Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000127
Xiankai Cao, K. Kokou, Shi Yu, Mengdan Chen, Junling Niu, H. Lecoeur, É. Prina, G. Späth, Guangxun Meng
Abstract Leishmania parasites mainly infect macrophages and may cause severe immunopathologies in their host, which are called leishmaniases. In the current work, we infected human and mouse macrophages in vitro with Leishmania major, an etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and found that inhibition or deletion of the transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1) gene resulted in increased parasite loads. In vivo, following a challenge with L. major, mice with a macrophage-specific deletion of TAK1 showed increased clinical signs and higher parasite loads compared with wild-type controls. TAK1 deficiency in mouse macrophages led to biased Th2 cell responses during the acute stage of infection, characterized by a decrease in interferon-γ expression, and increased expression of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. Finally, we found that, in the late stage of L. major infection, excessive Th2-related cytokines led to high arginase 1 expression in mouse tissues and a significant reduction of NO production both locally and systemically, resulting in compromised control of Leishmania. These findings suggest that TAK1 plays a vital role in host resistance to Leishmania infection.
{"title":"TAK1 Deficiency in Macrophages Increases Host Susceptibility to Leishmania Infection","authors":"Xiankai Cao, K. Kokou, Shi Yu, Mengdan Chen, Junling Niu, H. Lecoeur, É. Prina, G. Späth, Guangxun Meng","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000127","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leishmania parasites mainly infect macrophages and may cause severe immunopathologies in their host, which are called leishmaniases. In the current work, we infected human and mouse macrophages in vitro with Leishmania major, an etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and found that inhibition or deletion of the transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1) gene resulted in increased parasite loads. In vivo, following a challenge with L. major, mice with a macrophage-specific deletion of TAK1 showed increased clinical signs and higher parasite loads compared with wild-type controls. TAK1 deficiency in mouse macrophages led to biased Th2 cell responses during the acute stage of infection, characterized by a decrease in interferon-γ expression, and increased expression of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. Finally, we found that, in the late stage of L. major infection, excessive Th2-related cytokines led to high arginase 1 expression in mouse tissues and a significant reduction of NO production both locally and systemically, resulting in compromised control of Leishmania. These findings suggest that TAK1 plays a vital role in host resistance to Leishmania infection.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"127 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45975731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000126
Feiyang Liu, Zi-Bei Dong, Min Zhao, Yanfei Gao, Xiang Li, Ya-Nan Jiang, Yi-Ming Li, Yu-Xin Zheng, Zhen Wang, Yansheng C. Feng, Ya-Li Liu
Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the quality of sleep for various populations, causing anxiety and depression worldwide. COVID-19–related insomnia (COVIDRI) appears to be more common in certain populations, including females, urban residents and other individuals who reside in high-risk COVID-19–related areas, lack higher socioeconomic and educational levels, have a history of underlying mental illness, have no access to social support and work, or have been mandated for isolation. Among vulnerable populations, pregnant women, adolescents and children are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression, which leads to irregular sleep-wake cycles and significantly poor sleep quality. Insomnia in COVID-19 patients is associated with decreased immune levels, excessive psychological stress and severe anxiety. The COVIDRI incidence and severity among frontline healthcare workers is high, especially among females and those working in isolation wards and intensive care units. The factors related to COVIDRI for college students during home study are stress from upcoming graduation, disharmonious family relationships and inadaptability to online education. For military personnel, anxiety and depression are the main causes of poor sleep quality. Based on the characteristics of different populations, active Chinese and Western medications, non-drug therapy, psychological counseling and suitable sleep management are vital measures to strengthen immunity, alleviate insomnia and limit recurrence.
{"title":"COVID-19–Related Insomnia Populations Research and Management Strategies: A Review","authors":"Feiyang Liu, Zi-Bei Dong, Min Zhao, Yanfei Gao, Xiang Li, Ya-Nan Jiang, Yi-Ming Li, Yu-Xin Zheng, Zhen Wang, Yansheng C. Feng, Ya-Li Liu","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the quality of sleep for various populations, causing anxiety and depression worldwide. COVID-19–related insomnia (COVIDRI) appears to be more common in certain populations, including females, urban residents and other individuals who reside in high-risk COVID-19–related areas, lack higher socioeconomic and educational levels, have a history of underlying mental illness, have no access to social support and work, or have been mandated for isolation. Among vulnerable populations, pregnant women, adolescents and children are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression, which leads to irregular sleep-wake cycles and significantly poor sleep quality. Insomnia in COVID-19 patients is associated with decreased immune levels, excessive psychological stress and severe anxiety. The COVIDRI incidence and severity among frontline healthcare workers is high, especially among females and those working in isolation wards and intensive care units. The factors related to COVIDRI for college students during home study are stress from upcoming graduation, disharmonious family relationships and inadaptability to online education. For military personnel, anxiety and depression are the main causes of poor sleep quality. Based on the characteristics of different populations, active Chinese and Western medications, non-drug therapy, psychological counseling and suitable sleep management are vital measures to strengthen immunity, alleviate insomnia and limit recurrence.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"120 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45247619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000125
Bingyi Wang, Xin Peng, Leiwen Fu, Xinyi Li, Tong-xin Shi, B. Liang, Tian Tian, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Zhen Lu, Weijie Zhang, Junye Bian, Xin Xiao, Ying Wang, Yunlong Ao, Ouyang Lin, Yong Cai, M. Yu, Guohui Wu, Linghua Li, X. Meng, H. Zou
Abstract Sexual lifestyles are closely related to overall human health and well-being. Few studies have focused on sexual lifestyles among older adults living with HIV (OALHIV), especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study is a part of the sexual well-being among older adults in China (SWELL) study, which is a multicenter cross-sectional study focused on sexual health among older adults aged 50 years and older. Participants were 680 OALHIV (≥50 years old) from the SWELL study conducted from June 2020 to December 2022. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews. We used logistic regression to assess the correlates of sexual activity and sexual satisfaction. Among all participants, 37.1% were sexually active. Being older, male, in a steady relationship and employed were associated with being sexually active. The prevalence of sexual satisfaction was 69.8% among sexually active OALHIV. Being homosexual and reporting a better general health status were associated with sexual satisfaction. The OALHIV who have depressive symptoms were less likely to report sexual satisfaction. To support holistic healthy aging among OALHIV, it is important for healthcare providers to be educated about the importance of enquiring about sexual activity, satisfaction and problems and addressing concerns while conveying sex-positive attitudes during clinical reviews, as these are still critical aspects of their health and well-being.
{"title":"Correlates of Sexual Lifestyles Among Older Adults Living With HIV in China: Findings From the Sexual Well-being (SWELL) Study","authors":"Bingyi Wang, Xin Peng, Leiwen Fu, Xinyi Li, Tong-xin Shi, B. Liang, Tian Tian, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Zhen Lu, Weijie Zhang, Junye Bian, Xin Xiao, Ying Wang, Yunlong Ao, Ouyang Lin, Yong Cai, M. Yu, Guohui Wu, Linghua Li, X. Meng, H. Zou","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000125","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sexual lifestyles are closely related to overall human health and well-being. Few studies have focused on sexual lifestyles among older adults living with HIV (OALHIV), especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study is a part of the sexual well-being among older adults in China (SWELL) study, which is a multicenter cross-sectional study focused on sexual health among older adults aged 50 years and older. Participants were 680 OALHIV (≥50 years old) from the SWELL study conducted from June 2020 to December 2022. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews. We used logistic regression to assess the correlates of sexual activity and sexual satisfaction. Among all participants, 37.1% were sexually active. Being older, male, in a steady relationship and employed were associated with being sexually active. The prevalence of sexual satisfaction was 69.8% among sexually active OALHIV. Being homosexual and reporting a better general health status were associated with sexual satisfaction. The OALHIV who have depressive symptoms were less likely to report sexual satisfaction. To support holistic healthy aging among OALHIV, it is important for healthcare providers to be educated about the importance of enquiring about sexual activity, satisfaction and problems and addressing concerns while conveying sex-positive attitudes during clinical reviews, as these are still critical aspects of their health and well-being.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"145 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46551245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Little is known about sexual behavior and satisfaction among men who have sex with men (MSM) with detectable HIV viral loads (VL) in China. This study aims to investigate sexual risk behavior and sexual satisfaction among MSM living with HIV in China, as well as potential predictors. This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2021 using an anonymous online survey based on WeChat. Data were collected on sociodemographics, sexual behavior, HIV clinical information, sexual satisfaction and mental health. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were performed. MSM with detectable HIV VL (VL+) or VL not sure were more likely to report inconsistent condom use, even with HIV-negative/unknown-status regular male partners. Having an HIV-positive regular partner and recreational drug use were positively associated with inconsistent condom use during anal sex among MSM with undetectable VL (VL−). Alcohol use before or during sexual activities was positively associated with inconsistent condom use during anal sex among VL+ or VL not sure MSM. A total of 58.3% of participants reported being sexually satisfied. MSM living with HIV who were currently employed, had experienced anal sex in the prior 6 months, had VL− HIV status, or had more frequent ejaculation during sex/masturbation were more likely to report sexual satisfaction. The development of targeted education and interventions to minimize sexual risk behavior among MSM living with HIV is in dire need. Treating sexual dysfunction and developing a reasonable antiretroviral therapy regimen to achieve viral suppression can help promote sexual satisfaction in MSM living with HIV.
{"title":"Sexual Risk Behavior and Satisfaction Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Living With Detectable HIV Viral Loads: A Nationwide Online Survey in China","authors":"Leiwen Fu, Bingyi Wang, Tian Tian, Xinyi Zhou, Zhen Lu, Yinghui Sun, Weiran Zheng, Yanxiao Gao, Yi-Fan Lin, Hui Li, H. Zou","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000124","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Little is known about sexual behavior and satisfaction among men who have sex with men (MSM) with detectable HIV viral loads (VL) in China. This study aims to investigate sexual risk behavior and sexual satisfaction among MSM living with HIV in China, as well as potential predictors. This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2021 using an anonymous online survey based on WeChat. Data were collected on sociodemographics, sexual behavior, HIV clinical information, sexual satisfaction and mental health. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were performed. MSM with detectable HIV VL (VL+) or VL not sure were more likely to report inconsistent condom use, even with HIV-negative/unknown-status regular male partners. Having an HIV-positive regular partner and recreational drug use were positively associated with inconsistent condom use during anal sex among MSM with undetectable VL (VL−). Alcohol use before or during sexual activities was positively associated with inconsistent condom use during anal sex among VL+ or VL not sure MSM. A total of 58.3% of participants reported being sexually satisfied. MSM living with HIV who were currently employed, had experienced anal sex in the prior 6 months, had VL− HIV status, or had more frequent ejaculation during sex/masturbation were more likely to report sexual satisfaction. The development of targeted education and interventions to minimize sexual risk behavior among MSM living with HIV is in dire need. Treating sexual dysfunction and developing a reasonable antiretroviral therapy regimen to achieve viral suppression can help promote sexual satisfaction in MSM living with HIV.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"137 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45109230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-08DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000123
Emily J. Baker, Antonia Molloy, Jonathan A. G. Cox
Abstract With the ever-increasing burden of antimicrobial resistance, the demand to introduce countermeasures becomes increasingly critical. The urgency of this need is intensified by the void in antibiotic discovery, with the identification of novel compounds declining with time. Of increasing concern is Mycobacterium abscessus, which displays high levels of intrinsic resistance that lead to poor success rates, even after lengthy drug regimens. Research tackling these issues is now focused on the repurposing of preexisting drugs for antimycobacterial use, facilitating the discovery of antimicrobial compounds amidst a crisis where novel antibiotics are sparse. Part of this includes the use of combination treatments, whereby coadministration of synergistic compounds can reduce dose requirements and slow the progression of antimicrobial resistance in the long term. In this review, we will introduce the current therapeutic options for M. abscessus and provide insight into why treatment is so burdensome. We will also compile the current updates within drug repurposing for this pathogen, including the use of unconventional agents such as antimalarial drugs, the repositioning of antituberculosis candidates and the repurposing of preexisting antibiotics, including the application of combination regimens. In addition, the in vitro drug screening platforms used in their discovery will be appraised, with the view of highlighting potential future perspectives that may help increase physiological relevance. This review provides a timely appraisal of the future of M. abscessus treatment.
{"title":"Drug Repurposing for the Treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus Infections","authors":"Emily J. Baker, Antonia Molloy, Jonathan A. G. Cox","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the ever-increasing burden of antimicrobial resistance, the demand to introduce countermeasures becomes increasingly critical. The urgency of this need is intensified by the void in antibiotic discovery, with the identification of novel compounds declining with time. Of increasing concern is Mycobacterium abscessus, which displays high levels of intrinsic resistance that lead to poor success rates, even after lengthy drug regimens. Research tackling these issues is now focused on the repurposing of preexisting drugs for antimycobacterial use, facilitating the discovery of antimicrobial compounds amidst a crisis where novel antibiotics are sparse. Part of this includes the use of combination treatments, whereby coadministration of synergistic compounds can reduce dose requirements and slow the progression of antimicrobial resistance in the long term. In this review, we will introduce the current therapeutic options for M. abscessus and provide insight into why treatment is so burdensome. We will also compile the current updates within drug repurposing for this pathogen, including the use of unconventional agents such as antimalarial drugs, the repositioning of antituberculosis candidates and the repurposing of preexisting antibiotics, including the application of combination regimens. In addition, the in vitro drug screening platforms used in their discovery will be appraised, with the view of highlighting potential future perspectives that may help increase physiological relevance. This review provides a timely appraisal of the future of M. abscessus treatment.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"101 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44100343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Currently, tuberculosis (TB) is the second most lethal disease in the world caused by a single infectious pathogen. Rapid diagnosis of TB is of great importance for its treatment and management. Xpert MTB/RIF is a novel rapid diagnostic assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB). Use of the Xpert assay based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples is indicated when TB is suspected and sputum smears or cultures are negative. The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Xpert assay based on BALF samples for the diagnosis of PTB. A systematic review of previously published articles was performed, and relevant data were extracted. Meta-DiSc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 were used to analyze the data. When Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures were used as the criterion standard, the combined sensitivity of BALF-based Xpert was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.87–0.91), the specificity was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.85-0.88), the positive likelihood ratio was 8.28 (95% CI, 5.39–12.71), the negative likelihood ratio was 0.14 (95% CI, 0.10–0.19) and the diagnostic ratio was 84.08 (95% CI, 42.00–168.31). When composite reference standard was used as the criterion standard, the above observations were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.67–0.72), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.97–0.98), 41.40 (95% CI, 14.56–117.71), 0.28 (95% CI, 0.21–0.37) and 190.47 (95% CI, 50.56–717.54), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was close to 1 for both. Overall, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay based on BALF samples showed high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PTB and seems to be a reliable rapid detection method.
{"title":"Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Based on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Hao Chen, Chun-Xi Lin, Peng-Li Lv, Wen-feng Li, Yu-Ying Feng, X. Deng, Jianhan Xiao, Xu-guang Guo","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Currently, tuberculosis (TB) is the second most lethal disease in the world caused by a single infectious pathogen. Rapid diagnosis of TB is of great importance for its treatment and management. Xpert MTB/RIF is a novel rapid diagnostic assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB). Use of the Xpert assay based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples is indicated when TB is suspected and sputum smears or cultures are negative. The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Xpert assay based on BALF samples for the diagnosis of PTB. A systematic review of previously published articles was performed, and relevant data were extracted. Meta-DiSc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 were used to analyze the data. When Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures were used as the criterion standard, the combined sensitivity of BALF-based Xpert was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.87–0.91), the specificity was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.85-0.88), the positive likelihood ratio was 8.28 (95% CI, 5.39–12.71), the negative likelihood ratio was 0.14 (95% CI, 0.10–0.19) and the diagnostic ratio was 84.08 (95% CI, 42.00–168.31). When composite reference standard was used as the criterion standard, the above observations were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.67–0.72), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.97–0.98), 41.40 (95% CI, 14.56–117.71), 0.28 (95% CI, 0.21–0.37) and 190.47 (95% CI, 50.56–717.54), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was close to 1 for both. Overall, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay based on BALF samples showed high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PTB and seems to be a reliable rapid detection method.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"111 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44803325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-03DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000118
A. Murugananthan, Kanchana P. Amarasinghe, G. Rathnaweera, Ponnathurai T. Amalraajan, Rajadurai Arulenthiran
Abstract Leishmania parasites undergo a dimorphic life cycle. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is primarily made by the microscopic identification of the amastigote form of the parasite in a smear. Therefore, correct identification of Leishman-Donovan (LD) bodies in smears is crucial for CL confirmation. The aim of this study was to provide a broad overview of different cytomorphologies of LD bodies to improve the sensitivity of microscopic detection of Leishmania donovani, which causes CL in Sri Lanka. A total of 125 smears, prepared from patients who met the positive diagnostic criteria of CL, were Giemsa stained and examined microscopically. The density, cellular location and all possible cytomorphological forms of the parasite were documented. A total of 10 different cytomorphological forms of LD bodies were identified. Among them, the round form was observed only intracellularly. The other morphological forms, namely the pear shape, cigarette shape, candle flame form, embryo shape, flagellate form, binary form and rosette form, were found only extracellularly. The spindle form and lens shape were observed in both intracellular and extracellular locations. L. donovani amastigotes have a wide range of morphologies besides their classical forms. Although Leishmania are considered as obligatory intracellular parasites, they manage to survive successfully within the extracellular hostile conditions as well. Therefore, having a broader view of different morphological forms for Leishmania parasites may help to improve diagnosis of CL.
{"title":"Cytomorphological Variations of Leishman-Donovan Bodies Found in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients in Sri Lanka","authors":"A. Murugananthan, Kanchana P. Amarasinghe, G. Rathnaweera, Ponnathurai T. Amalraajan, Rajadurai Arulenthiran","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leishmania parasites undergo a dimorphic life cycle. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is primarily made by the microscopic identification of the amastigote form of the parasite in a smear. Therefore, correct identification of Leishman-Donovan (LD) bodies in smears is crucial for CL confirmation. The aim of this study was to provide a broad overview of different cytomorphologies of LD bodies to improve the sensitivity of microscopic detection of Leishmania donovani, which causes CL in Sri Lanka. A total of 125 smears, prepared from patients who met the positive diagnostic criteria of CL, were Giemsa stained and examined microscopically. The density, cellular location and all possible cytomorphological forms of the parasite were documented. A total of 10 different cytomorphological forms of LD bodies were identified. Among them, the round form was observed only intracellularly. The other morphological forms, namely the pear shape, cigarette shape, candle flame form, embryo shape, flagellate form, binary form and rosette form, were found only extracellularly. The spindle form and lens shape were observed in both intracellular and extracellular locations. L. donovani amastigotes have a wide range of morphologies besides their classical forms. Although Leishmania are considered as obligatory intracellular parasites, they manage to survive successfully within the extracellular hostile conditions as well. Therefore, having a broader view of different morphological forms for Leishmania parasites may help to improve diagnosis of CL.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"93 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43896251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000117
Shu-Chang Weng, Jie Zhou, Xiaoni Zhong, Qing Xin, Yue-Xue Mai, Li Ji, Ya-ping Li, Xun-Jie Cao, W. Yang, Hao Chen, Xu-guang Guo
Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally widespread ribonucleic acid virus that transmits through blood and sexual contact. Its morbidity and mortality are particularly higher in economically underdeveloped areas. Therefore, an economical and effective diagnostic method for detection of HCV is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the SD BIOLINE rapid diagnostic test for HCV detection. We searched for studies related to SD BIOLINE and HCV in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library and then designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. After extracting valid data, the included literature was evaluated with the quality assessment tool Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. After our data analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic accuracy, summary receiver operating characteristic curve, funnel plot, box plot, and Fagan plot of the diagnostic method were determined. Nine articles with nine sets of data were finally included. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 and 0.98, respectively, the positive likelihood ratio was 79.53, the negative likelihood ratio was 0.05, the diagnostic odds ratio was 1590.32, and the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.9958. The SD BIOLINE test has the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, low cost, and easy operation for diagnosing HCV. Therefore, we recommend using SD BIOLINE for rapid and effective screening of HCV, which is especially applicable for economically underdeveloped areas.
摘要丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）是一种在全球广泛传播的核糖核酸病毒，通过血液和性接触传播。在经济欠发达地区，其发病率和死亡率尤其高。因此，迫切需要一种经济有效的丙型肝炎病毒诊断方法。在本研究中，我们评估了SD BIOLINE快速诊断试验对丙型肝炎病毒检测的诊断准确性。我们在PubMed、Embase、Web of Science和Cochrane Library中搜索了与SD BIOLINE和HCV相关的研究，然后设计了纳入和排除标准。在提取有效数据后，使用质量评估工具诊断准确性研究的质量评估对纳入的文献进行评估。在我们的数据分析后，确定了诊断方法的灵敏度、特异性、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、诊断准确度、总结受试者操作特征曲线、漏斗图、箱图和Fagan图。最终收录了九篇文章和九组数据。敏感性和特异性分别为0.94和0.98，阳性似然比为79.53，阴性似然比为0.05，诊断优势比为1590.32，总结受试者工作特性曲线为0.9958。SD BIOLINE试验诊断丙型肝炎具有灵敏度高、特异性强、成本低、操作简便等优点。因此，我们建议使用SD BIOLINE快速有效地筛查丙型肝炎病毒，特别适用于经济欠发达地区。
{"title":"Assessing the Diagnostic Accuracy of SD BIOLINE for Detection of Hepatitis C Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Shu-Chang Weng, Jie Zhou, Xiaoni Zhong, Qing Xin, Yue-Xue Mai, Li Ji, Ya-ping Li, Xun-Jie Cao, W. Yang, Hao Chen, Xu-guang Guo","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000117","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally widespread ribonucleic acid virus that transmits through blood and sexual contact. Its morbidity and mortality are particularly higher in economically underdeveloped areas. Therefore, an economical and effective diagnostic method for detection of HCV is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the SD BIOLINE rapid diagnostic test for HCV detection. We searched for studies related to SD BIOLINE and HCV in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library and then designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. After extracting valid data, the included literature was evaluated with the quality assessment tool Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. After our data analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic accuracy, summary receiver operating characteristic curve, funnel plot, box plot, and Fagan plot of the diagnostic method were determined. Nine articles with nine sets of data were finally included. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 and 0.98, respectively, the positive likelihood ratio was 79.53, the negative likelihood ratio was 0.05, the diagnostic odds ratio was 1590.32, and the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.9958. The SD BIOLINE test has the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, low cost, and easy operation for diagnosing HCV. Therefore, we recommend using SD BIOLINE for rapid and effective screening of HCV, which is especially applicable for economically underdeveloped areas.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"76 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47595458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000116
Daniel Digwo, Chidinma P. Elebe, V. Chigor, Stella N. Madueke, Christian K. Ezeh, A. Ike
Abstract This review aimed to assess the occurrence of false-positive serological reaction between dengue and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its implications for diagnosis. Evidence syntheses were conducted by systematically reviewing available literature using multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and medRxiv. Among a total of 16 presented cases from clinical settings, cross-reaction to COVID-19 serological tests was observed in two (12.5%) dengue-positive patients, while 14 patients (87.5%) confirmed positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) showed a cross-reaction with dengue serological tests, leading to misdiagnosis and mismanagement by attending clinicians. Of 1789 SARS-CoV-2-positive sera, cross-reaction to dengue serological tests was observed in 180 sera (10%), which is higher than the cross-reaction observed for SARS-CoV-2 in archived pre-COVID-19 sera positive for a dengue infection (75 of 811, 9.2%, P = 0.674). Clinicians in tropical regions are therefore advised to interpret serological tests with caution and use a more pragmatic approach to triage these infections.
摘要本综述旨在评估登革热与2019冠状病毒病（新冠肺炎）之间假阳性血清学反应的发生及其对诊断的影响。证据综合是通过使用多个数据库系统审查现有文献进行的，包括Web of Science、PubMed、Google Scholar和medRxiv。在总共16例临床病例中，两名（12.5%）登革热阳性患者对新冠肺炎血清学检测呈交叉反应，14名（87.5%）确诊为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）阳性的患者与登革热血清学检测呈交互反应，导致就诊临床医生误诊和管理不善。在1789份严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型阳性血清中，这高于在登革热感染的存档COVID-19前血清中观察到的SARS-CoV-2交叉反应（811份中的75份，9.2%，P=0.674）。因此，建议热带地区的临床医生谨慎解释血清学测试，并使用更实用的方法对这些感染进行分诊。
{"title":"Occurrence of False-Positive Tests and Cross-reactions Between COVID-19 and Dengue With Implications During Diagnosis: A Mixed Evidence Synthesis","authors":"Daniel Digwo, Chidinma P. Elebe, V. Chigor, Stella N. Madueke, Christian K. Ezeh, A. Ike","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000116","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review aimed to assess the occurrence of false-positive serological reaction between dengue and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its implications for diagnosis. Evidence syntheses were conducted by systematically reviewing available literature using multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and medRxiv. Among a total of 16 presented cases from clinical settings, cross-reaction to COVID-19 serological tests was observed in two (12.5%) dengue-positive patients, while 14 patients (87.5%) confirmed positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) showed a cross-reaction with dengue serological tests, leading to misdiagnosis and mismanagement by attending clinicians. Of 1789 SARS-CoV-2-positive sera, cross-reaction to dengue serological tests was observed in 180 sera (10%), which is higher than the cross-reaction observed for SARS-CoV-2 in archived pre-COVID-19 sera positive for a dengue infection (75 of 811, 9.2%, P = 0.674). Clinicians in tropical regions are therefore advised to interpret serological tests with caution and use a more pragmatic approach to triage these infections.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"42 17","pages":"64 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41263470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000115
Tingting Li, Yuxian Xin, Dongxia Liu, Jingrong Sun, Jingwei Li, Y. Zhang, Jie Feng
Abstract Lyme disease (LD) is a tick-transmitted infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species, which include B. burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii. The majority of patients with early LD can be cured by the standard treatment, yet some still suffer from posttreatment LD syndrome. The presence of Borrelia persisters has been proposed as a contributing factor, because they cannot be completely eradicated by the currently used antibiotics for LD. Finding new pharmaceuticals targeting Borrelia persisters is crucial for developing more effective treatments. Here, we first confirmed the existence of persisters in B. garinii and B. afzelii cultures and then conducted a high-throughput screening of a custom drug library against persister-rich stationary-phase B. garinii and B. afzelii cultures. Among 2427 compounds screened, hypocrellin A (HA), anthracycline class of drugs and topical antibiotics along with some other natural compounds were identified to have strong potential for killing persisters of B. garinii and B. afzelii. HA was the most active anti-Borrelia compound, capable of eradicating stationary-phase Borrelia persisters, in particular when combined with doxycycline and/or ceftriaxone. Liposoluble antioxidant vitamin E was found to antagonize the activity of HA, indicating HA’s target is the cell membrane where HA triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of light. HA was found to have distinct bactericidal activity against Borrelia species but had poor or no activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Identification of the abovementioned drug candidates may help develop more effective therapies for LD.
摘要莱姆病（LD）是由伯氏疏螺旋体（Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato）引起的一种蜱传感染，包括伯氏芽孢杆菌（B.burgdorveri）、阿夫泽利疏螺旋体和加里尼疏螺旋体。大多数早期LD患者可以通过标准治疗治愈，但仍有一些患者患有治疗后LD综合征。持久性疏螺旋体的存在被认为是一个促成因素，因为目前用于LD的抗生素无法完全根除它们。寻找针对持久性疏螺旋体的新药对于开发更有效的治疗方法至关重要。在这里，我们首先确认了加里尼双歧杆菌和阿夫泽利双歧杆菌培养物中存在持久性蛋白酶，然后对针对富含持久性蛋白酶的加里尼芽孢杆菌和阿夫泽利芽孢杆菌培养物的固定相的定制药物库进行了高通量筛选。在筛选的2427个化合物中，竹霉素A（HA）、蒽环类药物和局部抗生素以及一些其他天然化合物被鉴定为具有很强的杀灭加里尼芽孢杆菌和阿夫泽利芽孢杆菌的潜力。HA是最有效的抗疏螺旋体化合物，能够根除固定相疏螺旋体持续存在，特别是与强力霉素和/或头孢曲松联合使用时。脂溶性抗氧化剂维生素E被发现能拮抗HA的活性，这表明HA的靶点是细胞膜，在光的存在下，HA在细胞膜上触发活性氧的产生。HA对疏螺旋体具有明显的杀菌活性，但对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的杀菌活性较差或没有。上述候选药物的鉴定可能有助于开发更有效的LD治疗方法。
{"title":"High-Throughput Drug Screening on Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii Identified Hypocrellin A as an Active Drug Candidate Against Borrelia Species","authors":"Tingting Li, Yuxian Xin, Dongxia Liu, Jingrong Sun, Jingwei Li, Y. Zhang, Jie Feng","doi":"10.1097/IM9.0000000000000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IM9.0000000000000115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lyme disease (LD) is a tick-transmitted infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species, which include B. burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii. The majority of patients with early LD can be cured by the standard treatment, yet some still suffer from posttreatment LD syndrome. The presence of Borrelia persisters has been proposed as a contributing factor, because they cannot be completely eradicated by the currently used antibiotics for LD. Finding new pharmaceuticals targeting Borrelia persisters is crucial for developing more effective treatments. Here, we first confirmed the existence of persisters in B. garinii and B. afzelii cultures and then conducted a high-throughput screening of a custom drug library against persister-rich stationary-phase B. garinii and B. afzelii cultures. Among 2427 compounds screened, hypocrellin A (HA), anthracycline class of drugs and topical antibiotics along with some other natural compounds were identified to have strong potential for killing persisters of B. garinii and B. afzelii. HA was the most active anti-Borrelia compound, capable of eradicating stationary-phase Borrelia persisters, in particular when combined with doxycycline and/or ceftriaxone. Liposoluble antioxidant vitamin E was found to antagonize the activity of HA, indicating HA’s target is the cell membrane where HA triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species in the presence of light. HA was found to have distinct bactericidal activity against Borrelia species but had poor or no activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Identification of the abovementioned drug candidates may help develop more effective therapies for LD.","PeriodicalId":73374,"journal":{"name":"Infectious microbes & diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"83 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46590696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：