The present study aims to explore and compare changes in Indian family relationships, marriage, and career choices from the perspectives of three different generations. A total of 30 participants, 10 from each of the three generational groups participated in the study: 61 years and above (pre-globalization generation [Pre-G]), 40 – 60 years (transition generation [Trans-G]), and 18 – 30 years (contemporary young generation [Cont-G]). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted in February and March 2023. Thematic analysis revealed several major changes perceived by the participants, including the shift from joint families to nuclear families, changes in filial piety, an increased sense of individual autonomy, a more egalitarian nature of families, an increase in the number of working women, a decrease in the quality of family relationships, more authoritative parenting, positive in-law relationships, changes in the nature of marriages, changes in the process of mate section, and changes in decision-making about education and career. The comparison of perspectives across the three generations showed distinct differences. The older generation was critical but showed a readiness to accept changes. The middle generations viewed the changes negatively and exhibited high resistance. In contrast, the younger generations viewed the changes as liberating and were willing to embrace them. The implications for family policies and cross-cultural research are discussed.
{"title":"Indian family relationships, marriage, and career choices in the context of globalization: A multigenerational evaluation","authors":"Damodaran Megha, Martin Thomas, Barani Kanth, Prakash Navaneetham, Mappilar Kunnummal Dilsha","doi":"10.36922/ijps.2404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.2404","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to explore and compare changes in Indian family relationships, marriage, and career choices from the perspectives of three different generations. A total of 30 participants, 10 from each of the three generational groups participated in the study: 61 years and above (pre-globalization generation [Pre-G]), 40 – 60 years (transition generation [Trans-G]), and 18 – 30 years (contemporary young generation [Cont-G]). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted in February and March 2023. Thematic analysis revealed several major changes perceived by the participants, including the shift from joint families to nuclear families, changes in filial piety, an increased sense of individual autonomy, a more egalitarian nature of families, an increase in the number of working women, a decrease in the quality of family relationships, more authoritative parenting, positive in-law relationships, changes in the nature of marriages, changes in the process of mate section, and changes in decision-making about education and career. The comparison of perspectives across the three generations showed distinct differences. The older generation was critical but showed a readiness to accept changes. The middle generations viewed the changes negatively and exhibited high resistance. In contrast, the younger generations viewed the changes as liberating and were willing to embrace them. The implications for family policies and cross-cultural research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rate of marital dissolution in India is relatively low from a global perspective; however, the rate of separation exceeds that of divorce. This study aims to estimate the prevalence, trends, variations, and determinants of marital dissolution in India. We employed the approaches of descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationship between marital dissolution and its correlates among ever-married women in India. The findings revealed that urban women are more prone to marital dissolution, with higher rates observed among the impoverished and childless compared to their counterparts. Risk factors such as infertility, poverty, child marriage, the educational gap between spouses, urbanization, and spousal violence contribute significantly to marital disintegration. Special attention should be directed towards these segments of the population to promote marital stability.
{"title":"Marital dissolution in India: Patterns and correlates","authors":"Harihar Sahoo, Manas Ranjan Pradhan, Manor Alagarajan, Madhurima Sharma, Sunandita Das","doi":"10.36922/ijps.1681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.1681","url":null,"abstract":"The rate of marital dissolution in India is relatively low from a global perspective; however, the rate of separation exceeds that of divorce. This study aims to estimate the prevalence, trends, variations, and determinants of marital dissolution in India. We employed the approaches of descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationship between marital dissolution and its correlates among ever-married women in India. The findings revealed that urban women are more prone to marital dissolution, with higher rates observed among the impoverished and childless compared to their counterparts. Risk factors such as infertility, poverty, child marriage, the educational gap between spouses, urbanization, and spousal violence contribute significantly to marital disintegration. Special attention should be directed towards these segments of the population to promote marital stability.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This commentary highlights the critical role of low-skilled workers who are often considered unwanted populations within the European Union (EU) migration system that privileges high-skilled migrants, while neglecting the existence of low-skilled migrants, creating unfavorable job conditions for low-skilled migrants despite their considerable contributions to EU economies. Unfortunately, this wrenching problem became evident during the pandemic. While the COVID-19 pandemic has affected all segments of the population to varying degrees in the EU, the migrant populations were adversely affected in many aspects. Specifically, low-skilled migrants are the most vulnerable to the pandemic’s secondary effects, due to multiple forms of vulnerability, risk, exploitation, and precarity shaped by their intersectional identities and membership in other marginalized groups. It has been argued that the roles of low-skilled migrants should be considered when appraising their impact and developing labor migration policies. This commentary concludes by proffering some recommendations for the EU governing entities in formulating schemes to ensure the inclusion of low-skilled migrant workforce into the public policy and labor migration system.
{"title":"COVID-19 and the precarious low-skilled workforce in the European Union: Time to call the shots?","authors":"Senyo Dotsey","doi":"10.36922/ijps.2165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.2165","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary highlights the critical role of low-skilled workers who are often considered unwanted populations within the European Union (EU) migration system that privileges high-skilled migrants, while neglecting the existence of low-skilled migrants, creating unfavorable job conditions for low-skilled migrants despite their considerable contributions to EU economies. Unfortunately, this wrenching problem became evident during the pandemic. While the COVID-19 pandemic has affected all segments of the population to varying degrees in the EU, the migrant populations were adversely affected in many aspects. Specifically, low-skilled migrants are the most vulnerable to the pandemic’s secondary effects, due to multiple forms of vulnerability, risk, exploitation, and precarity shaped by their intersectional identities and membership in other marginalized groups. It has been argued that the roles of low-skilled migrants should be considered when appraising their impact and developing labor migration policies. This commentary concludes by proffering some recommendations for the EU governing entities in formulating schemes to ensure the inclusion of low-skilled migrant workforce into the public policy and labor migration system.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study aimed to evaluate the quality of prenatal care and identify associated factors among women admitted for delivery at a public maternity hospital in greater Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. This cross-sectional study included women who had received prenatal care through the Government Unified Health System in the city of São José and had been subsequently admitted to the hospital for delivery from November 2021 to April 2022. Data were obtained from the pregnant women’s booklet, their health records, and a specific questionnaire. The evaluation criteria included the Takeda-modified Kessner index, adapted adequacy of prenatal care utilization index, and Anversa classification. Adequacy was assessed based on pregnancy parameters and the patients’ characteristics. Among the 237 pregnant women in the sample, prenatal care adequacy ranged from 48.5 to 83.1% and was associated with older age, education, referral to high-risk prenatal care (HRPN) (20 – 30% higher prevalence of adequacy), and pregnancy planning. Notably, there was a tendency toward a reduction in the number of examinations (laboratory and physical) during pregnancy. The adequacy rate decreased with the application of stricter normative criteria and in advanced pregnancy stages. In conclusion, prenatal care quality was predominantly adequate, although it varied across indices and was associated with age, education, HRPN, and pregnancy planning.
{"title":"Assessment of prenatal care adequacy using different normative criteria in a municipality in Santa Catarina, Brazil","authors":"Vanessa Martins Rosa, Roxana Knobel, Eliane Silva de Azevedo Traebert, Betine Pinto Moehlecke Iser","doi":"10.36922/ijps.1422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.1422","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aimed to evaluate the quality of prenatal care and identify associated factors among women admitted for delivery at a public maternity hospital in greater Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. This cross-sectional study included women who had received prenatal care through the Government Unified Health System in the city of São José and had been subsequently admitted to the hospital for delivery from November 2021 to April 2022. Data were obtained from the pregnant women’s booklet, their health records, and a specific questionnaire. The evaluation criteria included the Takeda-modified Kessner index, adapted adequacy of prenatal care utilization index, and Anversa classification. Adequacy was assessed based on pregnancy parameters and the patients’ characteristics. Among the 237 pregnant women in the sample, prenatal care adequacy ranged from 48.5 to 83.1% and was associated with older age, education, referral to high-risk prenatal care (HRPN) (20 – 30% higher prevalence of adequacy), and pregnancy planning. Notably, there was a tendency toward a reduction in the number of examinations (laboratory and physical) during pregnancy. The adequacy rate decreased with the application of stricter normative criteria and in advanced pregnancy stages. In conclusion, prenatal care quality was predominantly adequate, although it varied across indices and was associated with age, education, HRPN, and pregnancy planning.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140654328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interstate migrants from less developed states seek better livelihoods in more developed ones, yet encounter challenges such as loss of state benefits and workplace mistreatment. Drawing data from the Indian Census of 1991, 2001, and 2011, this paper examines interstate outmigration in India and the challenges faced by migrants in their destination areas. The results revealed that low-income states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Odisha are among the top migratory states in the country. This result aligns with developmental theories, which believe that migration helps both sources and destination areas through optimal allocation of factors of production. Further, an analysis of female outmigration for economic reasons revealed disparities between the top female outmigratory states and total outmigratory states. Hence, it can be inferred that female interstate migration for economic reasons is not simply an association with their male counterparts. The paper then highlights common problems faced by migrants at destination points and underscores the 2020 migrant crises that the country experienced due to lockdowns amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, by analyzing the existing policy measures of the government, the study proposes short-term (also to address current migrant crises) and long-term policy measures to mitigate challenges associated with outmigration.
{"title":"Interstate outmigration in India and the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and emerging perspectives","authors":"Manas Kumar Pedi, Kshamanidhi Adabar","doi":"10.36922/ijps.0916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.0916","url":null,"abstract":"Interstate migrants from less developed states seek better livelihoods in more developed ones, yet encounter challenges such as loss of state benefits and workplace mistreatment. Drawing data from the Indian Census of 1991, 2001, and 2011, this paper examines interstate outmigration in India and the challenges faced by migrants in their destination areas. The results revealed that low-income states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Odisha are among the top migratory states in the country. This result aligns with developmental theories, which believe that migration helps both sources and destination areas through optimal allocation of factors of production. Further, an analysis of female outmigration for economic reasons revealed disparities between the top female outmigratory states and total outmigratory states. Hence, it can be inferred that female interstate migration for economic reasons is not simply an association with their male counterparts. The paper then highlights common problems faced by migrants at destination points and underscores the 2020 migrant crises that the country experienced due to lockdowns amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, by analyzing the existing policy measures of the government, the study proposes short-term (also to address current migrant crises) and long-term policy measures to mitigate challenges associated with outmigration.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140663256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Buonomo, Federico Benassi, O. Casacchia, Salvatore Strozza
There has been a significant shift in migratory behavior within Italy over time. The origins and destinations of the migration flows, which were previously characterized by a clear prevalence of moving from the south to the center-north, are now much more heterogeneous and complex. Despite the important progress achieved in the past 20 years, the measurement of internal migration remains a contentious topic in international research. Using data provided by the Italian National Institute of Statistics, we applied Rogers’ multiregional model place-of-birth-dependent approach to assess the internal migration flows that occurred in Italy in the period 2002 – 2013. This approach provides accurate measurements of internal migration, noting in particular the years of life expectancy for each birth cohort living in each geographical Italian macroregion (northeast, northwest, center, and south). The results indicate that the northwest is the main area of destination for internal migration. The birth cohort in the south is the one that has the greatest number of years of life expectancy in other macroregions. Interestingly, this cohort is the only one characterized by a predominantly male migratory model.
{"title":"Old but gold: The use of multiregional life tables and the place-of-birth-dependent approach for studying recent internal migration in Italy","authors":"A. Buonomo, Federico Benassi, O. Casacchia, Salvatore Strozza","doi":"10.36922/ijps.1898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.1898","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a significant shift in migratory behavior within Italy over time. The origins and destinations of the migration flows, which were previously characterized by a clear prevalence of moving from the south to the center-north, are now much more heterogeneous and complex. Despite the important progress achieved in the past 20 years, the measurement of internal migration remains a contentious topic in international research. Using data provided by the Italian National Institute of Statistics, we applied Rogers’ multiregional model place-of-birth-dependent approach to assess the internal migration flows that occurred in Italy in the period 2002 – 2013. This approach provides accurate measurements of internal migration, noting in particular the years of life expectancy for each birth cohort living in each geographical Italian macroregion (northeast, northwest, center, and south). The results indicate that the northwest is the main area of destination for internal migration. The birth cohort in the south is the one that has the greatest number of years of life expectancy in other macroregions. Interestingly, this cohort is the only one characterized by a predominantly male migratory model.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140675216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The enduringly high prevalence of child wasting (weight-for-height-2SD) in India is a significant cause for concern. The objective of this study is to identify areas with high incidence of wasting among children aged 0 – 23 months and to uncover the factors influencing wasting among young children in India. The analysis utilized individual and district-level data from the National Family Health Survey-5 in 2019 – 2021. The wasting prevalence exceeding 30% was found in 81 districts, with 501 districts surpassing 15%. Our analysis indicated that children from the poorest households (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43 – 1.79), those lacking access to improved sanitation facilities (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.11 – 1.25), belonging to other backward class families (AOR =1.12, 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.20), and born to mothers with body mass index (BMI) <18.5 (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.23 – 1.37) faced higher odds of wasting. In addition, low birth weight (<2500 g) increased the odds of wasting by 27% (AOR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.20 – 1.36). The study further found that a minimum acceptable diet and female gender had protective effects on wasting among children aged 6 – 23 months. These findings underscore the need for a comprehensive programmatic response to addressing wasting in young children. Urgent policies and programmatic actions are warranted, with a specific focus on strengthening the care of low birth weight and premature babies, as well as promoting optimal child feeding practices. There is a call for intensified nutrition services as an integral component of routine health services for mothers. Early identification and management of wasting and counseling during pre-conception and pregnancy should be prioritized.
{"title":"Associated factors of child wasting among children aged 0 – 23 months in India: Analysis of the National Family Health Survey-5","authors":"Shivam Pandey, Jyoti Sharma, Mumtaj Ali","doi":"10.36922/ijps.453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.453","url":null,"abstract":"The enduringly high prevalence of child wasting (weight-for-height-2SD) in India is a significant cause for concern. The objective of this study is to identify areas with high incidence of wasting among children aged 0 – 23 months and to uncover the factors influencing wasting among young children in India. The analysis utilized individual and district-level data from the National Family Health Survey-5 in 2019 – 2021. The wasting prevalence exceeding 30% was found in 81 districts, with 501 districts surpassing 15%. Our analysis indicated that children from the poorest households (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43 – 1.79), those lacking access to improved sanitation facilities (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.11 – 1.25), belonging to other backward class families (AOR =1.12, 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.20), and born to mothers with body mass index (BMI) <18.5 (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.23 – 1.37) faced higher odds of wasting. In addition, low birth weight (<2500 g) increased the odds of wasting by 27% (AOR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.20 – 1.36). The study further found that a minimum acceptable diet and female gender had protective effects on wasting among children aged 6 – 23 months. These findings underscore the need for a comprehensive programmatic response to addressing wasting in young children. Urgent policies and programmatic actions are warranted, with a specific focus on strengthening the care of low birth weight and premature babies, as well as promoting optimal child feeding practices. There is a call for intensified nutrition services as an integral component of routine health services for mothers. Early identification and management of wasting and counseling during pre-conception and pregnancy should be prioritized.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Education is one of the pre-eminent avenues for improving the socioeconomic status of marginalized communities. In India, performance in the High School Leaving Certificate (HSLC) Examination dictates the opportunities for obtaining higher education and building a successful career. Hence, the present study aims to explore the spatial variation in the performance of socially marginalized students from Assam in the HSLC Examination 2022, from the angle of gender, religion, and medium of instruction. Data obtained from the Board of Secondary Education, Assam, were used for calculating percentages, depicting spatial variation with the help of a choropleth map, and illustrating the gender gap graphically. A significant spatial variation in the performance of students in the HSLC examination was observed, with the range of variation being much wider for the socially marginalized students. In most of the districts, the socially marginalized students underperformed compared to all other students in general. Among the socially marginalized students, a gender gap in favor of males in the examination performance was detected in most of the districts in Assam, but in a few districts, an opposite phenomenon highlighting the gender gap in favor of females was evident. There were distinct spatial variations in the performance of the socially marginalized students in the HSLC examination across gender, religion, and medium of instruction. As education is an important pathway through which socially marginalized groups can elevate their socioeconomic status, there is an urgent need for the authorities to improve their performance in the HSLC examination.
{"title":"Spatial variation in performance of socially marginalized students in high school leaving certificate examination 2022, in Assam, India","authors":"Heya Brahma, Sibani Basumatari, Jeemina Baglari, Bhobesh Daimary, Pralip Kumar Narzary","doi":"10.36922/ijps.0886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.0886","url":null,"abstract":"Education is one of the pre-eminent avenues for improving the socioeconomic status of marginalized communities. In India, performance in the High School Leaving Certificate (HSLC) Examination dictates the opportunities for obtaining higher education and building a successful career. Hence, the present study aims to explore the spatial variation in the performance of socially marginalized students from Assam in the HSLC Examination 2022, from the angle of gender, religion, and medium of instruction. Data obtained from the Board of Secondary Education, Assam, were used for calculating percentages, depicting spatial variation with the help of a choropleth map, and illustrating the gender gap graphically. A significant spatial variation in the performance of students in the HSLC examination was observed, with the range of variation being much wider for the socially marginalized students. In most of the districts, the socially marginalized students underperformed compared to all other students in general. Among the socially marginalized students, a gender gap in favor of males in the examination performance was detected in most of the districts in Assam, but in a few districts, an opposite phenomenon highlighting the gender gap in favor of females was evident. There were distinct spatial variations in the performance of the socially marginalized students in the HSLC examination across gender, religion, and medium of instruction. As education is an important pathway through which socially marginalized groups can elevate their socioeconomic status, there is an urgent need for the authorities to improve their performance in the HSLC examination.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140693974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that mortality has a greater influence than fertility on shaping population age structures in the long run and that recent mortality rates provide a satisfactory initial approximation for describing observed age structures in most empirical cases. In the theoretical part of this article, we elucidate a potential fallacy in the line of reasoning based on simulations and counterfactuals frequently used to attribute population aging to low fertility rates. The alternative view that we propose leads us to hypothesize that age structures conform, albeit not exclusively, to a standard derived from survival conditions: the age structure of a stationary population within a given period. We tested this hypothesis on all countries, using the data from the United Nations database (1951 – 2021) and specifically on 10 European countries using the data from the Human Mortality Database (1860 – 2019). The empirical results indicate that current survival conditions sufficiently explain a significant portion of the observed age structure across all examined countries and epochs. However, deviations from this underlying, long-term (mortality-driven) path exist, which our approach cannot fully explain. This is where the role of fertility arguably becomes more prominent. Several implications arise from our findings, including the debate on the relative role of fertility and mortality in shaping age structures in the long run, the theoretical meaning and practical use of cross-sectional life tables, and the notion and measure of demographic dividends.
{"title":"Long-term impact of mortality on population age structures","authors":"G. Santis, Giambattista Salinari","doi":"10.36922/ijps.377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.377","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we tested the hypothesis that mortality has a greater influence than fertility on shaping population age structures in the long run and that recent mortality rates provide a satisfactory initial approximation for describing observed age structures in most empirical cases. In the theoretical part of this article, we elucidate a potential fallacy in the line of reasoning based on simulations and counterfactuals frequently used to attribute population aging to low fertility rates. The alternative view that we propose leads us to hypothesize that age structures conform, albeit not exclusively, to a standard derived from survival conditions: the age structure of a stationary population within a given period. We tested this hypothesis on all countries, using the data from the United Nations database (1951 – 2021) and specifically on 10 European countries using the data from the Human Mortality Database (1860 – 2019). The empirical results indicate that current survival conditions sufficiently explain a significant portion of the observed age structure across all examined countries and epochs. However, deviations from this underlying, long-term (mortality-driven) path exist, which our approach cannot fully explain. This is where the role of fertility arguably becomes more prominent. Several implications arise from our findings, including the debate on the relative role of fertility and mortality in shaping age structures in the long run, the theoretical meaning and practical use of cross-sectional life tables, and the notion and measure of demographic dividends.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140228901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the modern phenomenon of age friendliness, more particularly the notion of an “age-friendly city,” from both a macro perspective as well as at the level of a localized application of age friendliness in a single city. Much of the rhetoric of age-friendly conceptualization has strong affinity to the themes of lifelong learning, and proponents of each sector can benefit from mutually understanding the respective principles and implementation strategies of the other. Allied concepts of aging (“growing older”) and active aging are discussed before discussion of the main discourses of lifelong learning. A case study of an age-friendly city in New Zealand is presented wherein achievements and challenges are discussed; an argument is presented that as “close cousins,” actors within these two domains can enhance the application of their humanistic principles by closer alignment of policy and practices. Further, challenges ahead for implementation of age friendliness are discussed, some of which are shared by the lifelong learning movement.
{"title":"Age-friendly cities and lifelong learning","authors":"Brian Findsen","doi":"10.36922/ijps.380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.380","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the modern phenomenon of age friendliness, more particularly the notion of an “age-friendly city,” from both a macro perspective as well as at the level of a localized application of age friendliness in a single city. Much of the rhetoric of age-friendly conceptualization has strong affinity to the themes of lifelong learning, and proponents of each sector can benefit from mutually understanding the respective principles and implementation strategies of the other. Allied concepts of aging (“growing older”) and active aging are discussed before discussion of the main discourses of lifelong learning. A case study of an age-friendly city in New Zealand is presented wherein achievements and challenges are discussed; an argument is presented that as “close cousins,” actors within these two domains can enhance the application of their humanistic principles by closer alignment of policy and practices. Further, challenges ahead for implementation of age friendliness are discussed, some of which are shared by the lifelong learning movement.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140244982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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