Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000098
René Bergmann, Giuseppe Gulotta, Federica Andreoni, Tomoko Sumitomo, Shigetada Kawabata, Annelies S Zinkernagel, Gursharan S Chhatwal, Victor Nizet, Manfred Rohde, Satoshi Uchiyama
Autophagy serves an innate immune function in defending the host against invading bacteria, including group A Streptococcus (GAS). Autophagy is regulated by numerous host proteins, including the endogenous negative regulator calpain, a cytosolic protease. Globally disseminated serotype M1T1 GAS strains associated with high invasive disease potential express numerous virulence factors and resist autophagic clearance. Upon in vitro infection of human epithelial cell lines with representative wild-type GAS M1T1 strain 5448 (M1.5448), we observed increased calpain activation linked to a specific GAS virulence factor, the IL-8 protease SpyCEP. Calpain activation inhibited autophagy and decreased capture of cytosolic GAS in autophagosomes. In contrast, the serotype M6 GAS strain JRS4 (M6.JRS4), which is highly susceptible to host autophagy-mediated killing, expresses low levels of SpyCEP and does not activate calpain. Overexpression of SpyCEP in M6.JRS4 stimulated calpain activation, inhibited autophagy and significantly decreased bacterial capture in autophagosomes. These paired loss- and gain-of-function studies reveal a novel role for the bacterial protease SpyCEP in enabling GAS M1 evasion of autophagy and host innate immune clearance.
{"title":"The group A <i>Streptococcus</i> interleukin-8 protease SpyCEP promotes bacterial intracellular survival by evasion of autophagy.","authors":"René Bergmann, Giuseppe Gulotta, Federica Andreoni, Tomoko Sumitomo, Shigetada Kawabata, Annelies S Zinkernagel, Gursharan S Chhatwal, Victor Nizet, Manfred Rohde, Satoshi Uchiyama","doi":"10.1097/im9.0000000000000098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/im9.0000000000000098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autophagy serves an innate immune function in defending the host against invading bacteria, including group A <i>Streptococcus</i> (GAS). Autophagy is regulated by numerous host proteins, including the endogenous negative regulator calpain, a cytosolic protease. Globally disseminated serotype M1T1 GAS strains associated with high invasive disease potential express numerous virulence factors and resist autophagic clearance. Upon in vitro infection of human epithelial cell lines with representative wild-type GAS M1T1 strain 5448 (M1.5448), we observed increased calpain activation linked to a specific GAS virulence factor, the IL-8 protease SpyCEP. Calpain activation inhibited autophagy and decreased capture of cytosolic GAS in autophagosomes. In contrast, the serotype M6 GAS strain JRS4 (M6.JRS4), which is highly susceptible to host autophagy-mediated killing, expresses low levels of SpyCEP and does not activate calpain. Overexpression of SpyCEP in M6.JRS4 stimulated calpain activation, inhibited autophagy and significantly decreased bacterial capture in autophagosomes. These paired loss- and gain-of-function studies reveal a novel role for the bacterial protease SpyCEP in enabling GAS M1 evasion of autophagy and host innate immune clearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 3","pages":"116-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10275413/pdf/nihms-1867112.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10084943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000101
Ruth Siew, Tzung-Lin Ou, Samira Dahesh, Kathryn Akong, Victor Nizet
The primary defect in cystic fibrosis (CF) is abnormal chloride and bicarbonate transport in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) epithelial ion channel. The apical surface of the respiratory tract is lined by an airway surface liquid layer (ASL) composed of mucin comprising mainly MUC5A and MUC5B glycoproteins. ASL homeostasis depends on sodium bicarbonate secretion into the airways and secretion deficits alter mucus properties leading to airway obstruction, inflammation, and infections. Downstream effects of abnormal ion transport in the lungs include altered intrinsic immune defenses. We observed that neutrophils killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa more efficiently when it had been exposed to sodium bicarbonate, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by neutrophils was augmented in the presence of increasing bicarbonate concentrations. Physiological levels of bicarbonate sensitized P. aeruginosa to the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37, which is present in both lung ASL and in NETs. Sodium bicarbonate has various uses in clinical medicine and in the care of CF patients, and could be further explored as a therapeutic adjunct against Pseudomonas infections.
{"title":"Bicarbonate Effects on Antibacterial Immunity and Mucus Glycobiology in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung: A Review With Selected Experimental Observations.","authors":"Ruth Siew, Tzung-Lin Ou, Samira Dahesh, Kathryn Akong, Victor Nizet","doi":"10.1097/im9.0000000000000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/im9.0000000000000101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary defect in cystic fibrosis (CF) is abnormal chloride and bicarbonate transport in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) epithelial ion channel. The apical surface of the respiratory tract is lined by an airway surface liquid layer (ASL) composed of mucin comprising mainly MUC5A and MUC5B glycoproteins. ASL homeostasis depends on sodium bicarbonate secretion into the airways and secretion deficits alter mucus properties leading to airway obstruction, inflammation, and infections. Downstream effects of abnormal ion transport in the lungs include altered intrinsic immune defenses. We observed that neutrophils killed <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> more efficiently when it had been exposed to sodium bicarbonate, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by neutrophils was augmented in the presence of increasing bicarbonate concentrations. Physiological levels of bicarbonate sensitized <i>P. aeruginosa</i> to the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37, which is present in both lung ASL and in NETs. Sodium bicarbonate has various uses in clinical medicine and in the care of CF patients, and could be further explored as a therapeutic adjunct against <i>Pseudomonas</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 3","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9928163/pdf/nihms-1827705.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9639310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-04DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000099
Qiong Zhang
Since the first outbreak of COVID-19 in January 2020, the pandemic has lasted already for 21⁄2 years, causing 564,126,546 confirmed infections and 6,371,354 confirmed deaths worldwide by July 22, 2022. In addition to the large number of deaths caused by the disease, the COVID-19 pandemic has also had a huge impact on the world economy. Not only have the transportation, tourism, catering, cultural and entertainment industries, and other personnel-intensive industries been directly impacted, but also a large number of people have been isolated and controlled or accepted home office work, which in turn affected all walks of life. According to the World Economic Outlook Report released by the International Monetary Fund in October 2021, the world economy has declined by 3.1% year-on-year in 2020, of which developed economies has declined by 4.5% and emerging market and developing economies by 2.1%. In the process of containing the COVID-19 epidemic, different countries have adopted different antiepidemic strategies, and the results achieved have been variable. China's antiepidemic containment strategies have proven highly effective. Wuhan, as the city where the outbreak was first reported, faced the rapid dissemination of an unknown pathogen. After the initial chaos, the situation was quickly stabilized with the support of personnel and materials from all over the country. Under the organization of the Chinese National Health Commission, the experience and lessons of epidemic prevention and control and clinical treatment have continuously been summarized and updated in national guidelines. Between January 16 and March 3, 2020, eight versions (the Trial Versions 1 to 7 and the Revised Trial Version 5) of theDiagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 have been released and updatedwithin a short period
{"title":"Introducing the New Versions of Chinese Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19","authors":"Qiong Zhang","doi":"10.1097/im9.0000000000000099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/im9.0000000000000099","url":null,"abstract":"Since the first outbreak of COVID-19 in January 2020, the pandemic has lasted already for 21⁄2 years, causing 564,126,546 confirmed infections and 6,371,354 confirmed deaths worldwide by July 22, 2022. In addition to the large number of deaths caused by the disease, the COVID-19 pandemic has also had a huge impact on the world economy. Not only have the transportation, tourism, catering, cultural and entertainment industries, and other personnel-intensive industries been directly impacted, but also a large number of people have been isolated and controlled or accepted home office work, which in turn affected all walks of life. According to the World Economic Outlook Report released by the International Monetary Fund in October 2021, the world economy has declined by 3.1% year-on-year in 2020, of which developed economies has declined by 4.5% and emerging market and developing economies by 2.1%. In the process of containing the COVID-19 epidemic, different countries have adopted different antiepidemic strategies, and the results achieved have been variable. China's antiepidemic containment strategies have proven highly effective. Wuhan, as the city where the outbreak was first reported, faced the rapid dissemination of an unknown pathogen. After the initial chaos, the situation was quickly stabilized with the support of personnel and materials from all over the country. Under the organization of the Chinese National Health Commission, the experience and lessons of epidemic prevention and control and clinical treatment have continuously been summarized and updated in national guidelines. Between January 16 and March 3, 2020, eight versions (the Trial Versions 1 to 7 and the Revised Trial Version 5) of theDiagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 have been released and updatedwithin a short period","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"83 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43347147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease, and it is important to detect early and monitor the disease trend for policymakers to make informed decisions. We explored the predictive utility of Baidu Search Index and Baidu Information Index for early warning of COVID-19 and identified search keywords for further monitoring of epidemic trends in Guangxi. A time-series analysis and Spearman correlation between the daily number of cases and both the Baidu Search Index and Baidu Information Index were performed for seven keywords related to COVID-19 from January 8 to March 9, 2020. The time series showed that the temporal distributions of the search terms “coronavirus,” “pneumonia” and “mask” in the Baidu Search Index were consistent and had 2 to 3 days' lead time to the reported cases; the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.81. The Baidu Search Index volume in 14 prefectures of Guangxi was closely related with the number of reported cases; it was not associated with the local GDP. The Baidu Information Index search terms “coronavirus” and “pneumonia” were used as frequently as 192,405.0 and 110,488.6 per million population, respectively, and they were also significantly associated with the number of reported cases (rs > 0.6), but they fluctuated more than for the Baidu Search Index and had 0 to 14 days' lag time to the reported cases. The Baidu Search Index with search terms “coronavirus,” “pneumonia” and “mask” can be used for early warning and monitoring of the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in Guangxi, with 2 to 3 days' lead time.
{"title":"Early Warning and Monitoring of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Using Baidu Search Index and Baidu Information Index in Guangxi, China","authors":"Yihong Xie, Wanwan Zhou, Jinhui Zhu, Y. Ruan, Xiaoming Wang, Tengda Huang","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000100","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease, and it is important to detect early and monitor the disease trend for policymakers to make informed decisions. We explored the predictive utility of Baidu Search Index and Baidu Information Index for early warning of COVID-19 and identified search keywords for further monitoring of epidemic trends in Guangxi. A time-series analysis and Spearman correlation between the daily number of cases and both the Baidu Search Index and Baidu Information Index were performed for seven keywords related to COVID-19 from January 8 to March 9, 2020. The time series showed that the temporal distributions of the search terms “coronavirus,” “pneumonia” and “mask” in the Baidu Search Index were consistent and had 2 to 3 days' lead time to the reported cases; the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.81. The Baidu Search Index volume in 14 prefectures of Guangxi was closely related with the number of reported cases; it was not associated with the local GDP. The Baidu Information Index search terms “coronavirus” and “pneumonia” were used as frequently as 192,405.0 and 110,488.6 per million population, respectively, and they were also significantly associated with the number of reported cases (rs > 0.6), but they fluctuated more than for the Baidu Search Index and had 0 to 14 days' lag time to the reported cases. The Baidu Search Index with search terms “coronavirus,” “pneumonia” and “mask” can be used for early warning and monitoring of the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in Guangxi, with 2 to 3 days' lead time.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"168 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45717982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000094
Anonymous
series of active control and treatment measures, the epidemic situation in contained effectively. the pandemic persists globally, the risk for the pandemic transmission and spread in China remains. Currently, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines is carried out systematically worldwide, with novel coronavirus (2019-nCov)-specific antibodies detected in most vaccinated individuals. In order to further strengthen the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, we revised the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 8) to Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Revised Trial Version 8)
{"title":"Translation: Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Revised Trial Version 8)","authors":"Anonymous","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000094","url":null,"abstract":"series of active control and treatment measures, the epidemic situation in contained effectively. the pandemic persists globally, the risk for the pandemic transmission and spread in China remains. Currently, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines is carried out systematically worldwide, with novel coronavirus (2019-nCov)-specific antibodies detected in most vaccinated individuals. In order to further strengthen the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, we revised the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 8) to Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Revised Trial Version 8)","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"85 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43183925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-26DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000095
Fadile Gaye Hösükoğlu, F. Ekşi, Mehmet Erinmez, M. Uğur
Abstract Inflammation of the vagina and vulva caused by Candida is called vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Risk factors for VVC include pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, frequent oral sexual intercourse, and the use of tight synthetic underwear and systemic antibiotics. Candida albicans, which belongs to the normal flora of the vagina, is the most common cause of VVC. However, an increase in VVC episodes caused by non-albicans Candida species, including Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis, has been reported. In this study, a total of 100 Candida isolates obtained from patients with vaginitis symptoms were evaluated. The susceptibility of the Candida strains to amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin was investigated using the reference broth microdilution method. Risk factors and demographic characteristics of the patients and the identified Candida species were also investigated. Among the 100 Candida strains isolated from vaginal samples, 47 (47%) were C. albicans, 43 (43%) C. glabrata, 5 (5%) C. kefyr, 2 (2%) C. krusei, 2 (2%) C. tropicalis and 1 (1%) was Candida guilliermondii. The incidences of Candida susceptibility to caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B were 75%, 35%, 27%, 80%, 97% and 100%, respectively. Also, there was a significant difference in antifungal susceptibility among patients belonging to certain risk groups, such as patients previously using antibiotics and recurrent cases. Prevalence of non-albicans Candida species and antifungal resistance, especially against azoles, are both increasing, and certain risk factors should be monitored strictly.
{"title":"An Epidemiologic Analysis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Antifungal Susceptibilities","authors":"Fadile Gaye Hösükoğlu, F. Ekşi, Mehmet Erinmez, M. Uğur","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000095","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inflammation of the vagina and vulva caused by Candida is called vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Risk factors for VVC include pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, frequent oral sexual intercourse, and the use of tight synthetic underwear and systemic antibiotics. Candida albicans, which belongs to the normal flora of the vagina, is the most common cause of VVC. However, an increase in VVC episodes caused by non-albicans Candida species, including Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis, has been reported. In this study, a total of 100 Candida isolates obtained from patients with vaginitis symptoms were evaluated. The susceptibility of the Candida strains to amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole and caspofungin was investigated using the reference broth microdilution method. Risk factors and demographic characteristics of the patients and the identified Candida species were also investigated. Among the 100 Candida strains isolated from vaginal samples, 47 (47%) were C. albicans, 43 (43%) C. glabrata, 5 (5%) C. kefyr, 2 (2%) C. krusei, 2 (2%) C. tropicalis and 1 (1%) was Candida guilliermondii. The incidences of Candida susceptibility to caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B were 75%, 35%, 27%, 80%, 97% and 100%, respectively. Also, there was a significant difference in antifungal susceptibility among patients belonging to certain risk groups, such as patients previously using antibiotics and recurrent cases. Prevalence of non-albicans Candida species and antifungal resistance, especially against azoles, are both increasing, and certain risk factors should be monitored strictly.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"131 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47603171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-26DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000096
Hector Alvarez-Manzo, Yumin Zhang, Ying Zhang
Abstract Lyme disease (LD), caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Europe. Despite the standard 2–4 weeks' antibiotic treatment, approximately 10%–20% of patients will develop posttreatment LD syndrome, a condition that is poorly understood. One of the probable causes is thought to be the presence of B. burgdorferi persister forms that are not effectively killed by the current LD antibiotics. In this study, we evaluated nitroxoline, an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections, for its activity against a stationary-phase culture enriched with persister forms of B. burgdorferi. Nitroxoline was found to be more active than doxycycline and equally active as cefuroxime (standard LD antibiotics) against B. burgdorferi. Importantly, the nitroxoline two-drug combinations nitroxoline + cefuroxime and nitroxoline + clarithromycin, as well as the nitroxoline three-drug combination nitroxoline + cefuroxime + clarithromycin, were as effective as the persister drug daptomycin-based positive control three-drug combination cefuroxime + doxycycline + daptomycin, completely eradicating stationary-phase B. burgdorferi in the drug-exposure experiments and preventing regrowth in the subculture study. Future studies should evaluate these promising drug combinations in a persistent LD mouse model.
{"title":"Nitroxoline Drug Combinations Are More Active Than Lyme Antibiotic Combination and Can Eradicate Stationary-Phase Borrelia burgdorferi","authors":"Hector Alvarez-Manzo, Yumin Zhang, Ying Zhang","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000096","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lyme disease (LD), caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Europe. Despite the standard 2–4 weeks' antibiotic treatment, approximately 10%–20% of patients will develop posttreatment LD syndrome, a condition that is poorly understood. One of the probable causes is thought to be the presence of B. burgdorferi persister forms that are not effectively killed by the current LD antibiotics. In this study, we evaluated nitroxoline, an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections, for its activity against a stationary-phase culture enriched with persister forms of B. burgdorferi. Nitroxoline was found to be more active than doxycycline and equally active as cefuroxime (standard LD antibiotics) against B. burgdorferi. Importantly, the nitroxoline two-drug combinations nitroxoline + cefuroxime and nitroxoline + clarithromycin, as well as the nitroxoline three-drug combination nitroxoline + cefuroxime + clarithromycin, were as effective as the persister drug daptomycin-based positive control three-drug combination cefuroxime + doxycycline + daptomycin, completely eradicating stationary-phase B. burgdorferi in the drug-exposure experiments and preventing regrowth in the subculture study. Future studies should evaluate these promising drug combinations in a persistent LD mouse model.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"124 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47478654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-26DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000093
S. van der Veen
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the β-genus coronaviruses. It has an envelope, and the virus particle is round or oval, with a diameter ranging from 60 to 140 nm. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 contains five essential genes, which encode four structural proteins, namely, the nucleoprotein (N) protein, the envelope (E) protein the matrix protein (M), and the spike (S) protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The RNA genome is wrapped in the N protein, forming a nucleocapsid surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane, in which the E protein, theMprotein and the S protein are embedded. The S protein interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter cells. When isolated and cultured in vitro, SARS-CoV-2 can be found in human respiratory epithelial cells in approximately 96 hours; nevertheless, it takes approximately 4–6 days for the virus to be found if isolated and cultured in Vero E6 and Huh-7 cell lines. Similar as observed for other viruses, mutations can occur in the genome of SARS-CoV-2, some ofwhichmay result in changes in the biological characteristics of the virus, thus attracting extensive attention. For instance, changes in the affinity of the S protein for ACE2 can affect the ability of the virus to invade host cells, the ability to replicate and spread, the production of antibodies in convalescent patients and vaccinated people, and the neutralization ability of antibody drugs. Five variants of concern, namely, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron, have been proposed by the World HealthOrganization. At present, the omicron variant has replaced the delta variant as the main epidemic variant. Evidence has shown that compared with the delta variant, the omicron variant displays stronger transmissibility and weaker pathogenicity. For the omicron variant, the diagnostic accuracy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
{"title":"Translation: Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 9)","authors":"S. van der Veen","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000093","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the β-genus coronaviruses. It has an envelope, and the virus particle is round or oval, with a diameter ranging from 60 to 140 nm. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 contains five essential genes, which encode four structural proteins, namely, the nucleoprotein (N) protein, the envelope (E) protein the matrix protein (M), and the spike (S) protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The RNA genome is wrapped in the N protein, forming a nucleocapsid surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane, in which the E protein, theMprotein and the S protein are embedded. The S protein interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter cells. When isolated and cultured in vitro, SARS-CoV-2 can be found in human respiratory epithelial cells in approximately 96 hours; nevertheless, it takes approximately 4–6 days for the virus to be found if isolated and cultured in Vero E6 and Huh-7 cell lines. Similar as observed for other viruses, mutations can occur in the genome of SARS-CoV-2, some ofwhichmay result in changes in the biological characteristics of the virus, thus attracting extensive attention. For instance, changes in the affinity of the S protein for ACE2 can affect the ability of the virus to invade host cells, the ability to replicate and spread, the production of antibodies in convalescent patients and vaccinated people, and the neutralization ability of antibody drugs. Five variants of concern, namely, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron, have been proposed by the World HealthOrganization. At present, the omicron variant has replaced the delta variant as the main epidemic variant. Evidence has shown that compared with the delta variant, the omicron variant displays stronger transmissibility and weaker pathogenicity. For the omicron variant, the diagnostic accuracy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"94 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42197429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000089
F. Rui, Hongli Yang, Xinyu Hu, Q. Xue, Yayun Xu, Junping Shi, Jie Li
Abstract In recent years, with the increasing incidence of obesity and other metabolic diseases, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased and it has become a major health problem affecting more than one quarter of the world's population. Recently, experts reached a consensus that NAFLD does not reflect the current knowledge, and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was suggested as a more appropriate term. MAFLD is not just a simple renaming of NAFLD. The definition of MAFLD allows a patient to have dual (or more) etiologies for their liver disease, which will help to exclude more heterogeneous patients. In this review, we introduce the significant differences between the definitions of NAFLD and MAFLD. In addition, we also describe the advantages of the term MAFLD in the pathophysiology, therapy, and patient management.
{"title":"Renaming NAFLD to MAFLD: Advantages and Potential Changes in Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Management","authors":"F. Rui, Hongli Yang, Xinyu Hu, Q. Xue, Yayun Xu, Junping Shi, Jie Li","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000089","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, with the increasing incidence of obesity and other metabolic diseases, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased and it has become a major health problem affecting more than one quarter of the world's population. Recently, experts reached a consensus that NAFLD does not reflect the current knowledge, and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was suggested as a more appropriate term. MAFLD is not just a simple renaming of NAFLD. The definition of MAFLD allows a patient to have dual (or more) etiologies for their liver disease, which will help to exclude more heterogeneous patients. In this review, we introduce the significant differences between the definitions of NAFLD and MAFLD. In addition, we also describe the advantages of the term MAFLD in the pathophysiology, therapy, and patient management.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"49 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49431103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000088
Qingmin Mei, Wei Wang, Jianjun Wu, Yong Gao
Abstract Although the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy can efficiently suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, a complete cure for HIV infection cannot be achieved due to the existence of latent viral reservoirs. In recent years, investigation of HIV cure strategies has become a hot topic in the field. In this article, we review the major barriers to HIV cure, compare the progress and challenges of non-specific and specific latent reversal agents in curing HIV, and discuss possible solutions to the current problems.
{"title":"Advances in HIV Eradication Strategies","authors":"Qingmin Mei, Wei Wang, Jianjun Wu, Yong Gao","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000088","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy can efficiently suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, a complete cure for HIV infection cannot be achieved due to the existence of latent viral reservoirs. In recent years, investigation of HIV cure strategies has become a hot topic in the field. In this article, we review the major barriers to HIV cure, compare the progress and challenges of non-specific and specific latent reversal agents in curing HIV, and discuss possible solutions to the current problems.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"4 1","pages":"64 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41803587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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