Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000112
In order to further strengthen the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), we revised the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Revised Trial Version 9) to Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 10). 1. Etiological characteristics Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the β-genus coronaviruses. It has an envelope, and the virus particle is round or oval, with a diameter ranging 60–140 nm. It contains four structural proteins, namely, the spike (S) protein, the envelope (E) protein, the matrix protein (M) and the nucleoprotein (N) protein. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA molecule with a total length of approximately 29.9 kb. The open reading frames contained within the genome are arranged in sequence as 5′-replicase (ORF1a/ORF1b)-S-ORF3a-ORF3b-E-M-ORF6-ORF7a-ORF7b-ORF8-N-ORF9a-ORF9b-ORF10–3′. The RNA genome is wrapped by the N protein, forming a nucleocapsid, a core structure of the virus particle, surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane, in which the S protein, the M protein and the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 are embedded. After invading the human respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 mainly relies on the receptor binding domain of the S protein on the virus cell surface to recognize the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and then interacts with the receptor, allowing the virus to enter host cells. During the epidemic and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the population, its genes have frequently shown mutations. When different subvariants or lineages of SARS-CoV-2 infect the human body simultaneously, these viruses might recombine, resulting in the emergence of recombinant virus strains. Certain mutations or recombinations will affect the biological characteristics of the virus. For instance, mutations of specific amino acids on the S protein enhance the affinity between SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and concomitantly the ability of the virus to replicate and spread between cells. Some amino acid mutations on the S protein will also increase viral immune escape from vaccines and reduce the cross-protection between different subvariants, resulting in breakthrough infections and a certain proportion of reinfections. As of the end of 2022, five variants of concern, namely, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529), have been designated by the World Health Organization. Compared with other variants of concern such as Delta, the transmissibility and immune escape ability of the Omicron variant, which emerged in the population in November 2021, have been significantly enhanced and the Omicron variant has promptly replaced the Delta variant as the dominant global epidemic variant since early 2022. Up to now, the five subvariants of Omicron (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4 and BA.5) have successively evolved into 709 serial lineages, including 72 recombinant lineages. As SARS-C
{"title":"Translation: Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 10)","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/im9.0000000000000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/im9.0000000000000112","url":null,"abstract":"In order to further strengthen the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), we revised the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Revised Trial Version 9) to Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 10). 1. Etiological characteristics Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the β-genus coronaviruses. It has an envelope, and the virus particle is round or oval, with a diameter ranging 60–140 nm. It contains four structural proteins, namely, the spike (S) protein, the envelope (E) protein, the matrix protein (M) and the nucleoprotein (N) protein. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA molecule with a total length of approximately 29.9 kb. The open reading frames contained within the genome are arranged in sequence as 5′-replicase (ORF1a/ORF1b)-S-ORF3a-ORF3b-E-M-ORF6-ORF7a-ORF7b-ORF8-N-ORF9a-ORF9b-ORF10–3′. The RNA genome is wrapped by the N protein, forming a nucleocapsid, a core structure of the virus particle, surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane, in which the S protein, the M protein and the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 are embedded. After invading the human respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 mainly relies on the receptor binding domain of the S protein on the virus cell surface to recognize the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and then interacts with the receptor, allowing the virus to enter host cells. During the epidemic and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the population, its genes have frequently shown mutations. When different subvariants or lineages of SARS-CoV-2 infect the human body simultaneously, these viruses might recombine, resulting in the emergence of recombinant virus strains. Certain mutations or recombinations will affect the biological characteristics of the virus. For instance, mutations of specific amino acids on the S protein enhance the affinity between SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and concomitantly the ability of the virus to replicate and spread between cells. Some amino acid mutations on the S protein will also increase viral immune escape from vaccines and reduce the cross-protection between different subvariants, resulting in breakthrough infections and a certain proportion of reinfections. As of the end of 2022, five variants of concern, namely, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529), have been designated by the World Health Organization. Compared with other variants of concern such as Delta, the transmissibility and immune escape ability of the Omicron variant, which emerged in the population in November 2021, have been significantly enhanced and the Omicron variant has promptly replaced the Delta variant as the dominant global epidemic variant since early 2022. Up to now, the five subvariants of Omicron (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4 and BA.5) have successively evolved into 709 serial lineages, including 72 recombinant lineages. As SARS-C","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135998469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-23DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000113
S. van der Veen
Abstract Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen for which ceftriaxone is the only remaining recommended first-line therapy. However, ceftriaxone susceptibility has been waning in a number of countries over the last decade and ceftriaxone treatment failures have been reported, commonly as a result of sporadic high-level ceftriaxone-resistant strains. In recent years, N. gonorrhoeae strains associated with the high-level ceftriaxone-resistant FC428 clone or strains that acquired its main ceftriaxone resistance determinant, penA allele 60.001, have shown global transmission, resulting in ceftriaxone treatment failure in a number of cases. The FC428 clone was first encountered in Japan in 2015 and subsequently in China, Europe, Australia, North America and Southeast Asia afterward. Strains associated with the FC428 clone commonly display a ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5–1 mg/L. However, where penA alleles encountered in sporadic high-level ceftriaxone-resistant isolates induce an in vitro growth defect, penA allele 60.001 does not seem to affect in vitro growth. The limited impact of penA allele 60.001 on biological fitness might be associated with its successful global transmission. Although the FC428 clone displays high-level ceftriaxone resistance, most gonorrhea cases associated with this clone were still successfully cured with ceftriaxone when intramuscular or intravenous doses of 500 mg to 2 g were used. A successful alternative therapy seems to be ertapenem given at 1-g doses, although further clinical studies are required to validate ertapenem efficacy. This review summarizes the global transmission of strains associated with the FC428 clone and antimicrobial treatment of associated cases.
{"title":"Global Transmission of the penA Allele 60.001–Containing High-Level Ceftriaxone-Resistant Gonococcal FC428 Clone and Antimicrobial Therapy of Associated Cases: A Review","authors":"S. van der Veen","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000113","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen for which ceftriaxone is the only remaining recommended first-line therapy. However, ceftriaxone susceptibility has been waning in a number of countries over the last decade and ceftriaxone treatment failures have been reported, commonly as a result of sporadic high-level ceftriaxone-resistant strains. In recent years, N. gonorrhoeae strains associated with the high-level ceftriaxone-resistant FC428 clone or strains that acquired its main ceftriaxone resistance determinant, penA allele 60.001, have shown global transmission, resulting in ceftriaxone treatment failure in a number of cases. The FC428 clone was first encountered in Japan in 2015 and subsequently in China, Europe, Australia, North America and Southeast Asia afterward. Strains associated with the FC428 clone commonly display a ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5–1 mg/L. However, where penA alleles encountered in sporadic high-level ceftriaxone-resistant isolates induce an in vitro growth defect, penA allele 60.001 does not seem to affect in vitro growth. The limited impact of penA allele 60.001 on biological fitness might be associated with its successful global transmission. Although the FC428 clone displays high-level ceftriaxone resistance, most gonorrhea cases associated with this clone were still successfully cured with ceftriaxone when intramuscular or intravenous doses of 500 mg to 2 g were used. A successful alternative therapy seems to be ertapenem given at 1-g doses, although further clinical studies are required to validate ertapenem efficacy. This review summarizes the global transmission of strains associated with the FC428 clone and antimicrobial treatment of associated cases.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"13 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48742901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-14DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000111
Marcela Araujo de Oliveira Santana, S. Butt
Abstract Healthcare professionals in infectious diseases have been using Twitter to disseminate knowledge and interact with other professionals. This study aimed to identify and characterize the top 100 Twitter influencers in infectious diseases and to analyze the correlation between Twitter and academic influence. The Right Relevance Application Programming Interface was used to search for the term “infectious diseases,” producing a Twitter topic score for the top 100 infectious disease influencers. The influencers' Hirsch index (h-index) was compared with their Twitter topic score for a possible correlation. We identified that 46% of the infectious disease influencers were physicians. A correlation between the Twitter topic score of the infectious disease influencers and their h-index was not identified (r = 0.123, P = 0.22). The study also provides a list of the infectious disease influencers for those who have an interest in engaging and interacting with them on Twitter.
传染病领域的医疗保健专业人员一直在使用Twitter传播知识并与其他专业人员进行互动。本研究旨在识别和表征前100名Twitter传染病影响者，并分析Twitter与学术影响力之间的相关性。使用Right Relevance Application Programming Interface搜索“传染病”一词，生成100个传染病影响者的Twitter话题得分。影响者的赫希指数(h-index)与他们的推特话题得分进行了比较，以寻找可能的相关性。我们发现46%的传染病影响者是医生。传染病影响者的Twitter话题得分与其h指数之间没有相关性(r = 0.123, P = 0.22)。这项研究还为那些有兴趣在推特上与他们互动的人提供了一份传染病影响者名单。
{"title":"The Top 100 Twitter Influencers in Infectious Diseases","authors":"Marcela Araujo de Oliveira Santana, S. Butt","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000111","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Healthcare professionals in infectious diseases have been using Twitter to disseminate knowledge and interact with other professionals. This study aimed to identify and characterize the top 100 Twitter influencers in infectious diseases and to analyze the correlation between Twitter and academic influence. The Right Relevance Application Programming Interface was used to search for the term “infectious diseases,” producing a Twitter topic score for the top 100 infectious disease influencers. The influencers' Hirsch index (h-index) was compared with their Twitter topic score for a possible correlation. We identified that 46% of the infectious disease influencers were physicians. A correlation between the Twitter topic score of the infectious disease influencers and their h-index was not identified (r = 0.123, P = 0.22). The study also provides a list of the infectious disease influencers for those who have an interest in engaging and interacting with them on Twitter.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"36 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48208057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-04DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000109
N. Zhao, B. Cui
Abstract The Gram-negative bacterial genus Brucella includes six classic species based on host specificity, pathogenicity and phenotypic differences. Four more Brucella species were identified in 2007. Although many Brucella genomes have been sequenced, genome sequences and analysis of Brucella strains isolated in China are still scarce. An efficient genome-based Brucella typing method is also needed. In this study, we used the minimum core genome (MCG) typing method to identify and type Brucella strains. Twenty Brucella isolates from China were newly sequenced. The genome sequences of 55 representative Brucella strains were downloaded. Among the 75 genomes, 1089 genes and 52,030 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shared by all isolates were considered as the MCG genes and MCG SNPs. Using these 52,030 MCG SNPs, Brucella was divided into six MCG groups. In addition, average nucleotide identity (ANI) values and the distributions of 184 virulence genes were all computed. The proportions of virulence genes were 90.96%, 93.56%, 95.89%, 86.04%, 85.78% and 91.87% for MCG groups 1 to 6, respectively. The intragroup ANI values were higher than the intergroup values, further confirming the validity of the MCG taxonomy classification. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus, the two main Brucella species pathogenic to humans, were well separated from other species. With the development and cost reduction of next-generation sequencing, the MCG typing method can be used for rapid identification of Brucella, which can contribute to the rapid diagnosis of brucellosis and ensure timely and effective treatment.
{"title":"Minimum Core Genome Sequence Typing of Brucella From China","authors":"N. Zhao, B. Cui","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Gram-negative bacterial genus Brucella includes six classic species based on host specificity, pathogenicity and phenotypic differences. Four more Brucella species were identified in 2007. Although many Brucella genomes have been sequenced, genome sequences and analysis of Brucella strains isolated in China are still scarce. An efficient genome-based Brucella typing method is also needed. In this study, we used the minimum core genome (MCG) typing method to identify and type Brucella strains. Twenty Brucella isolates from China were newly sequenced. The genome sequences of 55 representative Brucella strains were downloaded. Among the 75 genomes, 1089 genes and 52,030 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shared by all isolates were considered as the MCG genes and MCG SNPs. Using these 52,030 MCG SNPs, Brucella was divided into six MCG groups. In addition, average nucleotide identity (ANI) values and the distributions of 184 virulence genes were all computed. The proportions of virulence genes were 90.96%, 93.56%, 95.89%, 86.04%, 85.78% and 91.87% for MCG groups 1 to 6, respectively. The intragroup ANI values were higher than the intergroup values, further confirming the validity of the MCG taxonomy classification. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus, the two main Brucella species pathogenic to humans, were well separated from other species. With the development and cost reduction of next-generation sequencing, the MCG typing method can be used for rapid identification of Brucella, which can contribute to the rapid diagnosis of brucellosis and ensure timely and effective treatment.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"29 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42120037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000107
Christian K. Ezeh, C. Eze, U. Dibua, S. Emencheta
Abstract Rapid emergence and quick evolution of drug-resistant and aggressive mycobacterial strains have resulted in the present antimycobacterial drug crisis and the persistence of tuberculosis as a major public health problem. Green/biological nanotechnologies constitute an interesting area of research for discovering antimycobacterial agents. This review focused on the biological (green) synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an alternative source of antimycobacterial agents. Data for this study were searched and screened from three electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses flowchart. Data from in total 17 eligible studies were reported in this systematic review. Twelve of the 17 studies used plants to fabricate AgNPs, whereas the remaining five studies used microorganisms (bacteria and/or fungi). Silver as part of silver nitrate (AgNO3) was the metal precursor reported for the synthesis of AgNPs in these studies. Silver nanoparticles were mostly spherical, with sizes ranging from 12 to 140 nm. Results based on minimum inhibitory concentrations varied between studies and were divided into three groups: (i) those more effective than the antibiotic (controls), (ii) those more effective than plant extracts, and (iii) those less effective than the antibiotic controls. In addition, little or no cytotoxicity effects were reported. Silver nanoparticles were also shown to be highly specific or selective toward mycobacterial strains. This systematic review highlights the antimycobacterial potential of biologically synthesized AgNPs, underscoring the possibility of discovering/developing new antimycobacterial agents using biological synthesis approaches with less toxicity and high selectivity.
{"title":"A Systematic Review on Antituberculosis Drug Discovery and Antimycobacterial Potential of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Overview and Future Perspectives","authors":"Christian K. Ezeh, C. Eze, U. Dibua, S. Emencheta","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000107","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rapid emergence and quick evolution of drug-resistant and aggressive mycobacterial strains have resulted in the present antimycobacterial drug crisis and the persistence of tuberculosis as a major public health problem. Green/biological nanotechnologies constitute an interesting area of research for discovering antimycobacterial agents. This review focused on the biological (green) synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an alternative source of antimycobacterial agents. Data for this study were searched and screened from three electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses flowchart. Data from in total 17 eligible studies were reported in this systematic review. Twelve of the 17 studies used plants to fabricate AgNPs, whereas the remaining five studies used microorganisms (bacteria and/or fungi). Silver as part of silver nitrate (AgNO3) was the metal precursor reported for the synthesis of AgNPs in these studies. Silver nanoparticles were mostly spherical, with sizes ranging from 12 to 140 nm. Results based on minimum inhibitory concentrations varied between studies and were divided into three groups: (i) those more effective than the antibiotic (controls), (ii) those more effective than plant extracts, and (iii) those less effective than the antibiotic controls. In addition, little or no cytotoxicity effects were reported. Silver nanoparticles were also shown to be highly specific or selective toward mycobacterial strains. This systematic review highlights the antimycobacterial potential of biologically synthesized AgNPs, underscoring the possibility of discovering/developing new antimycobacterial agents using biological synthesis approaches with less toxicity and high selectivity.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"139 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48629532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000108
Lea A. Tölken, Antje D. Paulikat, Fabian Cuypers, Sebastian B. Skorka, S. Hammerschmidt, N. Siemens
Abstract Influenza A virus and Staphylococcus aureus are common causative agents of pneumonia. Co-infections with these two pathogens frequently occur and are characterized, among others, by higher morbidity and mortality due to hyper-inflammation of the lungs. Here, we aimed to profile systemic and local cytokine composition at early acute stages of pneumonia in a murine model. All mice recovered from single influenza A virus and/or staphylococcal infections. In contrast, co-infections led to a severe clinical outcome. While distinct cytokine patterns were detected in lungs of single-pathogen-infected animals, co-infections combined both virus- and bacteria-driven responses. However, analyses of infected human primary monocytic cells as well as bronchial epithelial cells did not reflect murine profiles. Based on infectious dose, mainly bacteria-driven responses were noted. The impact of single cells to cytokine composition of the lungs and translation of murine studies to humans remains uncertain and warrants further studies.
{"title":"Cytokine Profiling in Influenza A Virus and Staphylococcal (Co-)Infections","authors":"Lea A. Tölken, Antje D. Paulikat, Fabian Cuypers, Sebastian B. Skorka, S. Hammerschmidt, N. Siemens","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000108","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Influenza A virus and Staphylococcus aureus are common causative agents of pneumonia. Co-infections with these two pathogens frequently occur and are characterized, among others, by higher morbidity and mortality due to hyper-inflammation of the lungs. Here, we aimed to profile systemic and local cytokine composition at early acute stages of pneumonia in a murine model. All mice recovered from single influenza A virus and/or staphylococcal infections. In contrast, co-infections led to a severe clinical outcome. While distinct cytokine patterns were detected in lungs of single-pathogen-infected animals, co-infections combined both virus- and bacteria-driven responses. However, analyses of infected human primary monocytic cells as well as bronchial epithelial cells did not reflect murine profiles. Based on infectious dose, mainly bacteria-driven responses were noted. The impact of single cells to cytokine composition of the lungs and translation of murine studies to humans remains uncertain and warrants further studies.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"161 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47709142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000106
Yuting Yuan, R. Yee, N. Gour, Xinzhong Dong, Jie Feng, W. Shi, Y. Zhang
Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause persistent infections, such as biofilm infections, in cystic fibrosis patients, which are difficult to cure due to non-growing persister bacteria that are not effectively killed by the current treatments. While antibiotic activity against growing P. aeruginosa is well documented, their activity against non-growing stationary phase cultures is less clear. Here, we evaluated six major classes of antibiotics, including cell wall and cell membrane inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, DNA synthesis inhibitors, RNA synthesis inhibitors, sulfa drugs and nitrofurantoin, for their activity against growing and non-growing P. aeruginosa. We found that cell wall and cell membrane inhibitors (cefuroxime and colistin), DNA synthesis inhibitors (clinafloxacin) and sulfa drugs (sulfamethoxazole) had good activity against stationary-phase bacteria, while protein synthesis inhibitors (gentamicin), RNA synthesis inhibitor (rifampin) and nitrofurantoin showed relatively poor activity. Clinafloxacin was the only drug able to completely eradicate stationary-phase bacteria within four days. The cefuroxime + gentamicin + clinafloxacin combination was able to kill all bacteria from a biofilm within two days, whereas the clinically used drug combination cefuroxime + gentamicin/colistin only partially killed the biofilm bacteria. In a murine persistent cystic fibrosis lung infection model, only the cefuroxime + gentamicin + clinafloxacin drug combination eradicated all bacteria from the lungs, whereas clinafloxacin alone, cefuroxime + clinafloxacin or the currently recommended drug combination cefuroxime + gentamicin failed to do so. The complete eradication is a property of the clinafloxacin combination, as the otherwise identical levofloxacin combination did not clear the bacterial loads from the lungs. Our findings offer new therapeutic options for more effective treatment of persistent P. aeruginosa infections, with possible implications for treating other persistent infections.
{"title":"Identification of Persister Drug Combination Clinafloxacin + Cefuroxime + Gentamicin That Eradicates Persistent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in a Murine Cystic Fibrosis Model","authors":"Yuting Yuan, R. Yee, N. Gour, Xinzhong Dong, Jie Feng, W. Shi, Y. Zhang","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000106","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause persistent infections, such as biofilm infections, in cystic fibrosis patients, which are difficult to cure due to non-growing persister bacteria that are not effectively killed by the current treatments. While antibiotic activity against growing P. aeruginosa is well documented, their activity against non-growing stationary phase cultures is less clear. Here, we evaluated six major classes of antibiotics, including cell wall and cell membrane inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, DNA synthesis inhibitors, RNA synthesis inhibitors, sulfa drugs and nitrofurantoin, for their activity against growing and non-growing P. aeruginosa. We found that cell wall and cell membrane inhibitors (cefuroxime and colistin), DNA synthesis inhibitors (clinafloxacin) and sulfa drugs (sulfamethoxazole) had good activity against stationary-phase bacteria, while protein synthesis inhibitors (gentamicin), RNA synthesis inhibitor (rifampin) and nitrofurantoin showed relatively poor activity. Clinafloxacin was the only drug able to completely eradicate stationary-phase bacteria within four days. The cefuroxime + gentamicin + clinafloxacin combination was able to kill all bacteria from a biofilm within two days, whereas the clinically used drug combination cefuroxime + gentamicin/colistin only partially killed the biofilm bacteria. In a murine persistent cystic fibrosis lung infection model, only the cefuroxime + gentamicin + clinafloxacin drug combination eradicated all bacteria from the lungs, whereas clinafloxacin alone, cefuroxime + clinafloxacin or the currently recommended drug combination cefuroxime + gentamicin failed to do so. The complete eradication is a property of the clinafloxacin combination, as the otherwise identical levofloxacin combination did not clear the bacterial loads from the lungs. Our findings offer new therapeutic options for more effective treatment of persistent P. aeruginosa infections, with possible implications for treating other persistent infections.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"21 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47845554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000104
Zutao Chen, Xiao Liu, Yajuan Wang, Yun-hai Yao
Abstract Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are marine gram-negative bacilli that can cause septicemia and gastrointestinal and wound infections. Early suspicion, diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy for those infections are essential as delay can adversely affect the outcome. Here, we report a patient who developed a V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus infection after contact with a fishing net. The cause of infection was finally diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. The patient required an emergency amputation of the upper- and middle-third of the right upper limb.
{"title":"Vibrio Septicemia Diagnosed With Next-Generation Sequencing: A Case Report","authors":"Zutao Chen, Xiao Liu, Yajuan Wang, Yun-hai Yao","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000104","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are marine gram-negative bacilli that can cause septicemia and gastrointestinal and wound infections. Early suspicion, diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy for those infections are essential as delay can adversely affect the outcome. Here, we report a patient who developed a V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus infection after contact with a fishing net. The cause of infection was finally diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. The patient required an emergency amputation of the upper- and middle-third of the right upper limb.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"178 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43127321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000103
Bin Zhu, Christopher Diachok, Laahirie Edupuganti, David J. Edwards, Jeffrey R. Donowitz, K. Tossas, A. Matveyev, Katherine M. Spaine, Vladimir Lee, M. Serrano, Gregory A. Buck
Abstract Recent work has shown that the vaginal microbiome exerts a strong impact on women's gynecological health. However, collection of vaginal specimens is invasive and requires previous clinical training or the involvement of a trained clinician. In contrast, urine sample collection is routine and noninvasive and does not require involvement of a clinician. We sought to compare the vaginal and urogenital microbiomes to assess the utility of voided urine samples as a proxy for the vaginal microbiome. Paired urogenital and vaginal samples were collected from pregnant women and characterized by 16S rRNA taxonomic profiling. We examined diversities and compositions of paired urogenital and vaginal microbiomes using five discrete strategies to explore the similarity between the vaginal and urogenital microbiomes. A strategy comparing the paired urogenital and vaginal microbiomes in which taxa were assigned using the STIRRUPS database and urine-specific taxa were removed showed no significant difference in diversity and composition between the paired urogenital and vaginal microbiomes. Moreover, the relative abundances of common vaginal taxa were linearly correlated with those in the paired urogenital microbiomes. These similarities suggest that voided urine samples could represent a noninvasive protocol for accurate profiling of the vaginal microbiome with likely clinical applications. Finally, a machine learning model was established in which the voided urine microbiome was compared favorably to the vaginal microbiome in predicting bacterial vaginosis.
{"title":"The Utility of Voided Urine Samples as a Proxy for the Vaginal Microbiome and for the Prediction of Bacterial Vaginosis","authors":"Bin Zhu, Christopher Diachok, Laahirie Edupuganti, David J. Edwards, Jeffrey R. Donowitz, K. Tossas, A. Matveyev, Katherine M. Spaine, Vladimir Lee, M. Serrano, Gregory A. Buck","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent work has shown that the vaginal microbiome exerts a strong impact on women's gynecological health. However, collection of vaginal specimens is invasive and requires previous clinical training or the involvement of a trained clinician. In contrast, urine sample collection is routine and noninvasive and does not require involvement of a clinician. We sought to compare the vaginal and urogenital microbiomes to assess the utility of voided urine samples as a proxy for the vaginal microbiome. Paired urogenital and vaginal samples were collected from pregnant women and characterized by 16S rRNA taxonomic profiling. We examined diversities and compositions of paired urogenital and vaginal microbiomes using five discrete strategies to explore the similarity between the vaginal and urogenital microbiomes. A strategy comparing the paired urogenital and vaginal microbiomes in which taxa were assigned using the STIRRUPS database and urine-specific taxa were removed showed no significant difference in diversity and composition between the paired urogenital and vaginal microbiomes. Moreover, the relative abundances of common vaginal taxa were linearly correlated with those in the paired urogenital microbiomes. These similarities suggest that voided urine samples could represent a noninvasive protocol for accurate profiling of the vaginal microbiome with likely clinical applications. Finally, a machine learning model was established in which the voided urine microbiome was compared favorably to the vaginal microbiome in predicting bacterial vaginosis.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"149 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42007506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-15DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000102
Zhanmou Liu, Yanling Liang, Yi Feng, Kang Li, Y. Shao
Abstract This study aimed to reconstruct the origin and worldwide epidemic history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 subtype C and comprehend how HIV-1 subtype C was introduced into and spread throughout China in the form of B/C recombinant strains. Envelope sequences of HIV-1 subtype C and some other subtypes deposited before December 31, 2020 were downloaded from the Los Alamos HIV Database and the Chinese National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Database. The available sequences were screened for quality, and Bayesian analysis was used to build the maximum clade credibility evolutionary tree to analyze and judge the origin and spread of HIV-1 subtype C. HIV-1 subtype C originated in central Africa around 1952, then spread to southern Africa around 1969 and to eastern Africa around 1973. HIV-1 subtype C from southern Africa was introduced into India in 1977. HIV-1 subtype C of eastern Africa was introduced into Brazil in 1987. Indian HIV-1 subtype C was exported to China in three migration events during the period from 1986 to 1989. The two predominant recombinants in China (CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC) emerged in 1988 and 1990, respectively. Other B/C recombinants, namely, CRF64_BC, CRF61_BC and CRF62_BC, originated in 1993, 2002 and 2000, respectively. Our study has reconstructed the global origin and evolutionary history of HIV-1 subtype C. In addition, our study demonstrated that the Chinese HIV-1 subtype C originated from three related Indian lineages around the mid to late 1980s and, since then, has formed some B/C recombinants with subtype B that caused a widespread epidemic in China.
{"title":"Global Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Subtype C and Its Impact on the Circulation of B/C Recombination Strains in China","authors":"Zhanmou Liu, Yanling Liang, Yi Feng, Kang Li, Y. Shao","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to reconstruct the origin and worldwide epidemic history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 subtype C and comprehend how HIV-1 subtype C was introduced into and spread throughout China in the form of B/C recombinant strains. Envelope sequences of HIV-1 subtype C and some other subtypes deposited before December 31, 2020 were downloaded from the Los Alamos HIV Database and the Chinese National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Database. The available sequences were screened for quality, and Bayesian analysis was used to build the maximum clade credibility evolutionary tree to analyze and judge the origin and spread of HIV-1 subtype C. HIV-1 subtype C originated in central Africa around 1952, then spread to southern Africa around 1969 and to eastern Africa around 1973. HIV-1 subtype C from southern Africa was introduced into India in 1977. HIV-1 subtype C of eastern Africa was introduced into Brazil in 1987. Indian HIV-1 subtype C was exported to China in three migration events during the period from 1986 to 1989. The two predominant recombinants in China (CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC) emerged in 1988 and 1990, respectively. Other B/C recombinants, namely, CRF64_BC, CRF61_BC and CRF62_BC, originated in 1993, 2002 and 2000, respectively. Our study has reconstructed the global origin and evolutionary history of HIV-1 subtype C. In addition, our study demonstrated that the Chinese HIV-1 subtype C originated from three related Indian lineages around the mid to late 1980s and, since then, has formed some B/C recombinants with subtype B that caused a widespread epidemic in China.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"157 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42217393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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