Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2012.667051
A. Nimbarte, Rabab T. Alabdulmohsen, S. Guffey, J. Etherton
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Computers with dual monitor screens are being increasingly used at many workplaces. Altered screen layout and increased viewing space associated with dual monitor screens may affect head–neck working postures and the activity of neck muscles. However, this problem has not been investigated in the past, and standard guidelines based on empirical data are not available for setting up a computer workstation with dual monitor screens. The present study compared the effects of single versus dual monitor screens on 3D head–neck postures and the activity of neck muscles in computer users. The results of this study have demonstrated that working on a video display unit workstation with dual monitor screens involved more rotated, asymmetric head–neck postures and higher activation of the anterior neck muscles than a video display unit workstation with a single monitor screen. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Among workstation design factors, placement of the computer monitor screen is the most frequently identified risk factor for neck and shoulder pain among video display unit users. One of the recent changes in video display unit workstation design that may influence the position of computer monitor screens is the use of dual monitors. Some studies have shown that user performance and efficiency was positively affected by the use of dual monitor screens; however, the effect of use of dual monitor screens on the biomechanical behavior of the head-neck region is currently unknown. Purpose: This study was aimed at understanding the effect of single versus dual monitor screens on 3D head–neck postures and the activity of neck muscles. Method: Ten healthy participants performed three types of video display unit tasks: (1) reading for 10 minutes, (2) typing for 5 minutes, and (3) performing search and find tasks for 10 minutes using single and dual monitor screens. An inertial motion-capture system was used to measure 3D head–neck postures. Activity of sternocleidomastoid and cervical trapezius muscles was recorded bilaterally using surface electromyography. Results: Use of dual monitor screens significantly increased head–neck rotation by 9.0° compared to the single monitor screen. The range of motion of head–neck rotation increased significantly by 8.4° using dual monitor screens compared to the single monitor screen. Corresponding to the increase in the head–neck rotation, a contralateral increase in the activity of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle was observed with the dual monitor screen layout. Activity of cervical trapezius muscle was not affected by the type of monitor layout. Conclusions: Increased activation of anterior neck muscles caused by asymmetrical, more rotated head–neck postures while operating a video display unit workstation with dual monitor screens may increase the risk of neck musculoskeletal disorders, especially with prolonged computer use.
{"title":"The Impact of Use of Dual Monitor Screens on 3D Head–Neck Posture and Activity of Neck Muscles","authors":"A. Nimbarte, Rabab T. Alabdulmohsen, S. Guffey, J. Etherton","doi":"10.1080/21577323.2012.667051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21577323.2012.667051","url":null,"abstract":"OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Computers with dual monitor screens are being increasingly used at many workplaces. Altered screen layout and increased viewing space associated with dual monitor screens may affect head–neck working postures and the activity of neck muscles. However, this problem has not been investigated in the past, and standard guidelines based on empirical data are not available for setting up a computer workstation with dual monitor screens. The present study compared the effects of single versus dual monitor screens on 3D head–neck postures and the activity of neck muscles in computer users. The results of this study have demonstrated that working on a video display unit workstation with dual monitor screens involved more rotated, asymmetric head–neck postures and higher activation of the anterior neck muscles than a video display unit workstation with a single monitor screen. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Among workstation design factors, placement of the computer monitor screen is the most frequently identified risk factor for neck and shoulder pain among video display unit users. One of the recent changes in video display unit workstation design that may influence the position of computer monitor screens is the use of dual monitors. Some studies have shown that user performance and efficiency was positively affected by the use of dual monitor screens; however, the effect of use of dual monitor screens on the biomechanical behavior of the head-neck region is currently unknown. Purpose: This study was aimed at understanding the effect of single versus dual monitor screens on 3D head–neck postures and the activity of neck muscles. Method: Ten healthy participants performed three types of video display unit tasks: (1) reading for 10 minutes, (2) typing for 5 minutes, and (3) performing search and find tasks for 10 minutes using single and dual monitor screens. An inertial motion-capture system was used to measure 3D head–neck postures. Activity of sternocleidomastoid and cervical trapezius muscles was recorded bilaterally using surface electromyography. Results: Use of dual monitor screens significantly increased head–neck rotation by 9.0° compared to the single monitor screen. The range of motion of head–neck rotation increased significantly by 8.4° using dual monitor screens compared to the single monitor screen. Corresponding to the increase in the head–neck rotation, a contralateral increase in the activity of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle was observed with the dual monitor screen layout. Activity of cervical trapezius muscle was not affected by the type of monitor layout. Conclusions: Increased activation of anterior neck muscles caused by asymmetrical, more rotated head–neck postures while operating a video display unit workstation with dual monitor screens may increase the risk of neck musculoskeletal disorders, especially with prolonged computer use.","PeriodicalId":73331,"journal":{"name":"IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors","volume":"1 1","pages":"38 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21577323.2012.667051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60122001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2011.637153
Linsey M. Barker Steege, M. Nussbaum
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This study developed and evaluated a quantitative model relating dimensions of occupational fatigue and performance among registered nurses. Fatigue is a likely contributing factor to medical errors, with implications for both patient and provider safety. Thus, there is an ongoing need to further understand, define, and quantify the effects of fatigue on performance in healthcare workers, particularly nurses. The final model developed here supports existing evidence that mental and physical fatigue are distinct dimensions that contribute to a separate construct—total fatigue. Further, mental and physical fatigue dimensions had both direct and indirect effects on perceptions of mental and physical performance in this population. This model can be used by practitioners to evaluate fatigue interventions and estimate potential changes in perceived performance based on subjective measures of performance. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: While fatigue has been linked to performance decrements in nurses, relationships between dimensions of fatigue and the effects of fatigue on performance have not been fully defined. Purpose: A quantitative model was developed here to relate mental and physical dimensions of fatigue to total fatigue and to evaluate direct and indirect effects of dimensions of fatigue on dimensions of performance. Methods: Data from a previous survey of registered nurses were used to estimate the model using structural equation modeling. Initial hypothesized and alternate models were evaluated for fit, and a final model was cross-validated with a subset of the sample. Results: All models had adequate fit to the data. Pathways in the initial and validation models indicated that total fatigue does exist as a construct and is directly affected by mental and physical fatigue. Direct effects were found between mental fatigue and mental performance and between physical fatigue and physical performance. Total fatigue, however, did not play a mediating role in the relationship between dimensions of fatigue and performance. Conclusions: The final model provides quantitative estimates of the strength of relationships between perceived dimensions of occupational fatigue and performance in registered nurses, and it can be used to guide the development and evaluation of fatigue interventions.
{"title":"Dimensions of Fatigue as Predictors of Performance: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Among Registered Nurses","authors":"Linsey M. Barker Steege, M. Nussbaum","doi":"10.1080/21577323.2011.637153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21577323.2011.637153","url":null,"abstract":"OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This study developed and evaluated a quantitative model relating dimensions of occupational fatigue and performance among registered nurses. Fatigue is a likely contributing factor to medical errors, with implications for both patient and provider safety. Thus, there is an ongoing need to further understand, define, and quantify the effects of fatigue on performance in healthcare workers, particularly nurses. The final model developed here supports existing evidence that mental and physical fatigue are distinct dimensions that contribute to a separate construct—total fatigue. Further, mental and physical fatigue dimensions had both direct and indirect effects on perceptions of mental and physical performance in this population. This model can be used by practitioners to evaluate fatigue interventions and estimate potential changes in perceived performance based on subjective measures of performance. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: While fatigue has been linked to performance decrements in nurses, relationships between dimensions of fatigue and the effects of fatigue on performance have not been fully defined. Purpose: A quantitative model was developed here to relate mental and physical dimensions of fatigue to total fatigue and to evaluate direct and indirect effects of dimensions of fatigue on dimensions of performance. Methods: Data from a previous survey of registered nurses were used to estimate the model using structural equation modeling. Initial hypothesized and alternate models were evaluated for fit, and a final model was cross-validated with a subset of the sample. Results: All models had adequate fit to the data. Pathways in the initial and validation models indicated that total fatigue does exist as a construct and is directly affected by mental and physical fatigue. Direct effects were found between mental fatigue and mental performance and between physical fatigue and physical performance. Total fatigue, however, did not play a mediating role in the relationship between dimensions of fatigue and performance. Conclusions: The final model provides quantitative estimates of the strength of relationships between perceived dimensions of occupational fatigue and performance in registered nurses, and it can be used to guide the development and evaluation of fatigue interventions.","PeriodicalId":73331,"journal":{"name":"IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors","volume":"1 1","pages":"16 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21577323.2011.637153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60121700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2012.714839
Lesley J. Strawderman, Yunchen Huang, Teena M. Garrison
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS In this work, simulated driving was used to test how characteristics of dynamic message signs impact driver behavior when entering designated work zones. Driver compliance with posted speed limits was measured in response to signs that differed in terms of placement distance and type of sign design. Signs should be placed farther ahead of the work zone to enhance speed compliance. Such compliance can also be enhanced by using concise sign content. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background and Rationale: In recent years, the number of occupational fatalities occurring as a result of workers being struck by vehicles while on the job has remained high. Fatalities are especially apparent at road construction sites, where nearly half of the fatal occupational injuries were classified as a worker being struck by a moving vehicle, highlighting the need for research to identify techniques to reduce the incidence of injury in future years. Purpose: This project investigated how the characteristics of a dynamic message sign can impact driver compliance with posted information in work-zone settings, specifically signs indicating speed reduction. Methods: Driving simulation was used to assess the effects of three placement distances (305, 457, and 610 m before the work zone) and four sign designs (differing in whether the sign was static versus dynamic and the amount of information presented). The study was completed by 39 participants, during which driving speed and compliance with speed change were recorded. Results: Placement of the speed-reduction signs impacted driver behavior, with greater placement distances being associated with higher speed reduction and compliance rates. Speed reduction was also significantly impacted by sign design, with the largest speed reduction apparent with signs that are static or with dynamic signs that presented one complete statement per display frame. Conclusions: To achieve greater driver compliance with speed limits within work zones, greater sign placement distance is preferred. The content of dynamic message sign needs to be engineered to increase driver compliance by presenting direct, relevant information in concise and complete phrases.
{"title":"The Effect of Design and Placement of Work-Zone Warning Signs on Driver Speed Compliance: A Simulator-Based Study","authors":"Lesley J. Strawderman, Yunchen Huang, Teena M. Garrison","doi":"10.1080/21577323.2012.714839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21577323.2012.714839","url":null,"abstract":"OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS In this work, simulated driving was used to test how characteristics of dynamic message signs impact driver behavior when entering designated work zones. Driver compliance with posted speed limits was measured in response to signs that differed in terms of placement distance and type of sign design. Signs should be placed farther ahead of the work zone to enhance speed compliance. Such compliance can also be enhanced by using concise sign content. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background and Rationale: In recent years, the number of occupational fatalities occurring as a result of workers being struck by vehicles while on the job has remained high. Fatalities are especially apparent at road construction sites, where nearly half of the fatal occupational injuries were classified as a worker being struck by a moving vehicle, highlighting the need for research to identify techniques to reduce the incidence of injury in future years. Purpose: This project investigated how the characteristics of a dynamic message sign can impact driver compliance with posted information in work-zone settings, specifically signs indicating speed reduction. Methods: Driving simulation was used to assess the effects of three placement distances (305, 457, and 610 m before the work zone) and four sign designs (differing in whether the sign was static versus dynamic and the amount of information presented). The study was completed by 39 participants, during which driving speed and compliance with speed change were recorded. Results: Placement of the speed-reduction signs impacted driver behavior, with greater placement distances being associated with higher speed reduction and compliance rates. Speed reduction was also significantly impacted by sign design, with the largest speed reduction apparent with signs that are static or with dynamic signs that presented one complete statement per display frame. Conclusions: To achieve greater driver compliance with speed limits within work zones, greater sign placement distance is preferred. The content of dynamic message sign needs to be engineered to increase driver compliance by presenting direct, relevant information in concise and complete phrases.","PeriodicalId":73331,"journal":{"name":"IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors","volume":"1 1","pages":"66 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21577323.2012.714839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60122003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2012.727771
G. Bedny, O. Chebykin
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This article presents a comparative analysis of the basic terminology of activity theory. This terminology has its roots in Russian activity theory, and some translations failed to capture the original meaning of its basic concepts. The same terminology is utilized in other fields of psychology where it has a totally different meaning. Analysis of basic terminology of general, applied, and systemic-structural activity theory presented in this article will have value for ergonomists and engineers who utilize activity theory in practice. Without a clear understanding of basic activity theory terminology, its application by practitioners will be difficult. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Activity theory, and particularly its applied branches, can be very useful in designing equipment and software and in developing efficient methods of human performance. Applied activity theory and systemic-structural activity theory are especially valuable for ergonomic design, where cognitive aspects of work dominate. Cognitively and analytically oriented viewpoints on design require clearly developed terminology and a standardized language of human activity description. Much misunderstanding between practitioners and researchers in different areas of specialization derive from terminological issues. A clear understanding of activity theory basic terminology is particularly important for ergonomists with an engineering background. Purpose: The aim of this article is clarification of basic terminology in general, applied, and systemic-structural activity theory for specialists with an engineering background. Method: Comparative analysis of basic terminology in such areas as activity theory, cognitive psychology, action theory, and praxiology was conducted. Particular attention was paid to similar terms that have totally different meanings in these areas of study. Results: The meanings of basic terms in different branches of activity theory, their specifics, and the possibility of utilizing them by ergonomists in practice are provided. Knowledge of basic activity theory terminology makes it possible to utilize analytical procedures in ergonomic design that concentrate on cognitive components of work. Conclusions: Basic terminology of activity theory is very often used incorrectly. The same terms in different areas of study have totally different meanings. When professionals describe and evaluate task performance, which includes both physical and mental components, knowledge of terminology and its standardized description become a critical factor in design.
{"title":"Application of the Basic Terminology in Activity Theory","authors":"G. Bedny, O. Chebykin","doi":"10.1080/21577323.2012.727771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21577323.2012.727771","url":null,"abstract":"OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This article presents a comparative analysis of the basic terminology of activity theory. This terminology has its roots in Russian activity theory, and some translations failed to capture the original meaning of its basic concepts. The same terminology is utilized in other fields of psychology where it has a totally different meaning. Analysis of basic terminology of general, applied, and systemic-structural activity theory presented in this article will have value for ergonomists and engineers who utilize activity theory in practice. Without a clear understanding of basic activity theory terminology, its application by practitioners will be difficult. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Activity theory, and particularly its applied branches, can be very useful in designing equipment and software and in developing efficient methods of human performance. Applied activity theory and systemic-structural activity theory are especially valuable for ergonomic design, where cognitive aspects of work dominate. Cognitively and analytically oriented viewpoints on design require clearly developed terminology and a standardized language of human activity description. Much misunderstanding between practitioners and researchers in different areas of specialization derive from terminological issues. A clear understanding of activity theory basic terminology is particularly important for ergonomists with an engineering background. Purpose: The aim of this article is clarification of basic terminology in general, applied, and systemic-structural activity theory for specialists with an engineering background. Method: Comparative analysis of basic terminology in such areas as activity theory, cognitive psychology, action theory, and praxiology was conducted. Particular attention was paid to similar terms that have totally different meanings in these areas of study. Results: The meanings of basic terms in different branches of activity theory, their specifics, and the possibility of utilizing them by ergonomists in practice are provided. Knowledge of basic activity theory terminology makes it possible to utilize analytical procedures in ergonomic design that concentrate on cognitive components of work. Conclusions: Basic terminology of activity theory is very often used incorrectly. The same terms in different areas of study have totally different meanings. When professionals describe and evaluate task performance, which includes both physical and mental components, knowledge of terminology and its standardized description become a critical factor in design.","PeriodicalId":73331,"journal":{"name":"IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors","volume":"1 1","pages":"82 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21577323.2012.727771","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60122337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-07-29DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2015.1093565
Amanda Comoretto, N. Crichton, I. Albery
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS In this study, higher or lower levels of resilience in a group of humanitarian workers were found to be characterized by the interrelationship of three different groups of protective factors (dispositional, cognitive, and environmental), which influenced stress levels experienced on the job. Because resilience is a psychological construct that can be enhanced by adopting an approach facilitating technical and psychological preparedness, results of this investigation could be used to develop ad-hoc programs aimed at increasing resilience levels in aid workers about to be deployed on the field. It would be essential for these training strategies to take place in the framework of humanitarian organizations developing clear and comprehensive policies on the psychological health of their employees. In this context, training and development strategies could represent ways to facilitate and impose coherence and meaning on atypical and extreme phenomena, such as those experienced in the field (conflict, famine, epidemics, etc.). TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Humanitarian aid workers face high levels of risk and adversity. Few investigations have been conducted on stress mechanisms and processes of resilience development in aid workers, though research in other professions, such as police and soldiers, indicate resilience promotes well-being. The study of these phenomena has been recognized, at an international level, as essential for the welfare of both the donors (the aid workers) and the receivers (the populations in need of being helped). Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess a conceptually based model of the interrelationship of three groups of protective factors (individual, cognitive, environmental) on resilience development in humanitarian aid workers deployed in the field. Methods: A mixed-method approach incorporating a longitudinal survey and qualitative interviews was used. Eleven scales designed to measure key protective/adverse factors were administered to 56 workers pre- and post-deployment. Scales measured resilience, work stress, coping skills, social support networks, general health, self-efficacy, and dispositional optimism/pessimism. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 workers to explore the interrelationship of protective factors. Results: Results indicated that the use of mental disengagement as a coping technique, age at which participants had left education, and the presence of social support networks significantly predicted changes in resilience over time. Dispositional and environmental protective factors interrelated and positively influenced the way workers perceived and coped with mission stressors. The coping strategy of mental disengagement was found to negatively influence changes in resilience via a direct pathway. Conclusions: The model partially accounted for mechanisms of resilience development, suggesting a direct relationship between work environment and individual
{"title":"Resilience in Humanitarian Aid Workers: Understanding Processes of Development","authors":"Amanda Comoretto, N. Crichton, I. Albery","doi":"10.1080/21577323.2015.1093565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21577323.2015.1093565","url":null,"abstract":"OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS In this study, higher or lower levels of resilience in a group of humanitarian workers were found to be characterized by the interrelationship of three different groups of protective factors (dispositional, cognitive, and environmental), which influenced stress levels experienced on the job. Because resilience is a psychological construct that can be enhanced by adopting an approach facilitating technical and psychological preparedness, results of this investigation could be used to develop ad-hoc programs aimed at increasing resilience levels in aid workers about to be deployed on the field. It would be essential for these training strategies to take place in the framework of humanitarian organizations developing clear and comprehensive policies on the psychological health of their employees. In this context, training and development strategies could represent ways to facilitate and impose coherence and meaning on atypical and extreme phenomena, such as those experienced in the field (conflict, famine, epidemics, etc.). TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Humanitarian aid workers face high levels of risk and adversity. Few investigations have been conducted on stress mechanisms and processes of resilience development in aid workers, though research in other professions, such as police and soldiers, indicate resilience promotes well-being. The study of these phenomena has been recognized, at an international level, as essential for the welfare of both the donors (the aid workers) and the receivers (the populations in need of being helped). Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess a conceptually based model of the interrelationship of three groups of protective factors (individual, cognitive, environmental) on resilience development in humanitarian aid workers deployed in the field. Methods: A mixed-method approach incorporating a longitudinal survey and qualitative interviews was used. Eleven scales designed to measure key protective/adverse factors were administered to 56 workers pre- and post-deployment. Scales measured resilience, work stress, coping skills, social support networks, general health, self-efficacy, and dispositional optimism/pessimism. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 workers to explore the interrelationship of protective factors. Results: Results indicated that the use of mental disengagement as a coping technique, age at which participants had left education, and the presence of social support networks significantly predicted changes in resilience over time. Dispositional and environmental protective factors interrelated and positively influenced the way workers perceived and coped with mission stressors. The coping strategy of mental disengagement was found to negatively influence changes in resilience via a direct pathway. Conclusions: The model partially accounted for mechanisms of resilience development, suggesting a direct relationship between work environment and individual","PeriodicalId":73331,"journal":{"name":"IIE transactions on occupational ergonomics and human factors","volume":"3 1","pages":"197 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21577323.2015.1093565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60125487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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