Pub Date : 2013-12-20DOI: 10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.2838
Cheryl L Dunham, M. Kirk
Several induction protocols can direct differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to become neural cells. The B5 and B6 mouse ESC lines display different growth patterns in vitro, and when grown as adherent cultures, the B6 ESCs proliferated at a significantly lower rate than B5 ESCs. Remarkably, after a neural induction protocol that includes removal of LIF and addition of retinoic acid (RA), mature B6 embryoid bodies (EBs) displayed a unique neural rosette-like morphology. On Day 8 of neural induction, B6 EBs revealed mature neuronal markers localized primarily to cells in the center of the EBs and glial markers expressed both in centrally and peripherally located cells. In contrast to B5 cells, when neuralized Day 8 B6 EB cells were dissociated and transplanted into the left striatum of syngeneic C57BL/6 mouse brains, teratomas formed. In addition, teratomas established from undifferentiated B6 cells grew more rapidly and achieved larger volumes when compared to those produced by Day 8, neuralized B6 EBs. The slow growth rate of B6 cells in vitro may have contributed to incomplete neuralization, formation of neural rosette-like structures, and a propensity to form teratomas.
{"title":"Neuralized Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Develop Neural Rosette-Like Structures in Response to Retinoic Acid and Produce Teratomas in the Brains of Syngeneic Mice","authors":"Cheryl L Dunham, M. Kirk","doi":"10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.2838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.2838","url":null,"abstract":"Several induction protocols can direct differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to become neural cells. The B5 and B6 mouse ESC lines display different growth patterns in vitro, and when grown as adherent cultures, the B6 ESCs proliferated at a significantly lower rate than B5 ESCs. Remarkably, after a neural induction protocol that includes removal of LIF and addition of retinoic acid (RA), mature B6 embryoid bodies (EBs) displayed a unique neural rosette-like morphology. On Day 8 of neural induction, B6 EBs revealed mature neuronal markers localized primarily to cells in the center of the EBs and glial markers expressed both in centrally and peripherally located cells. In contrast to B5 cells, when neuralized Day 8 B6 EB cells were dissociated and transplanted into the left striatum of syngeneic C57BL/6 mouse brains, teratomas formed. In addition, teratomas established from undifferentiated B6 cells grew more rapidly and achieved larger volumes when compared to those produced by Day 8, neuralized B6 EBs. The slow growth rate of B6 cells in vitro may have contributed to incomplete neuralization, formation of neural rosette-like structures, and a propensity to form teratomas.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75989549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-20DOI: 10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.1638
S. Maurya, A. K. Kushwaha, Gurdip Singh
Spices are used as food additives since ancient times, as flavouring agents but also as natural food preservatives. Spice essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile substances, ordinarily terpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated derivatives. They have been largely employed for their properties already observed in nature i.e., for their antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal properties. At present, approximately 3000 essential oils are known, 300 of which are commercially important especially for pharmaceutical, agronomic, food, sainitary, cosmetic and perfume industries. It is important to develop a better understanding of their mode of action for new applications in human health, agriculture and environment. Some of them constitute effective alternatives or complements to synthetic compounds of chemical industry.
{"title":"Biological Significance of Spicy Essential Oils","authors":"S. Maurya, A. K. Kushwaha, Gurdip Singh","doi":"10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.1638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.1638","url":null,"abstract":"Spices are used as food additives since ancient times, as flavouring agents but also as natural food preservatives. Spice essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile substances, ordinarily terpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated derivatives. They have been largely employed for their properties already observed in nature i.e., for their antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal properties. At present, approximately 3000 essential oils are known, 300 of which are commercially important especially for pharmaceutical, agronomic, food, sainitary, cosmetic and perfume industries. It is important to develop a better understanding of their mode of action for new applications in human health, agriculture and environment. Some of them constitute effective alternatives or complements to synthetic compounds of chemical industry.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91490513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-20DOI: 10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020120604.2601
S. Dhahir, H. Hussein
A simple, cheap and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of methyl paraben in pure and dosage form has been described. The Method is based on the diazotization of the drug by sodium nitrite in acidic medium at 5Co followed by coupling with ortho-aminobenzoic acid to form orange color the product was stabilized and measured at 442 nm Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 1-9 μg∙ml-1 with molar absorptivity of 1.6x106 L∙mole-1∙cm-1., Sandell’s sensitivity were 0.0095 μg∙cm-1, The detection limit were 0.0065 μg∙ml-1, and The limit of Quantitation were 0.02 μg∙ml-1. All variables including the reagent concentration, reaction time, color stability period, and mole ratio were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. No interferences were observed Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. These methods are successfully employed for the determination of methyl paraben in some oral solution. The developed method is easy to use and accurate for routine studies relative to HPLC and other techniques.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Methyl Paraben in Pure and Pharmaceutical Oral Solution","authors":"S. Dhahir, H. Hussein","doi":"10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020120604.2601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020120604.2601","url":null,"abstract":"A simple, cheap and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of methyl paraben in pure and dosage form has been described. The Method is based on the diazotization of the drug by sodium nitrite in acidic medium at 5Co followed by coupling with ortho-aminobenzoic acid to form orange color the product was stabilized and measured at 442 nm Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 1-9 μg∙ml-1 with molar absorptivity of 1.6x106 L∙mole-1∙cm-1., Sandell’s sensitivity were 0.0095 μg∙cm-1, The detection limit were 0.0065 μg∙ml-1, and The limit of Quantitation were 0.02 μg∙ml-1. All variables including the reagent concentration, reaction time, color stability period, and mole ratio were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. No interferences were observed Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. These methods are successfully employed for the determination of methyl paraben in some oral solution. The developed method is easy to use and accurate for routine studies relative to HPLC and other techniques.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86513320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-20DOI: 10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.2861
W. Lumbi, I. I. Ewa, T. Y. Woma
One of the major problems hindering the development of most developing countries, including Nigeria, is energy. Over the years, Nigeria’s population has continued to increase, nearly doubling in past thirty years. The energy consumption has also been on the increase, even increasing more rapidly than the population. If the trend in electrical energy consumption continues to increase, conventional energy resources used to generate electricity will be depleted; hence, there will be the need for other sources of energy. In this paper we discussed non-conventional source of energy as alternative solution to the energy crisis in Nigeria with emphasis on fission technique for the generation of nuclear energy. The study reveals that nuclear energy looks attractive and merits good consideration and support because of low operating cost particularly at this time of high price of fossil fuel.
{"title":"Nuclear Energy From the Fission Process as an Alternative Source of Energy","authors":"W. Lumbi, I. I. Ewa, T. Y. Woma","doi":"10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.2861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130604.2861","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major problems hindering the development of most developing countries, including Nigeria, is energy. Over the years, Nigeria’s population has continued to increase, nearly doubling in past thirty years. The energy consumption has also been on the increase, even increasing more rapidly than the population. If the trend in electrical energy consumption continues to increase, conventional energy resources used to generate electricity will be depleted; hence, there will be the need for other sources of energy. In this paper we discussed non-conventional source of energy as alternative solution to the energy crisis in Nigeria with emphasis on fission technique for the generation of nuclear energy. The study reveals that nuclear energy looks attractive and merits good consideration and support because of low operating cost particularly at this time of high price of fossil fuel.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75211331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory lung disease among children and adults. Morbidity and mortality rate of asthma is raising at the rate of 10% every year inspite of availability of contemperory modern medicines. Studies show that presently majority of world population are using complementory and altenative medicines for the management of bronchial asthma. Ayurveda (Indian system of medicine) is the most popular and widely used alternative medicine. Extensive and proficient researches in the field of Ayurveda validate its efficay in the mangement of chronic diseases including asthma. The present study was designed to search a safe and effective herbal medicine for the treatment of acute attack of Bronchial Asthma and secondary objective to expand the sphere of Ayurvedic medicine by exploring the new possibilities of drug administration techniques.Hydroethanolic extract of both the polyherbal compounds were given through nebulization and their efficacy was assessed. Results showed that all groups treated with Ayurvedic compounds had significant improvent in PFT (pulmonary function test). Cough, Expectoration and ESR is markedly reduced in group treaed with Bharangyadi Ayurvedic Nebulizer whereas Wheezing, frequency of attack and severity of attack on exposure to allergens was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in group treated with Shirishadi Ayurvedic Nebulizer.
{"title":"Antiasthmatic Effect of Standardized Extract of Ayurvedic Compounds via Nasal Spray Actuation (in Aerosol Form) in Rodents and Its Comparative Clinical Study","authors":"K. Divya, J. Tripathi, J. Samaria, S. Tiwari","doi":"10.3968/3729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/3729","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory lung disease among children and adults. Morbidity and mortality rate of asthma is raising at the rate of 10% every year inspite of availability of contemperory modern medicines. Studies show that presently majority of world population are using complementory and altenative medicines for the management of bronchial asthma. Ayurveda (Indian system of medicine) is the most popular and widely used alternative medicine. Extensive and proficient researches in the field of Ayurveda validate its efficay in the mangement of chronic diseases including asthma. The present study was designed to search a safe and effective herbal medicine for the treatment of acute attack of Bronchial Asthma and secondary objective to expand the sphere of Ayurvedic medicine by exploring the new possibilities of drug administration techniques.Hydroethanolic extract of both the polyherbal compounds were given through nebulization and their efficacy was assessed. Results showed that all groups treated with Ayurvedic compounds had significant improvent in PFT (pulmonary function test). Cough, Expectoration and ESR is markedly reduced in group treaed with Bharangyadi Ayurvedic Nebulizer whereas Wheezing, frequency of attack and severity of attack on exposure to allergens was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in group treated with Shirishadi Ayurvedic Nebulizer.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85688208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this article, Schwarzschild metric is extended to obtain a generalized metric for the gravitational field exterior to time varying spherical distributions of mass. Einstein’s equation for photon moving round a time varying spherical distribution of mass is derived. The second-order differential equation obtained is a modification of the equation of motion in Schwarzschild field. It introduces a unique dependence of the motion of the photon in this field on Newton’s scalar potential exterior to time varying spherical bodies.
{"title":"General Relativistic Equation of Motion for a Photon Moving Round a Time Varying Spherical Distribution of Mass","authors":"W. Lumbi, I. I. Ewa","doi":"10.3968/3731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/3731","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article, Schwarzschild metric is extended to obtain a generalized metric for the gravitational field exterior to time varying spherical distributions of mass. Einstein’s equation for photon moving round a time varying spherical distribution of mass is derived. The second-order differential equation obtained is a modification of the equation of motion in Schwarzschild field. It introduces a unique dependence of the motion of the photon in this field on Newton’s scalar potential exterior to time varying spherical bodies.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87818531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-26DOI: 10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130603.2596
J. Salman, F. D. Almutairi
Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from sunflower seeds husks (SSH) using physiochemical activation (potassium hydroxide treatment and carbon dioxide gasification). The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from (SSH) were found to be activation temperature of 500 oC, activation time of 1.0 h and chemical impregnation ratio of 1:1. The adsorptions of methylene blue (MB) onto sunflower seed husks activated carbon (SSHAC) were studied with respect to initial MB concentration. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir isotherm, the Freundlich isotherm and the Temkin isotherm. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 410 mg/g at 30 oC for MB concentration range of 50-300 mg/L. Desorption-adsorption studies for the spent SSHAC (saturated with MB) using ethanol as solvent showed that regeneration efficiency around 85%. The results indicated that the SSHAC is very effective for the adsorption of MB from aqueous solutions and can be regenerate to use for more than two adsorption cycles.
{"title":"Bath Adsorption Study of Methylene Blue Dye Onto Sunflower Seeds Husks Activated Carbon","authors":"J. Salman, F. D. Almutairi","doi":"10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130603.2596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020130603.2596","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from sunflower seeds husks (SSH) using physiochemical activation (potassium hydroxide treatment and carbon dioxide gasification). The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from (SSH) were found to be activation temperature of 500 oC, activation time of 1.0 h and chemical impregnation ratio of 1:1. The adsorptions of methylene blue (MB) onto sunflower seed husks activated carbon (SSHAC) were studied with respect to initial MB concentration. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir isotherm, the Freundlich isotherm and the Temkin isotherm. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 410 mg/g at 30 oC for MB concentration range of 50-300 mg/L. Desorption-adsorption studies for the spent SSHAC (saturated with MB) using ethanol as solvent showed that regeneration efficiency around 85%. The results indicated that the SSHAC is very effective for the adsorption of MB from aqueous solutions and can be regenerate to use for more than two adsorption cycles.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90020162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Mini review article highlights about the health benefits, chemistry and mechanism of papaya. Fruit and vegetables cannot be equated to that promised by nutritional pills and supplements. Nutrition experts advocate generous intake of fruits for optimum health as these food items are loaded with all the benefits. Especially papaya fruits is goldmine of vitamins C, E, K, minerals and fiber and ideal to consume at least 4-5 servings in a day. Since they are in natural form, account for largest part of water and 100% bad cholesterol free, it’s much easier for the body to process and absorb the vitamins and minerals from the fresh fruit. The chemical action of acyltransferase is studied which is extracted from ripened papaya fruit and then benzyl alcohol is acylated to give benzylacetate.
{"title":"Health Benefits, Chemistry and Mechanism of Carica Papaya a Crowning Glory","authors":"Ateeq Rahman","doi":"10.3968/3732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/3732","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mini review article highlights about the health benefits, chemistry and mechanism of papaya. Fruit and vegetables cannot be equated to that promised by nutritional pills and supplements. Nutrition experts advocate generous intake of fruits for optimum health as these food items are loaded with all the benefits. Especially papaya fruits is goldmine of vitamins C, E, K, minerals and fiber and ideal to consume at least 4-5 servings in a day. Since they are in natural form, account for largest part of water and 100% bad cholesterol free, it’s much easier for the body to process and absorb the vitamins and minerals from the fresh fruit. The chemical action of acyltransferase is studied which is extracted from ripened papaya fruit and then benzyl alcohol is acylated to give benzylacetate.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79597551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Azmat, Z. Khalid, M. Haroon, Khalida Perveen Mehar
Abstract This research investigated the efficacy of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), ultraviolet (UV) solar irradiation and UV in combination with two diprotic acid i-e sulphuric and oxalic acid (UV chromate/carbonate), for decolorizing bromophenol blue (BPB). The results suggested that alone UV and solar exposure was the poor decolorizer of the dye waste water. Up to 10% color removal with alone UV and solar treatment were achieved which indicated that, only solar and UV were not effective for dye removal even though UV was slightly more effective as compared to solar one. The decline reaction rate was observed as a result of increased concentration of dye. Increase in concentration of dichromate showed two peaks at 592 and 515 which showed that bromophenol degraded into two smaller components through complex formation. Addition of sodium carbonate as a catalyst in dye chromate-oxalate system found to be effective in degradation of BPB with reduced time period. The reaction was rapid and almost maximum of the dye converted into CO2. Research outcome suggests that chromate-oxalate system is very effective techniques for reducing color of dye waste water for safety of aquatic environment. Reaction pathway of oxidation of BPB is discussed in the relevant section of the paper.
{"title":"Spectral Analysis of Catalytic Oxidation and Degradation of Bromophenol Blue at Low pH with Potassium Dichromate","authors":"R. Azmat, Z. Khalid, M. Haroon, Khalida Perveen Mehar","doi":"10.3968/3734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/3734","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research investigated the efficacy of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), ultraviolet (UV) solar irradiation and UV in combination with two diprotic acid i-e sulphuric and oxalic acid (UV chromate/carbonate), for decolorizing bromophenol blue (BPB). The results suggested that alone UV and solar exposure was the poor decolorizer of the dye waste water. Up to 10% color removal with alone UV and solar treatment were achieved which indicated that, only solar and UV were not effective for dye removal even though UV was slightly more effective as compared to solar one. The decline reaction rate was observed as a result of increased concentration of dye. Increase in concentration of dichromate showed two peaks at 592 and 515 which showed that bromophenol degraded into two smaller components through complex formation. Addition of sodium carbonate as a catalyst in dye chromate-oxalate system found to be effective in degradation of BPB with reduced time period. The reaction was rapid and almost maximum of the dye converted into CO2. Research outcome suggests that chromate-oxalate system is very effective techniques for reducing color of dye waste water for safety of aquatic environment. Reaction pathway of oxidation of BPB is discussed in the relevant section of the paper.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79862537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-26DOI: 10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020120602.2017
N. Akaagerger, F. O. Ujah, E. H. Aligba
The study investigated the level of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in Benue State University, Makurdi. Since the greatest source of UV radiation reaching the earth surface is from the sun, we have investigated in detail the solar UV intensity in Benue State University. This was done through measurement of UV indices with the use of a broad band UV checker which infers the intensity of UV radiation. Typical values of ultraviolet indices between 7 and 13 were observed during clear sky hours in the solar noon hours of the day, meaning the UV radiation intensity was high. However,it was observed to be low/moderate between UVI of 1 and 6 when overcast occurred in the sky. But the intensities of UV radiation were observed to be constantly low/moderate from 6:00am-10:00am and 4:00pm-5:00pm times of the day.
{"title":"Investigation of Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) in Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State","authors":"N. Akaagerger, F. O. Ujah, E. H. Aligba","doi":"10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020120602.2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3968/J.ANS.1715787020120602.2017","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigated the level of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in Benue State University, Makurdi. Since the greatest source of UV radiation reaching the earth surface is from the sun, we have investigated in detail the solar UV intensity in Benue State University. This was done through measurement of UV indices with the use of a broad band UV checker which infers the intensity of UV radiation. Typical values of ultraviolet indices between 7 and 13 were observed during clear sky hours in the solar noon hours of the day, meaning the UV radiation intensity was high. However,it was observed to be low/moderate between UVI of 1 and 6 when overcast occurred in the sky. But the intensities of UV radiation were observed to be constantly low/moderate from 6:00am-10:00am and 4:00pm-5:00pm times of the day.","PeriodicalId":7348,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Natural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78669304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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