Infectious microbes & diseases最新文献

英文中文

Nutrition Metabolism and Infections 营养代谢与感染

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-04-19 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000061

Fang Yang, Yi Yang, L. Zeng, Yiwei Chen, G. Zeng

Abstract Infection and nutrition are intricately interacted and further influence human health. Infections are a worldwide health problem and malnutrition plays a significant role in the emergence of infection. Growing evidence suggests that the optimization of dietary nutrients intake is crucial in maintaining systemic immunity and may help improve resistance to infections. In this review, we explore a wide range of topics including interactions between nutrients and various infectious diseases. We also discuss the role of diet-induced gut microbiota in the infection-nutrition cycle and review how dietary-microbiome crosstalk may affect disease development and progression, which may provide an attractive option to the design of a diet leading to favorable outcomes in the future. We will also present evidence and propose mechanisms of nutrients that may specifically modulate host immunity and metabolism to infectious pathogens and also cover its influence on nutrition, focusing on immuno-nutrients. We provide representative nutrients in the present review based on their intensive studies and wide acceptance of their immuno-modulating properties. Moreover, the efficacy and translational cost of their plausible utility to be anti-infective nutrients are also reviewed. Finally, we highlight the current progress and challenges to gain a better understanding of the research into microbiota, infectious diseases, and nutrition with an emphasis on future research directions.

摘要感染和营养是错综复杂的相互作用，并进一步影响人类健康。感染是一个全球性的健康问题，营养不良在感染的出现中起着重要作用。越来越多的证据表明，优化膳食营养素摄入对维持系统免疫至关重要，并可能有助于提高对感染的抵抗力。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了广泛的主题，包括营养素与各种传染病之间的相互作用。我们还讨论了饮食诱导的肠道微生物群在感染营养周期中的作用，并回顾了饮食微生物组相互作用如何影响疾病的发展和进展，这可能为设计饮食提供一个有吸引力的选择，从而在未来获得有利的结果。我们还将提供证据并提出营养素的机制，这些营养素可能特异性调节宿主对传染性病原体的免疫和代谢，并涵盖其对营养的影响，重点是免疫营养素。基于对其免疫调节特性的深入研究和广泛接受，我们在本综述中提供了具有代表性的营养素。此外，还对其作为抗感染营养素的合理效用的功效和转化成本进行了综述。最后，我们强调了目前的进展和挑战，以更好地了解微生物群、传染病和营养的研究，并强调了未来的研究方向。

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引用次数: 2

Macrophage-Mediated Defensive Mechanisms Involving Zinc Homeostasis in Bacterial Infection 细菌感染中涉及锌稳态的巨噬细胞介导的防御机制

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-03-04 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000058

P. Na-Phatthalung, J. Min, Fudi Wang

Abstract Zinc homeostasis in macrophages is essential for maintaining their antimicrobial functions, and a growing body of evidence indicates that both zinc depletion and excess zinc in myeloid cells decrease bacterial survival. In macrophages, maintaining intracellular and extracellular zinc levels via zinc transporter proteins, including Slc30a and Slc39a family members, plays an important role in the response to immunological signals and infection. Recently, studies have found that macrophages utilize a variety of zinc-modulating mechanisms, thus expanding our knowledge regarding the role that zinc plays in response to bacterial infection. Here, we review recent progress with respect to altered zinc metabolism in macrophages and the consequences with respect to fighting invading pathogens.

摘要巨噬细胞中的锌稳态对于维持其抗菌功能至关重要，越来越多的证据表明，髓细胞中的锌耗竭和过量锌都会降低细菌的存活率。在巨噬细胞中，通过锌转运蛋白（包括Slc30a和Slc39a家族成员）维持细胞内和细胞外锌水平，在对免疫信号和感染的反应中起着重要作用。最近，研究发现巨噬细胞利用多种锌调节机制，从而扩大了我们对锌在细菌感染反应中所起作用的认识。在这里，我们回顾了巨噬细胞中锌代谢改变的最新进展，以及对抗入侵病原体的后果。

引用次数: 3

Nutrition-Associated Processes Govern Fungal Pathogenicity 营养相关过程控制真菌致病性

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-03-02 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000055

Xindi Gao, Yinchieh Fu, C. Ding

Abstract Fungal pathogens present a major common threat across human communities: they cause disease and death in humans, animals, and global food crops. The development of anti-fungal therapies is hampered primarily by the lack of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity at the host-pathogen axis. Many studies have shown that nutrition-associated processes such as autophagy and metal homeostasis play essential roles in fungal virulence during systemic infection. During infection, the host immune system often employs nutrition restriction mechanisms to limit microbial proliferation and facilitate the killing and elimination of invading pathogens. Therefore, fast sensing and adaptation to the levels of environmental nutrients are critical if the fungal pathogen is to survive, replicate, and colonize in the host. Fungal cells have evolved numerous precise mechanisms to respond to various levels of nutrient availability. Studies show that fungal cells manipulate the expression of genes involved in nutrient acquisition, autophagosome formation, toxic nutrient detoxification, or cell morphological transition to counter the anti-fungal strategies of the host. This review of the most recent studies of nutrition-related pathways focuses primarily on autophagy, metal homeostasis, and the nutrition-driven morphological switches found in two major human fungal pathogens, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. It is a systematic comparison of the functional divergence of nutrition-related genes in the fungal pathogenicity of these evolutionarily distinct but related fungal species.

摘要真菌病原体是人类社区的一个主要共同威胁：它们会导致人类、动物和全球粮食作物的疾病和死亡。抗真菌疗法的发展主要受到对宿主-病原体轴上真菌致病性分子机制缺乏了解的阻碍。许多研究表明，营养相关过程，如自噬和金属稳态，在系统感染期间的真菌毒力中发挥着重要作用。在感染过程中，宿主免疫系统通常采用营养限制机制来限制微生物增殖，并有助于杀死和消除入侵的病原体。因此，如果真菌病原体要在宿主中存活、复制和定植，快速感知和适应环境营养水平至关重要。真菌细胞已经进化出许多精确的机制来响应不同水平的营养物质。研究表明，真菌细胞操纵参与营养获取、自噬体形成、有毒营养解毒或细胞形态转变的基因表达，以对抗宿主的抗真菌策略。这篇关于营养相关途径的最新研究综述主要集中在自噬、金属稳态和在两种主要的人类真菌病原体，新生隐球菌和白色念珠菌中发现的营养驱动的形态转换。这是对营养相关基因在这些进化上不同但相关的真菌物种的真菌致病性中的功能差异的系统比较。

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引用次数: 1

Metabolic Control of γδ T Cell Function γδ T细胞功能的代谢控制

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-02-09 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000054

Ziyu Meng, Guangchao Cao, Quanli Yang, Hengwen Yang, Jianlei Hao, Z. Yin

Abstract Metabolic change is associated with cell activities, such as signal transduction, cell differentiation, and cell cycle. In the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, abnormal activation of T cells is often accompanied by changes in their metabolism. Conversely, the changes of metabolites can also regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and function of T cells. As a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses, γδ T cells have unique biological characteristics and functions. However, the immunometabolic mechanism of γδ T cells has been a novel field for research in recent years. In this review, we summarize the influence of metabolic pathways and nutrients on γδ T cell function, and metabolic features of γδ T cell subsets, which may provide new insights in interventions targeting γδ T cells in disease control.

代谢变化与细胞活动有关，如信号转导、细胞分化、细胞周期等。在自身免疫性疾病的发病过程中，T细胞的异常活化往往伴随着其代谢的改变。反过来，代谢物的变化也可以调节T细胞的增殖、分化和功能。γδ T细胞作为先天免疫应答和适应性免疫应答之间的桥梁，具有独特的生物学特性和功能。然而，γδ T细胞的免疫代谢机制是近年来研究的一个新领域。本文综述了代谢途径和营养物质对γδ T细胞功能的影响，以及γδ T细胞亚群的代谢特征，为针对γδ T细胞的疾病控制干预提供新的思路。

引用次数: 2

Engagement of TLR and Dectin-1/Syk Signaling Is Required for Activation of Notch Targets in Dendritic Cells 激活树突状细胞中的Notch靶点需要TLR和Dectin-1/Syk信号的参与

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-02-09 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000053

Yuna Zhao, Chanyang Ju, K. Au, Jimmy Zhu, Baohong Zhao, Y. Shang, Xiaoyu Hu

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Abstract Pattern-recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), detect a wide range of microbial products and initiate innate immune responses leading to the production of inflammatory mediators. In addition, TLR signaling also activates expression of Notch target genes that play crucial roles in suppression of TLR-triggered inflammatory responses. However, whether TLR signaling pathways engaged by other classes of pattern-recognition receptors induce expression of Notch target genes remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, strongly induces expression of multiple Notch target genes in both human and murine dendritic cells. Mechanistically, induction of Notch targets by zymosan is both TLR2- and Syk-dependent through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the transcription factor c-Fos. Hence, our data reveals a novel mechanism that efficient induction of Notch target genes requires engagement of TLR and dectin-1/Syk signaling pathways.

补充数字内容可在文本中获得摘要模式识别受体，如toll样受体（TLRs），检测广泛的微生物产物并启动先天免疫反应，从而产生炎症介质。此外，TLR信号传导还激活Notch靶基因的表达，这些基因在抑制TLR引发的炎症反应中起着至关重要的作用。然而，其他类型的模式识别受体参与的TLR信号通路是否诱导Notch靶基因的表达仍不清楚。在这里，我们证明酵母多糖，TLR2和dectin-1的刺激物，在人类和小鼠树突状细胞中强烈诱导多个Notch靶基因的表达。从机制上讲，酵母多糖对Notch靶点的诱导是TLR2-和Syk依赖性的，通过激活促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶和转录因子c-Fos。因此，我们的数据揭示了一种新的机制，即Notch靶基因的有效诱导需要TLR和dectin-1/Syk信号通路的参与。

引用次数: 0

Impact of Lockdown Measures and Meteorological Parameters on the COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rate in Bangladesh. 封锁措施和气象参数对孟加拉国新冠肺炎发病率和死亡率的影响

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-02-05 eCollection Date: 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000052

Md Ashik Imran, Imad Uddin Noor, Ajit Ghosh

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a public health crisis and a global catastrophe for human societies. In the absence of a vaccine, non-pharmaceutical interventions have been implemented across the world to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Recently, several studies have articulated the influence of meteorological parameters on COVID-19 infections in several countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lockdown measures and meteorological parameters on COVID-19 daily confirmed cases and deaths in Bangladesh. Different parameters, such as case fatality rate, recovery rate, number of polymerase chain reaction tests, and percentages of confirmed cases were calculated for data covering March to September 2020. The meteorological data include daily average temperature, humidity, and wind speed, and their effects on COVID-19 data were analyzed after 0, 3, 7, and 14 days. A linear regression analysis revealed that all the studied meteorological parameters were positively correlated with the daily new cases and deaths in Bangladesh, while the highest correlations were observed for the 14 days incubation period. These results provide useful implications for the healthcare authorities to contain the pandemic in Bangladesh and beyond.

补充数字内容见摘要2019冠状病毒病（新冠肺炎）大流行已成为人类社会的公共卫生危机和全球灾难。在没有疫苗的情况下，世界各地实施了非药物干预措施，以减少新冠肺炎的传播。最近，几项研究阐明了气象参数对几个国家新冠肺炎感染的影响。本研究的目的是调查封锁措施和气象参数对孟加拉国新冠肺炎每日确诊病例和死亡人数的影响。针对2020年3月至9月的数据，计算了不同的参数，如病死率、康复率、聚合酶链式反应检测次数和确诊病例百分比。气象数据包括日平均温度、湿度和风速，并在0、3、7和14后分析它们对新冠肺炎数据的影响天。线性回归分析显示，所有研究的气象参数都与孟加拉国的每日新增病例和死亡呈正相关，而14个月的相关性最高潜伏期天数。这些结果为医疗当局控制孟加拉国及其他地区的疫情提供了有益的启示。

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引用次数: 0

SARS-CoV-2 and Zoonotic Preparedness: Unknown Knowns? 严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型与动物防疫：未知？

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-01-21 eCollection Date: 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000051

Aaron Trent Irving, Susan Christina Welburn

引用次数: 0

CRISPR-Cas9 System: A Revolutionary Tool in the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance: Retracted CRISPR-Cas9系统：对抗耐药性的革命性工具：撤回

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-01-19 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000049

Osmond C Ekwebelem, Job C. Aleke, Ekenedirichukwu S. Ofielu, Obinna V. Nnorom-Dike

Abstract The rapidly evolving world of antimicrobial resistance has not only made it difficult to combat infectious diseases, but during the last decades also brought the discovery of novel antimicrobials to a standstill. In recent years, researchers discovered the potential of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated (CRISPR-Cas) system as an alternative therapeutic. Since the unearthing of CRISPR-Cas9 as an “adaptive immune system” of bacteria, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been improved into a state-of-the-art genetic engineering tool, with an impressive ability to cause specific gene insertions and/or gene deletions, in almost all microorganisms. The emerging picture suggests that the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be exploited in a sequence-specific manner to selectively eliminate individual bacterial strains in a mixed microbial population, and/or re-sensitize bacteria to antibiotics. These findings have not only revolutionized biomedical research, but might also prove to be pivotal in creating novel alternative treatments for multidrug-resistant infections. Here, we discussed the up-to-date findings reported in this area, as well as the approaches involved in the utilization of CRISPR-Cas9 as a novel technology in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. We also highlighted recent studies that have exploited the CRISPR-Cas9 system in the context of targeting pathogenic and drug-resistant bacteria.

快速发展的抗菌素耐药性世界不仅使对抗传染病变得困难，而且在过去的几十年里，也使新型抗菌素的发现陷入停滞。近年来，研究人员发现了聚集规律间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)相关(CRISPR- cas)系统作为替代治疗的潜力。自从CRISPR-Cas9作为细菌的“适应性免疫系统”被发现以来，CRISPR-Cas9系统已被改进为最先进的基因工程工具，具有在几乎所有微生物中引起特定基因插入和/或基因缺失的令人印象深刻的能力。新出现的图像表明，CRISPR-Cas9系统可以以序列特异性的方式被利用，以选择性地消除混合微生物群体中的单个细菌菌株，和/或使细菌对抗生素重新敏感。这些发现不仅使生物医学研究发生了革命性的变化，而且可能在为耐多药感染创造新的替代疗法方面发挥关键作用。在这里，我们讨论了这一领域的最新发现，以及利用CRISPR-Cas9作为对抗抗菌素耐药性的新技术所涉及的方法。我们还强调了最近在靶向致病性和耐药细菌的背景下利用CRISPR-Cas9系统的研究。

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引用次数: 5

A Retrospective Study of the Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Patients in Quanzhou, China. 泉州市住院患者新冠肺炎流行病学及临床特征的回顾性研究

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-01-15 eCollection Date: 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000048

Wenhuang Chen, Yijian Lin, Hongbo Huang, Maosheng Cai, Dongheng Lin, Milong Su, Zhijun Su, Xibin Zhuang, Xueping Yu

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China. However, information about COVID-19 in cities and regions outside Wuhan is limited and the indicators that predict the length of hospital stay for patients with COVID-19 are unclear. Therefore, we collected clinical data from 47 patients with COVID-19 in Quanzhou City. The median age was 38 years [interquartile range (IQR): 31-50 years], and 24 (51%) were male. There were 8 mild, 36 moderate, and 3 severe/critical cases. The median interval from exposure to disease onset was 13 days (IQR: 8-18 days). The incidence of severe/critical cases was 33% (3/10) in patients with hypertension. Common symptoms included fever (83%), cough (77%), fatigue (40%), a sore, dry throat (28%), and diarrhea (21%). One patient (2%) developed respiratory distress syndrome on day 13 of inpatient treatment. Six patients had leukopenia, 17 had elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and 8 had lymphocytopenia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The median length of hospitalization was 22 days (IQR: 16-30 days). Dynamic monitoring of LDH, CRP, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicted whether length of hospitalization would exceed 21 days. Most patients presented with mild and moderate disease. Patients with hypertension were more likely to become severe or critical. Dynamic monitoring of LDH, CRP, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio levels can help predict delayed discharge from the hospital.

摘要2019冠状病毒病（新冠肺炎）已在中国蔓延。然而，武汉以外城市和地区有关新冠肺炎的信息有限，预测新冠肺炎患者住院时间的指标也不清楚。因此，我们收集了泉州市47例新冠肺炎患者的临床数据。中位年龄为38岁年龄[四分位间距（IQR）：31-50岁]，24岁（51%）为男性。轻度8例，中度36例严重/危重病例。从接触到发病的中位间隔为13 天（IQR:8-18 天）。高血压患者的重症/危重病例发生率为33%（3/10）。常见症状包括发烧（83%）、咳嗽（77%）、疲劳（40%）、喉咙痛、干燥（28%）和腹泻（21%）。一名患者（2%）在住院治疗的第13天出现呼吸窘迫综合征。6名患者白细胞减少，17名患者C反应蛋白（CRP）升高，8名患者淋巴细胞减少和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）升高。住院时间中位数为22 天（IQR:16-30 天）。LDH、CRP和中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比率的动态监测预测住院时间是否会超过21 天。大多数患者表现为轻度和中度疾病。高血压患者更有可能变得严重或危重。LDH、CRP和中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比率水平的动态监测有助于预测延迟出院。

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引用次数: 0

Dietary Pterostilbene Inhibited Colonic Inflammation in Dextran-Sodium-Sulfate-Treated Mice: A Perspective of Gut Microbiota 膳食紫檀芪抑制右旋糖酐-硫酸钠处理小鼠的结肠炎症:肠道微生物群的观点

Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious microbes & diseases

Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000047

Fang Li, Qi Wang, Yanhui Han, Mingyue Song, Xiaokun Cai, Timothy R. Goulette, Hang Xiao

Abstract Dietary interventions based on the use of bioactive nutraceuticals might offer an effective adjuvant therapeutic and preventive method for inflammatory bowel disease by reshaping colitis-associated bacterial dysbiosis. The current study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of pterostilbene (PTE, a methylated derivative of resveratrol) and its potential modulatory roles in gut microbiota in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Our results supported our hypothesis that dietary PTE exerted protective effects against colonic inflammation; evidenced by the reduced colonic tissue damage, decreased disease activity index, and lowered production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-6 in the colon of DSS-treated mice. Moreover, α-diversity analysis indicated that dietary PTE significantly improved gut microbial evenness and diversity. Noteworthy, PTE modified gut microbiota composition toward a healthier profile by boosting the richness of Bifidobacterium and decreasing the distribution of pathogenic Bilophila and Rc4-4. Pearson correlation analysis also revealed strong associations between the shifting of gut microbiota and expression of inflammatory cytokines in the colon. Overall, our study demonstrated that dietary PTE alleviated the severity of colitis in DSS-treated mice and gut microbiota may play an indispensable role in this process mechanistically.

摘要基于生物活性营养品的饮食干预可能通过重塑结肠炎相关细菌微生态失调，为炎症性肠病提供一种有效的辅助治疗和预防方法。本研究旨在确定在右旋糖酐-硫酸钠（DSS）诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型中，紫檀烯（PTE，白藜芦醇的甲基化衍生物）的抗炎作用及其在肠道微生物群中的潜在调节作用。我们的研究结果支持了我们的假设，即膳食PTE对结肠炎症具有保护作用；DSS处理的小鼠结肠中结肠组织损伤减少、疾病活性指数降低以及促炎细胞因子如干扰素γ、白细胞介素（IL）-2、IL-4和IL-6的产生降低证明了这一点。此外，α-多样性分析表明，日粮PTE显著改善了肠道微生物的均匀性和多样性。值得注意的是，PTE通过提高双歧杆菌的丰富度和减少致病性嗜胆菌和Rc4-4的分布，使肠道微生物群组成更健康。Pearson相关性分析还揭示了肠道微生物群的转移与结肠中炎性细胞因子的表达之间的强烈关联。总之，我们的研究表明，在DSS治疗的小鼠中，膳食PTE减轻了结肠炎的严重程度，肠道微生物群可能在这一过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用。

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