与前向相比，平行方向的触摸屏性能下降。此外，平行体位比正面体位施加更大的力和更大的工作量。然而，使用更大的按钮尺寸(≥20×20 mm)可以提高性能。这在关键的触屏活动中尤为重要。

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引用次数: 3

Neck Postures and Cervical Spine Loading Among Microsurgeons Operating with Loupes and Headlamp 使用镜头灯手术的显微外科医生的颈部姿势和颈椎负荷

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-09-12 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.840342

A. Nimbarte, J. Sivak-Callcott, Majed M. Zreiqat, Marsha Chapman

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Surgical tasks performed using loupes and headlamps were examined to identify exposures to physical risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the neck among microsurgeons. Surgeons who use loupes and headlamps were found to spend extensive time periods working in non-neutral head–neck postures. These postures, and the use of loupes and headlamps, were found to be associated with an increased loading of the cervical spine, which might cumulatively contribute to occupational neck musculoskeletal disorders. To develop effective control strategies, future studies should focus on the impact of design features of loupes (e.g., mount angles, weight, and shape) on head–neck postures during surgical tasks. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the neck are common among microsurgeons who operate with loupes and headlamps. Published surveys indicate that microsurgeons across many subspecialties believe that loupes contribute to neck musculoskeletal disorders. However, objective data on head–neck posture and cervical loading during surgical tasks performed using loupes and headlamps are currently lacking. Purpose: This study will assess exposures to physical risk factors for neck musculoskeletal disorders during surgical tasks performed using loupes and headlamp. Methods: A field study was performed in operating rooms to measure the head–neck postures commonly used by three ophthalmic plastic surgeons; a subset of microsurgeons. Posture data were used as input to a biomechanical model to estimate cervical spine loading. Results: During nearly 85% of the time spent operating, surgeons adopted asymmetrical head–neck postures characterized by either bending or rotation of >15°, coupled with flexion of >15°. Postures consisting of flexion ≥45°, 15°–30° bending, and 15°–45° rotation produced significantly higher biomechanical loading of the cervical spine compared to near-neutral postures (i.e., flexion, bending and rotation between 0° and 15°). This loading was further exaggerated by the weight of loupes and headlamp. Conclusions: Non-neutral head–neck postures demanded by the dexterous operating tasks performed using loupes and headlamps could be important biomechanical risk factors for cervical musculoskeletal disorders among microsurgeons.

本研究对使用放大镜和大灯进行手术的显微外科医生进行了检查，以确定与工作相关的颈部肌肉骨骼疾病的物理危险因素暴露。使用放大镜和前照灯的外科医生被发现花了很长时间以非中性的头颈姿势工作。这些姿势，以及使用放大镜和前照灯，被发现与颈椎负荷增加有关，这可能会累积导致职业性颈部肌肉骨骼疾病。为了制定有效的控制策略，未来的研究应侧重于镜的设计特征(如安装角度、重量和形状)对手术任务中头颈部姿势的影响。技术摘要背景:与工作相关的颈部肌肉骨骼疾病在使用放大镜和大灯进行手术的显微外科医生中很常见。发表的调查表明，显微外科医生在许多亚专科认为，放大镜有助于颈部肌肉骨骼疾病。然而，目前尚缺乏使用放大镜和前照灯进行手术时头颈姿势和颈椎负荷的客观数据。目的:本研究将评估使用放大镜和头灯进行手术时颈部肌肉骨骼疾病的物理危险因素暴露。方法:对3名眼科整形外科医生在手术室内常用的头颈体位进行实地调查;一小部分显微外科医生。姿势数据被用作生物力学模型的输入，以估计颈椎负荷。结果:在近85%的手术时间中，外科医生采用不对称头颈姿势，其特征是>弯曲或旋转15°，并伴有>弯曲15°。屈曲≥45°、15°-30°弯曲和15°-45°旋转组成的姿势与接近中性姿势(即屈曲、弯曲和旋转在0°和15°之间)相比，颈椎的生物力学负荷明显更高。镜片和前照灯的重量进一步夸大了这种负荷。结论:显微外科医生在使用放大镜和前照灯进行灵巧手术时所要求的非中性头颈部姿势可能是颈椎肌肉骨骼疾病的重要生物力学危险因素。

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引用次数: 38

Acceptability and Usability of an Ambulatory Health Monitoring System for Use by Military Personnel 军事人员使用的流动健康监测系统的可接受性和可用性

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-09-09 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.838195

W. Tharion, M. Buller, Adam W. Potter, A. J. Karis, Victoria Goetz, R. Hoyt

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS A physiological status monitoring system was evaluated for use by soldiers in the field. Two different designs were evaluated, with the design based on previous human factors evaluations proven to be more comfortable and acceptable for use. This study demonstrated that the advanced design of the EQ-02 physiological status monitoring system met dismounted soldier needs. Furthermore, this study validated the use of a usability evaluation in the successful design/advancement of a physiological status monitoring system. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Previous research has shown that the form factor of a physiological status monitoring system, the Equivital™ EQ-01 (Hidalgo Ltd., Cambridge, UK) had problems associated with comfort and usability of the system for soldiers. Previous data gathered was used to guide improvements in the physiological status monitoring system. Purpose: Assess whether the previous feedback from usability evaluations helped guide improvements in comfort, acceptability, and usability of a physiological status monitoring system for dismounted soldiers. Improvements to the EQ-01 system were incorporated into the next-generation EQ-02 (Hidalgo Ltd., Cambridge, UK) system. Methods: Thirty-nine infantry dismounted soldiers were randomly assigned to wear either an EQ-01 or EQ-02 system while performing standard military field training. They filled out a survey on fit, comfort, irritation to the body, impact on military performance, and acceptability. They then wore the other system and filled out the same survey. Results: The Equivital™ EQ-02 system was superior in terms of fit (51% better in overall fit), ease of donning (10% easier), comfort (45% more comfortable), impact on military performance (45% less impact), impact on the body (17% less impact), and acceptability (32% more acceptable). All these measures are subjective self-report ratings. Conclusions: A human factors engineering approach provided an effective means of guiding improvements and the production of a physiological status monitoring system that dismounted soldiers were more likely to accept and wear.

一种生理状态监测系统进行了评估，供士兵在战场上使用。对两种不同的设计进行了评估，基于先前人为因素评估的设计被证明更舒适，更可接受。该研究表明，EQ-02生理状态监测系统的先进设计满足了下马士兵的需求。此外，本研究验证了可用性评估在生理状态监测系统的成功设计/改进中的应用。技术摘要背景:先前的研究表明，生理状态监测系统Equivital™EQ-01 (Hidalgo Ltd.， Cambridge, UK)的外形因素与士兵使用该系统的舒适性和可用性有关。先前收集的数据用于指导生理状态监测系统的改进。目的:评估先前可用性评估的反馈是否有助于指导下马士兵生理状态监测系统的舒适性、可接受性和可用性的改进。对EQ-01系统的改进被纳入下一代EQ-02系统(Hidalgo Ltd, Cambridge, UK)。方法:39名步兵下马士兵随机分配佩戴EQ-01或EQ-02系统，同时进行标准的军事野战训练。他们填写了一份关于健康、舒适、对身体的刺激、对军事表现的影响和可接受性的调查。然后他们穿上另一套系统，填写同样的调查问卷。结果:Equivital™EQ-02系统在贴合度(整体贴合度提高51%)、穿戴便性(轻松10%)、舒适性(舒适45%)、对军事性能的影响(减少45%的影响)、对身体的影响(减少17%的影响)和可接受性(可接受性提高32%)方面都具有优势。所有这些措施都是主观的自我报告评级。结论:人因工程方法为指导改进和制作下马士兵更容易接受和佩戴的生理状态监测系统提供了有效手段。

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引用次数: 22

Effects of Rotation Frequency and Starting Task on Localized Muscle Fatigue and Performance During Simulated Assembly Work 旋转频率和启动任务对模拟装配工作中局部肌肉疲劳和性能的影响

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.822034

Leanna M. Horton, M. Nussbaum, M. Agnew

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This study simulated rotating between assembly tasks at two different intensity levels performed for a total duration of 1 hour, during which rotation occurred every 15 minutes, every 30 minutes, or not at all. Under the scenario studied here, rotation reduced shoulder muscle fatigue compared to only performing a higher intensity task and increased fatigue compared to only performing a lower intensity task. Neither rotation frequency nor starting task significantly affected fatigue or performance. Based on the results, rotation frequency and starting task may not need substantial consideration when designing rotation schedules or plans. Generalizing the current results to actual occupational tasks, however, may be limited due to the inclusion of only two tasks, the constrained nature of the task, and the small sample size. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Rotating between tasks is widely used and considered to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, though there is limited evidence that it is effective in doing so. Purpose: This study assessed the effects of rotation during assembly work involving the upper extremity, specifically focusing on rotation frequency and starting task, on shoulder muscle fatigue and task performance when included tasks loaded the same muscle group. Methods: Twelve participants completed six experimental sessions during which a simulated repetitive assembly task was performed for 1 hour either with or without rotation. When rotation occurred, it was between two intensity levels corresponding to two working heights. Results: As expected, rotating between the tasks reduced shoulder muscle fatigue compared to only performing the higher intensity task and increased fatigue compared to only performing the lower intensity task. Neither rotation frequency nor starting task had significant or consistent effects on fatigue or task performance. Conclusions: While varying the intensity level of tasks included in rotation schedules reduced muscle fatigue, this effect was not influenced substantially by either rotation frequency or starting task during the moderately demanding upper extremity assembly task examined here.

本研究模拟了在两种不同强度的装配任务之间进行轮岗，轮岗时间为1小时，轮岗期间每15分钟轮岗一次，每30分钟轮岗一次，或者根本不轮岗。在本文研究的情况下，与只执行高强度任务相比，旋转减轻了肩部肌肉疲劳，与只执行低强度任务相比，旋转增加了疲劳。旋转频率和开始任务都不会显著影响疲劳或表现。根据结果，在设计轮换时间表或计划时，轮换频率和开始任务可能不需要大量考虑。然而，将目前的结果推广到实际的职业任务，可能会受到限制，因为只包括两个任务，任务的约束性质，以及小样本量。技术摘要背景:在不同的任务之间轮换被广泛使用，并被认为可以降低与工作相关的肌肉骨骼疾病的风险，尽管有有限的证据表明它是有效的。目的:本研究评估了上肢装配工作中旋转的影响，特别关注旋转频率和开始任务，当包括同一肌肉群的任务时，对肩部肌肉疲劳和任务表现的影响。方法:12名参与者完成了6个实验阶段，在此期间进行了1小时的模拟重复性组装任务，有或没有旋转。当发生旋转时，在两个工作高度对应的两个强度等级之间。结果:正如预期的那样，与只执行高强度任务相比，在任务之间旋转减少了肩部肌肉疲劳，与只执行低强度任务相比，增加了疲劳。轮换频率和开始任务对疲劳或任务表现都没有显著或一致的影响。结论:虽然改变旋转计划中包括的任务强度水平可以减少肌肉疲劳，但在本文研究的中等要求的上肢组装任务中，这种效果并没有受到旋转频率或开始任务的实质性影响。

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引用次数: 2

Do Employees with Burnout Prefer Low-Effort Performance Strategies? 倦怠员工是否更喜欢低努力绩效策略?

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.828666

A. Dam, P. Eling, G. Keijsers, E. Becker

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Employees with burnout experience a persistent, negative work-related state of mind primarily characterized by exhaustion, decreased motivation, and a sense of reduced effectiveness. Although most employees with burnout (67%) were found to apply an efficient high-effort strategy like healthy controls, significantly more employees with burnout (33%) than healthy controls (8%) applied a low-effort strategy. However, the low-effort strategy used by a significant number of burnout employees does not seem to be an adaptive way of coping with fatigue but was rather the result of a structurally reduced motivation to expend effort and/or cognitive impairments. The majority of burnout employees appeared capable of performing tasks adequately and applying high-effort strategies, but they experience substantial distress during task performance. Employers may consider temporarily providing these employees with less-demanding tasks, as a reduction in stress may enable a normalization of relevant biological processes. A small group of employees with burnout did not appear to be able to adequately perform complex as well as simple tasks, and offering such employees a cognitive behavioral treatment program for burnout may be of merit. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Several studies have shown that fatigued individuals may adapt their task performance strategically. It is not known, though, whether such an adaptation is also applied by employees with burnout who suffer from long-term fatigue. Strategic adjustments can be achieved by applying simpler response strategies with lesser demands on working memory. Should employees with burnout employ these strategic adaptations to task performance, it would explain why burnout is accompanied by compromised executive functioning and not difficulties with more automatic cognitive processes. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether reduced cognitive performance in burnout could be explained by fatigue-related strategic adaptations of task performance. Methods: Forty employees with burnout and 40 healthy controls were presented with a task they could execute either by adopting an effective but high-effort strategy or by applying a less effective low-effort strategy. Results: Significantly more employees with burnout than healthy controls applied a low-effort strategy, even though the majority used a high-effort strategy. The employees with burnout that applied a low-effort strategy failed to maintain their performance level and reported high levels of fatigue, aversion, and effort. Conclusions: Employees with burnout do not appear to adjust their performance strategically as fatigued healthy employees do. Most employees with burnout applied a high-effort performance strategy despite high levels of distress, just like non-fatigued healthy controls. A minority of the employees with burnout applied a low-effort strategy and actually did not seem to try to perform even the simple tas

职业倦怠的员工会经历一种持续的、消极的与工作有关的精神状态，主要表现为疲惫、动力下降和效率降低。尽管大多数倦怠的员工(67%)采用了高效的高努力策略，比如健康对照组，但与健康对照组(8%)相比，倦怠的员工(33%)明显更多地采用了低努力策略。然而，大量精疲力竭的员工所使用的低努力策略似乎并不是一种应对疲劳的适应性方法，而是结构性地减少了付出努力的动机和/或认知障碍的结果。大多数倦怠员工似乎能够充分地执行任务并采用高努力策略，但他们在任务执行过程中经历了实质性的痛苦。雇主可以考虑暂时为这些雇员提供要求较低的任务，因为压力的减少可能使相关的生物过程正常化。一小部分有过劳的员工似乎不能充分地完成复杂和简单的任务，为这些员工提供一种针对过劳的认知行为治疗方案可能是有益的。技术摘要背景:一些研究表明，疲劳的个体可以策略性地调整他们的任务绩效。然而，目前尚不清楚这种适应是否也适用于长期疲劳的倦怠员工。策略调整可以通过应用对工作记忆要求较低的更简单的反应策略来实现。如果倦怠的员工采用这些策略适应任务表现，这就解释了为什么倦怠伴随着执行功能受损，而不是更自动的认知过程困难。目的:本研究的目的是探讨疲劳相关的任务绩效策略适应是否可以解释职业倦怠导致的认知绩效下降。方法:对40名职业倦怠员工和40名健康对照者进行研究，分别采用有效的高努力策略和效率较低的低努力策略来执行任务。结果:与健康对照组相比，有更多的倦怠员工采用了低努力策略，尽管大多数员工采用了高努力策略。采用低努力策略的倦怠员工未能维持他们的绩效水平，并且报告了高水平的疲劳，厌恶和努力。结论:倦怠的员工不像疲劳的健康员工那样有策略地调整他们的绩效。大多数精疲力竭的员工在极度痛苦的情况下仍然采用了高度努力的绩效策略，就像没有疲劳的健康对照组一样。少数精疲力竭的员工采用了低努力策略，甚至连简单的任务都不去做。他们较差的表现似乎是由于结构性的努力动机减少和/或认知障碍。

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引用次数: 9

Changes in Walking Characteristics of Young and Older Adults When Anticipating Slippery Floors 预测滑地时年轻人和老年人行走特征的变化

IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors

Pub Date : 2013-06-20 DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2013.815139

A. Chambers, S. Perera, R. Cham

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Differences in gait speed control strategies when anticipating a potentially slippery floor were found across age groups, with a group of mostly young adults adopting a potentially more risky strategy consisting of increased step length. Walking across a potentially slippery floor is common in the workplace, and warnings are one way to address this potential hazard. A better understanding of the influence of warnings about potentially slippery surfaces on gait could be used during slip training interventions and prevention programs to help reduce occupational slip-related falls. Specifically, these trainings/programs might benefit from addressing how to modulate gait speed through increased cadence rather than increased step length alone. Adults in both age groups tested here implemented potentially risky proactive strategies, highlighting the need to consider workers of all ages when designing occupational slip prevention measures. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Slips and falls are a major cause of occupational injury and costs. Certain proactive gait strategies can minimize fall risk. Purpose: This study investigated the impact of anticipating slippery floors on peak required coefficient of friction and spatiotemporal gait characteristics among young and older adults, including gait speed control, during walking on dry surfaces. Methods: Eighteen young (20–33 years) and 13 older participants (55–67 years) walked across a dry surface (baseline), experienced an unexpected slip, and walked across another dry surface with warning of a potentially slippery surface (anticipation). General spatiotemporal gait parameters and required coefficient of friction during walking were derived. Results: Young and older adults decreased required coefficient of friction and increased cadence during anticipation, both of which are important in reducing slip risk. Cluster analysis revealed three gait speed control strategies: Cluster 1 = mostly young adults who increased speed, cadence, and step length during anticipation; Cluster 2 = young and older adults who walked with minimal change in speed; Cluster 3 = only older adults who decreased speed through decreasing cadence and step length. Changes in cadence and step length were significantly correlated with changes in speed in older adults; only changes in step length were significantly correlated with changes in speed among young. Conclusions: Walking with decreased required coefficient of friction and increased cadence is beneficial when anticipating a slippery floor. However, walking with increased step length (Cluster 1) could increase slip risk. Avoiding gait speed modulations on potentially slippery surfaces through changes in step length alone should be addressed in occupational slip training and prevention. Interventions aimed at reducing slip risk should focus on increasing cadence if increases in gait speed are desired. Potentially risky proactive strategies implemented highligh

不同年龄组的人在预测可能滑的地板时，步态速度控制策略存在差异，一组主要是年轻人，他们采取了一种可能更具风险的策略，包括增加步长。在工作场所走在可能滑的地板上是很常见的，警告是解决这种潜在危险的一种方法。更好地了解潜在滑面警告对步态的影响，可以在滑倒训练干预和预防计划中使用，以帮助减少职业滑倒相关的跌倒。具体来说，这些训练/计划可能受益于解决如何通过增加节奏而不是单独增加步长来调节步态速度。在这里测试的两个年龄组的成年人都实施了潜在风险的主动策略，强调在设计职业防滑措施时需要考虑所有年龄段的工人。技术摘要背景:滑倒和跌倒是职业伤害和成本的主要原因。某些主动的步态策略可以减少跌倒的风险。目的:本研究探讨了预测湿滑地面对年轻人和老年人在干燥地面上行走时所需摩擦系数峰值和时空步态特征的影响，包括步态速度控制。方法:18名年轻人(20-33岁)和13名老年人(55-67岁)走过一个干燥的表面(基线)，经历了一次意外的滑倒，并走过另一个干燥的表面，并警告可能有滑倒的表面(预期)。推导了一般的时空步态参数和行走时所需的摩擦系数。结果:年轻人和老年人在预期时所需的摩擦系数降低，节奏增加，这两者对减少滑倒风险都很重要。聚类分析揭示了三种步态速度控制策略:聚类1 =主要是年轻人，他们在预期时增加速度、节奏和步长;第二组=走路速度变化最小的年轻人和老年人;组3 =只有老年人通过减少节奏和步长来降低速度。老年人节奏和步长变化与速度变化显著相关;在年轻人中，只有步长变化与速度变化显著相关。结论:减少所需的摩擦系数和增加节奏行走是有益的，当预期湿滑的地板。然而，步长增加(聚类1)会增加滑倒风险。在职业打滑训练和预防中，仅通过改变步长来避免在潜在滑面上的步态速度调节。干预措施的目的是减少滑倒的风险，应侧重于增加节奏，如果增加步伐速度是可取的。实施潜在风险的主动策略强调了将所有年龄段的工人纳入防滑培训计划的必要性。

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引用次数: 7