Ethiopia is among the five countries which account for half of the global under-five deaths, with the under-five mortality rate of 67 deaths/1000 live births in 2016. Ethiopia had significant inequalities in child mortality between rural and urban areas where the risk of child mortality is largely higher in rural than urban areas. Inequalities in the distribution of factors influencing child mortality need to explain the gap between and within urban-rural areas. The study used the risk of child mortality as an outcome variable. Multilevel logistic regression was used as a standard model for assessing the effect of socioeconomic and contextual factors on child mortality. Furthermore, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique was used to explain the urban-rural, intra-rural, and intra-urban inequalities in child mortality. The birth order and sanitation type seem to be the most important explanatory factors, followed by wealth status in explaining the rural-urban inequality of 39 deaths/1000 children. Mean proportion indicates that there would be 47 deaths/1000 children for urban poor and 21 deaths/1000 children for urban non-poor, resulting in 26 deaths/1000 children change in urban poor when applying the urban non-poor coefficient and characteristics to urban poor behavior. The findings showed that some residential inequalities in child mortality occur at a level that could be addressed by targeting children, households, and some occurs at a community level that could be addressed by targeting regions. Therefore, any residential sensitive and specific interventions should consider child’s and household’s characteristics, and geographical location.
{"title":"Residential inequalities in child mortality in Ethiopia: Multilevel and decomposition analyses","authors":"Negussie Shiferaw Tessema, Chalachew Getahun Desta, Nigatu Regassa Geda, Terefe Degefa Boshera","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v7i2.392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i2.392","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is among the five countries which account for half of the global under-five deaths, with the under-five mortality rate of 67 deaths/1000 live births in 2016. Ethiopia had significant inequalities in child mortality between rural and urban areas where the risk of child mortality is largely higher in rural than urban areas. Inequalities in the distribution of factors influencing child mortality need to explain the gap between and within urban-rural areas. The study used the risk of child mortality as an outcome variable. Multilevel logistic regression was used as a standard model for assessing the effect of socioeconomic and contextual factors on child mortality. Furthermore, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique was used to explain the urban-rural, intra-rural, and intra-urban inequalities in child mortality. The birth order and sanitation type seem to be the most important explanatory factors, followed by wealth status in explaining the rural-urban inequality of 39 deaths/1000 children. Mean proportion indicates that there would be 47 deaths/1000 children for urban poor and 21 deaths/1000 children for urban non-poor, resulting in 26 deaths/1000 children change in urban poor when applying the urban non-poor coefficient and characteristics to urban poor behavior. The findings showed that some residential inequalities in child mortality occur at a level that could be addressed by targeting children, households, and some occurs at a community level that could be addressed by targeting regions. Therefore, any residential sensitive and specific interventions should consider child’s and household’s characteristics, and geographical location.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43831958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most evidence on son preference in Pakistan is reflected in the higher child mortality among females than males. The sex discrimination before birth is rarely reported in Pakistan. This is the first study to quantify prenatal sex discrimination in Pakistan on a subnational level. We provide annual estimates of the sex ratio at birth (SRB) from 1980 to 2020 and scenario-based projections of the number of missing female births up to 2050 by Pakistan province. The results are based on a comprehensive database consisting of 832,091 birth records from all available surveys and censuses. We adopted a Bayesian hierarchical time series model to synthesize different data sources. We identified Balochistan with an existing imbalanced SRB since 1980. For the rest provinces without past or ongoing SRB inflation, we projected the largest female birth deficit to occur in Punjab in 2033 under the scenario that the SRB transition process starts in 2021. We demonstrated important disparities in the occurrence and quantification of missing female births up to 2050.
{"title":"Levels and trends estimate of sex ratio at birth for seven provinces of Pakistan from 1980 to 2020 with scenario-based probabilistic projections of missing female birth to 2050: A Bayesian modeling approach","authors":"Fengqing Chao, M. Wazir, H. Ombao","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v8i2.332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v8i2.332","url":null,"abstract":"Most evidence on son preference in Pakistan is reflected in the higher child mortality among females than males. The sex discrimination before birth is rarely reported in Pakistan. This is the first study to quantify prenatal sex discrimination in Pakistan on a subnational level. We provide annual estimates of the sex ratio at birth (SRB) from 1980 to 2020 and scenario-based projections of the number of missing female births up to 2050 by Pakistan province. The results are based on a comprehensive database consisting of 832,091 birth records from all available surveys and censuses. We adopted a Bayesian hierarchical time series model to synthesize different data sources. We identified Balochistan with an existing imbalanced SRB since 1980. For the rest provinces without past or ongoing SRB inflation, we projected the largest female birth deficit to occur in Punjab in 2033 under the scenario that the SRB transition process starts in 2021. We demonstrated important disparities in the occurrence and quantification of missing female births up to 2050.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47848785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores assimilation as a two-path process, in which its objective and subjective components are studied simultaneously using structural equation modeling for rural-to-urban migrants in China. This model considers the choice of reference group by the migrants themselves and the assimilation process into the reference group. Structural equation modeling results show that it can be beneficial for assimilation studies to allow migrants to choose their own reference group and to include the subjective path (i.e., assimilation into the migrants’ chosen reference group) along with the objective path (i.e., assimilation into the mainstream). This can be achieved as follows: (1) The intertwining between the subjective and objective paths can disentangle assimilation into a process driven by two forces; (2) major stratification factors affecting the objective path through the subjective path may be identified; and (3) the impacts of assimilation on important migrant outcomes, such as subjective well-being, can be studied and separated into subjective and objective components.
{"title":"Exploring assimilation as a combination of objective and subjective processes: A case study of rural-to-urban migrants in China","authors":"Zhenxiang Chen","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v7i2.346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i2.346","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores assimilation as a two-path process, in which its objective and subjective components are studied simultaneously using structural equation modeling for rural-to-urban migrants in China. This model considers the choice of reference group by the migrants themselves and the assimilation process into the reference group. Structural equation modeling results show that it can be beneficial for assimilation studies to allow migrants to choose their own reference group and to include the subjective path (i.e., assimilation into the migrants’ chosen reference group) along with the objective path (i.e., assimilation into the mainstream). This can be achieved as follows: (1) The intertwining between the subjective and objective paths can disentangle assimilation into a process driven by two forces; (2) major stratification factors affecting the objective path through the subjective path may be identified; and (3) the impacts of assimilation on important migrant outcomes, such as subjective well-being, can be studied and separated into subjective and objective components.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45630596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Haddad, Sandrella Bou Malhab, Diana Malaeb, H. Sacre, D. Saadeh, Christine Bou Tayeh, P. Salameh
People’s practice, including adherence to disease prevention strategies, is influenced by their knowledge and attitude, which differ by sex. This study aimed to validate a tool that measures knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward COVID-19 and explore the related factors, including socioeconomic features and sex disparities. An online cross-sectional study conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 5, 2021, enrolled 405 participants from the general Lebanese population using a snowball sampling technique. The COVID-19 KAP scales were constructed and validated. After confirming the validity of the generated scales, the results showed that a university education level (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.90) was related to a better knowledge of COVID-19. A higher household crowding index (aOR = 0.41), a higher anxiety (aOR = 0.88), and do not know if there was an indirect contact with a COVID-19 patient (aOR = 0.44) were significantly associated with low knowledge of COVID-19. Having a family member working in the medical field (aOR = 1.76) and higher COVID-19 fear scores (aOR = 1.04) were associated with a more acceptable attitude toward COVID-19. Furthermore, higher knowledge scores (aOR = 1.14), higher attitude scores (aOR = 1.41), higher COVID-19 fear scores (aOR = 1.10), and more time spent on COVID-19 information (aOR = 1.91) were associated with good practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these associations differed by sex, except for the crowding index, which were inversely associated with knowledge in both sexes, while education level and indirect exposure to COVID-19 were significant only among females. Knowledge about COVID-19 did not affect attitudes, but a good attitude was related to better practice in both sexes. Moreover, higher fear and more time spent on COVID-19 information were significantly associated with better practice among females. Overall, this study validated tools to highlight the knowledge, attitude, and practice among the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak in Lebanon. Our findings suggest the need for health education programs tailored differentially according to sex, taking into account education, age, and socioeconomic status to raise awareness of COVID-19 and promote more acceptable attitudes and sustained safe practices among the general Lebanese population.
{"title":"Factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the general Lebanese population toward the coronavirus disease 2019","authors":"C. Haddad, Sandrella Bou Malhab, Diana Malaeb, H. Sacre, D. Saadeh, Christine Bou Tayeh, P. Salameh","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v7i2.342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i2.342","url":null,"abstract":"People’s practice, including adherence to disease prevention strategies, is influenced by their knowledge and attitude, which differ by sex. This study aimed to validate a tool that measures knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward COVID-19 and explore the related factors, including socioeconomic features and sex disparities. An online cross-sectional study conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 5, 2021, enrolled 405 participants from the general Lebanese population using a snowball sampling technique. The COVID-19 KAP scales were constructed and validated. After confirming the validity of the generated scales, the results showed that a university education level (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.90) was related to a better knowledge of COVID-19. A higher household crowding index (aOR = 0.41), a higher anxiety (aOR = 0.88), and do not know if there was an indirect contact with a COVID-19 patient (aOR = 0.44) were significantly associated with low knowledge of COVID-19. Having a family member working in the medical field (aOR = 1.76) and higher COVID-19 fear scores (aOR = 1.04) were associated with a more acceptable attitude toward COVID-19. Furthermore, higher knowledge scores (aOR = 1.14), higher attitude scores (aOR = 1.41), higher COVID-19 fear scores (aOR = 1.10), and more time spent on COVID-19 information (aOR = 1.91) were associated with good practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these associations differed by sex, except for the crowding index, which were inversely associated with knowledge in both sexes, while education level and indirect exposure to COVID-19 were significant only among females. Knowledge about COVID-19 did not affect attitudes, but a good attitude was related to better practice in both sexes. Moreover, higher fear and more time spent on COVID-19 information were significantly associated with better practice among females. Overall, this study validated tools to highlight the knowledge, attitude, and practice among the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak in Lebanon. Our findings suggest the need for health education programs tailored differentially according to sex, taking into account education, age, and socioeconomic status to raise awareness of COVID-19 and promote more acceptable attitudes and sustained safe practices among the general Lebanese population.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48075458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To people living in areas, the denser is the area, the more numerous are the opportunities of interpersonal and social interaction, of employment and of amenities of all kinds. The spatial density of human settlement is basically studied according to places, that is, area weighted. The notion of population-weighted density, or lived density, puts human density in the perspective of the people that experience it. Considering, respectively, the land units and the people as statistical populations of their own, the article provides a probabilistic model of human density in a geographical space, as a random variable in each statistical population, with specific probability density functions (PDFs) and cumulative distribution functions. The PDF of lived, “Used density” is derived from that of the plain, “Offered density” through a consumption model: Thus, their relationship is a specific instance of a well-established probabilistic model. The average used density is systematically larger than its offered counterpart: The ratio amounts to one plus the squared coefficient of variation of offered density. The relation between the two statistical distributions is illustrated using a Lorenz curve; the associated Gini index constitutes an indicator of population heterogeneity in a geographical space. A case of France’s population as of 2019 is studied to demonstrate the methodology.
{"title":"Used (Lived) versus Offered (Plain) densities of human settlement in space: An instance of the probabilistic consumption model","authors":"F. Leurent","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v8i2.297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v8i2.297","url":null,"abstract":"To people living in areas, the denser is the area, the more numerous are the opportunities of interpersonal and social interaction, of employment and of amenities of all kinds. The spatial density of human settlement is basically studied according to places, that is, area weighted. The notion of population-weighted density, or lived density, puts human density in the perspective of the people that experience it. Considering, respectively, the land units and the people as statistical populations of their own, the article provides a probabilistic model of human density in a geographical space, as a random variable in each statistical population, with specific probability density functions (PDFs) and cumulative distribution functions. The PDF of lived, “Used density” is derived from that of the plain, “Offered density” through a consumption model: Thus, their relationship is a specific instance of a well-established probabilistic model. The average used density is systematically larger than its offered counterpart: The ratio amounts to one plus the squared coefficient of variation of offered density. The relation between the two statistical distributions is illustrated using a Lorenz curve; the associated Gini index constitutes an indicator of population heterogeneity in a geographical space. A case of France’s population as of 2019 is studied to demonstrate the methodology.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48317336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses a novel approach to compensate for inherent sampling biases and to compare the age profiles of two ancient Maya sacrificial assemblages to expectations from a model life table for traditional horticultural populations. It seeks to statistically rule out the possibility that either site is accumulated due to a standard mortality process experienced in horticulturalist populations. This analysis utilizes data from Midnight Terror Cave (MTC), Belize and Chichén Itzá (CI), Mexico to compare the observed versus expected death counts by age. Monte-Carlo based estimates of preservation bias were modeled assuming a normal distribution with mean and variance based on expert opinion. This model was used to up-adjust age-specific death counts for both sites to make more robust sample sizes, which were compared to those expected from a model life table at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the resampled distribution of preservation bias. At low levels of estimated bias (5th percentile), neither MTC nor CI assemblages could be distinguished from the null-mortality model. At average to higher levels of estimated bias (50th and 95th percentiles), both populations could be statistically distinguished from the null mortality model either across all age intervals or within specific age ranges. After accounting for preservation bias, the findings suggest that both MTC and CI assemblages were unlikely to have accumulated due to a normal mortality pattern experienced within traditional horticulturalist populations, further supporting the ethnographic and archaeological evidence that indicates that the sites are accumulated due to cultural practices related to human sacrifice.
{"title":"Modeling, simulating, and comparing biased archaeological mortuary assemblages","authors":"C. L. Kieffer","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v7i2.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i2.300","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a novel approach to compensate for inherent sampling biases and to compare the age profiles of two ancient Maya sacrificial assemblages to expectations from a model life table for traditional horticultural populations. It seeks to statistically rule out the possibility that either site is accumulated due to a standard mortality process experienced in horticulturalist populations. This analysis utilizes data from Midnight Terror Cave (MTC), Belize and Chichén Itzá (CI), Mexico to compare the observed versus expected death counts by age. Monte-Carlo based estimates of preservation bias were modeled assuming a normal distribution with mean and variance based on expert opinion. This model was used to up-adjust age-specific death counts for both sites to make more robust sample sizes, which were compared to those expected from a model life table at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the resampled distribution of preservation bias. At low levels of estimated bias (5th percentile), neither MTC nor CI assemblages could be distinguished from the null-mortality model. At average to higher levels of estimated bias (50th and 95th percentiles), both populations could be statistically distinguished from the null mortality model either across all age intervals or within specific age ranges. After accounting for preservation bias, the findings suggest that both MTC and CI assemblages were unlikely to have accumulated due to a normal mortality pattern experienced within traditional horticulturalist populations, further supporting the ethnographic and archaeological evidence that indicates that the sites are accumulated due to cultural practices related to human sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45616011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among studies of factors driving fertility transitions, the cumulative children ever born (CEB) has been treated as the dependent variable in multivariable models. Some of these studies have cited total fertility rates (TFRs) in their rationales for investigating the determinants of fertility transition. However, CEB and TFR (which are computed from age-specific fertility rates) are notably disparate measures of fertility. The aim of this study was to argue that where TFRs are cited as a basis for an investigation of driving factors of fertility transitions, the dependent variable in the multivariable modeling ought to be an adjusted measure of fertility. The study applied trend analysis to examine the extent to which CEB and age-specific marital fertility rates (ASMFR) reflected trajectories of the trends of total marital fertility rates (TMFRs) in Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe. Multivariable analysis based on the two-fold Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique was applied to examine how using ASMFR compared to CEB impacts the understanding of factors of fertility change, using the case of Zimbabwe. Trend analysis showed that ASMFR was more effective in reflecting fertility trends and measuring the role of associated factors. The results from multivariable analyses show that a case can be made for the use of adjusted measures in the understanding of factors of fertility transition.
{"title":"On the empirical study of fertility transition: A case for application of age-adjusted measures in multivariable analysis","authors":"Pedzisai Ndagurwa, C. Odimegwu","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v7i2.354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i2.354","url":null,"abstract":"Among studies of factors driving fertility transitions, the cumulative children ever born (CEB) has been treated as the dependent variable in multivariable models. Some of these studies have cited total fertility rates (TFRs) in their rationales for investigating the determinants of fertility transition. However, CEB and TFR (which are computed from age-specific fertility rates) are notably disparate measures of fertility. The aim of this study was to argue that where TFRs are cited as a basis for an investigation of driving factors of fertility transitions, the dependent variable in the multivariable modeling ought to be an adjusted measure of fertility. The study applied trend analysis to examine the extent to which CEB and age-specific marital fertility rates (ASMFR) reflected trajectories of the trends of total marital fertility rates (TMFRs) in Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe. Multivariable analysis based on the two-fold Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique was applied to examine how using ASMFR compared to CEB impacts the understanding of factors of fertility change, using the case of Zimbabwe. Trend analysis showed that ASMFR was more effective in reflecting fertility trends and measuring the role of associated factors. The results from multivariable analyses show that a case can be made for the use of adjusted measures in the understanding of factors of fertility transition.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44749324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Female genital mutilation (FGM) practice is unhygienic and unhealthy traditional practices which have affected girls and women’s health adversely for all-time, and such practice is prevalent in many African countries. This study intended to examine factors associated with the FGM prevalence, attitudes toward the discontinuation of the practice, and consequences of FGM practice on reproductive health in terms of sexual transmitted infections/symptoms (STIs/STSs) among women of reproductive ages in Senegal. To fulfill the study objective on factors associated the prevalence of FGM and attitudes toward the continuation of FGM practice, the 2019 Senegal Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data sets were used based on binary logit and multinomial logit regression models. The results show that rural areas, married women, women of Muslim religion, Poular women, women of lower education and lower wealth, and women who were never exposed to social media reported a higher prevalence rate of FGM and were more likely to support continuation of FGM practice. To fulfill the research goal on consequences of FGM practice on STIs/STSs, the 2010 – 2011 DHS was employed because the 2019 DHS did not collect data on STIs/STSs. FGM practice was associated with lower knowledge about STIs/STSs and higher prevalence of STIs/STSs. Our findings suggest that education promotion, poverty reduction, rural development, and dissemination of the adverse consequences of FGM practice could help reduce FGM practices. These findings could have important implications for achieving the sustainable development goals.
{"title":"Female genital mutilation practice, associated factors, and its consequences on women’s reproductive health in Senegal","authors":"Ramu Rawat, Noli Nivedita Tirkey","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v7i1.292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i1.292","url":null,"abstract":"Female genital mutilation (FGM) practice is unhygienic and unhealthy traditional practices which have affected girls and women’s health adversely for all-time, and such practice is prevalent in many African countries. This study intended to examine factors associated with the FGM prevalence, attitudes toward the discontinuation of the practice, and consequences of FGM practice on reproductive health in terms of sexual transmitted infections/symptoms (STIs/STSs) among women of reproductive ages in Senegal. To fulfill the study objective on factors associated the prevalence of FGM and attitudes toward the continuation of FGM practice, the 2019 Senegal Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data sets were used based on binary logit and multinomial logit regression models. The results show that rural areas, married women, women of Muslim religion, Poular women, women of lower education and lower wealth, and women who were never exposed to social media reported a higher prevalence rate of FGM and were more likely to support continuation of FGM practice. To fulfill the research goal on consequences of FGM practice on STIs/STSs, the 2010 – 2011 DHS was employed because the 2019 DHS did not collect data on STIs/STSs. FGM practice was associated with lower knowledge about STIs/STSs and higher prevalence of STIs/STSs. Our findings suggest that education promotion, poverty reduction, rural development, and dissemination of the adverse consequences of FGM practice could help reduce FGM practices. These findings could have important implications for achieving the sustainable development goals.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42324110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literature on childlessness has received increasing prominence in demographic studies because, with increasing levels of childlessness, it helps the understanding of important demographic concerns, such as reproductive behavior, family formation, and gender relations. Although a growing number of empirical studies on low fertility have been discussing childlessness, less research has attempted to discuss it from a theoretical perspective. This work has, therefore, the objective of debating theoretically important and recurrent issues in the literature on childlessness. This general aim is divided into three specific objectives: First, to discuss a range of contexts, aspects, and theoretical approaches that explain childlessness, second, to document the association between childlessness and important sociodemographic variables, and third, to develop a proposition of general pathways to childlessness. This study shows that several socioeconomic factors together with important correlated theories help to explain increasing childlessness. It also documents how childlessness is especially related to higher levels of education, singlehood, being African descents, living in urban areas, and having no religious affiliation. This work also finds and discusses four general pathways to childlessness in the proposed framework. This study contributes to the development of the theoretical framework on childlessness and encourages further research into this topic.
{"title":"Childlessness: A review of the theoretical frameworks and a proposition of general pathways","authors":"Victor A. Leocádio","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v7i2.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i2.352","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on childlessness has received increasing prominence in demographic studies because, with increasing levels of childlessness, it helps the understanding of important demographic concerns, such as reproductive behavior, family formation, and gender relations. Although a growing number of empirical studies on low fertility have been discussing childlessness, less research has attempted to discuss it from a theoretical perspective. This work has, therefore, the objective of debating theoretically important and recurrent issues in the literature on childlessness. This general aim is divided into three specific objectives: First, to discuss a range of contexts, aspects, and theoretical approaches that explain childlessness, second, to document the association between childlessness and important sociodemographic variables, and third, to develop a proposition of general pathways to childlessness. This study shows that several socioeconomic factors together with important correlated theories help to explain increasing childlessness. It also documents how childlessness is especially related to higher levels of education, singlehood, being African descents, living in urban areas, and having no religious affiliation. This work also finds and discusses four general pathways to childlessness in the proposed framework. This study contributes to the development of the theoretical framework on childlessness and encourages further research into this topic.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41343691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzed data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) supplemented by key indicators from several previous waves of NDHS to identify the sociodemographic profiles of women aged 15 – 24 who were using contraceptive methods and sought an abortion within 5 years before surveys. To augment the abortion analysis, field monitoring data of the Gorkha Safe Abortion (GSA) project were also used. Results from multivariable analyses show that women who ever gave a birth, who were from Province 1, who were economically well-off, and who knew the legal status of abortion, were more likely to practice contraception than their respective counterparts. Results, further, reveal that women practicing traditional methods of family planning were more likely to have an abortion than their counterparts not using any contraception. Women with two or more children ever born were more likely to have an abortion. Women from Karnali Province were most likely to have an abortion. Rich women were most likely to have an abortion than poor women. Regarding safe abortion, it is found that women living in the Tarai area were most likely to have a safe abortion than other geographic areas, due perhaps to family health services being more accessible in the Tarai area. Although the analyses found no relationship between age and abortions, perhaps due to small sample, the GSA project data clearly indicate that women under age 20, and those from Dalit community in particular, were more likely to seek an abortion than women aged 20 – 24. One lesson learned from the GSA project is that the pay-off for increasing access to safe abortion for hard-to-reach populations is high. To understand the complexity of sexual behaviors, contraceptive uses, and abortions among young women, more research using both qualitative and quantitative approaches are needed.
{"title":"Factors associated with contraception and induced abortion among young women in Nepal","authors":"Y. Karki","doi":"10.36922/ijps.v7i1.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v7i1.291","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) supplemented by key indicators from several previous waves of NDHS to identify the sociodemographic profiles of women aged 15 – 24 who were using contraceptive methods and sought an abortion within 5 years before surveys. To augment the abortion analysis, field monitoring data of the Gorkha Safe Abortion (GSA) project were also used. Results from multivariable analyses show that women who ever gave a birth, who were from Province 1, who were economically well-off, and who knew the legal status of abortion, were more likely to practice contraception than their respective counterparts. Results, further, reveal that women practicing traditional methods of family planning were more likely to have an abortion than their counterparts not using any contraception. Women with two or more children ever born were more likely to have an abortion. Women from Karnali Province were most likely to have an abortion. Rich women were most likely to have an abortion than poor women. Regarding safe abortion, it is found that women living in the Tarai area were most likely to have a safe abortion than other geographic areas, due perhaps to family health services being more accessible in the Tarai area. Although the analyses found no relationship between age and abortions, perhaps due to small sample, the GSA project data clearly indicate that women under age 20, and those from Dalit community in particular, were more likely to seek an abortion than women aged 20 – 24. One lesson learned from the GSA project is that the pay-off for increasing access to safe abortion for hard-to-reach populations is high. To understand the complexity of sexual behaviors, contraceptive uses, and abortions among young women, more research using both qualitative and quantitative approaches are needed.","PeriodicalId":73473,"journal":{"name":"International journal of population studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46880170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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