The introduction of antiretroviral drug has considerably reformed the course of HIV/AIDS from life threatening epidemic to a chronic manageable health problem. Mortality and morbidity associated with HIV/AIDS are changing. The main aim of this study was to assess the potential determinant of death among people infected with HIV and initiated anti-retroviral therapy (ART). A general retrospective cohort method was used on 2655 people undertaking ART at Mizan Hospital from 7 January, 2005 to 8 May, 2013 in Southern Ethiopia. The three age groups: Pediatrics (age under 10 years), teens (age between 11 and 19 years), and elderly (age older than 20 years) was used to stratify the cohort. The usual clinical follow-up registry of the ART clinic was the main data for the study. Kaplan-Meier (KM) method was used to compare the survival experience of patients after initiation of ART. Cox proportional regression model was used to assess determinant of mortality. A total of 2655 patients, consisting of 6.3% pediatrics, 3.3% teenagers and 90.4% elderly were included in the study. The survival probability at the sixth month after initiation of the treatment was 96, 94, 96 and 96% for pediatrics, teenagers and adults, respectively. A low initial CD4 (P=0.001), advanced WHO clinical disease stage (P=0.01), receiving ISONIAZID preventive prophylaxis (P=0.02), tuberculosis coinfection (P < 0.001) and being bedridden (P < 0.002) was an independent determinant of death. The cumulative incidence of mortality rate for HIV patients has been low in this study hence early initiation of the treatment is highly recommended. Key words: Anti-retroviral therapy, mortality, South Ethiopia.
{"title":"Determinant of mortality in HIV infected people on antiretroviral therapy in Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Bedilu Girma Weji","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0431","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of antiretroviral drug has considerably reformed the course of HIV/AIDS from life threatening epidemic to a chronic manageable health problem. Mortality and morbidity associated with HIV/AIDS are changing. The main aim of this study was to assess the potential determinant of death among people infected with HIV and initiated anti-retroviral therapy (ART). A general retrospective cohort method was used on 2655 people undertaking ART at Mizan Hospital from 7 January, 2005 to 8 May, 2013 in Southern Ethiopia. The three age groups: Pediatrics (age under 10 years), teens (age between 11 and 19 years), and elderly (age older than 20 years) was used to stratify the cohort. The usual clinical follow-up registry of the ART clinic was the main data for the study. Kaplan-Meier (KM) method was used to compare the survival experience of patients after initiation of ART. Cox proportional regression model was used to assess determinant of mortality. A total of 2655 patients, consisting of 6.3% pediatrics, 3.3% teenagers and 90.4% elderly were included in the study. The survival probability at the sixth month after initiation of the treatment was 96, 94, 96 and 96% for pediatrics, teenagers and adults, respectively. A low initial CD4 (P=0.001), advanced WHO clinical disease stage (P=0.01), receiving ISONIAZID preventive prophylaxis (P=0.02), tuberculosis coinfection (P < 0.001) and being bedridden (P < 0.002) was an independent determinant of death. The cumulative incidence of mortality rate for HIV patients has been low in this study hence early initiation of the treatment is highly recommended. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Anti-retroviral therapy, mortality, South Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"187-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2017.0431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45506444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tarryn Stevens, S. Schwartz, A. Mupawose, S. Moonsamy, V. Black
This study investigates the possible effects of in-utero antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure on early language development in HIV exposed uninfected infants. 27 mother-infant pairs consented to the study. Early language development was assessed using the Rossetti Infant Toddler Language Scale. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the caregiver and infant characteristics, as well as the language and communication abilities of infants exposed to in-utero ART. T-test statistics compared the early linguistic development of infants conceived while taking efavirenz and infants that were conceived on a nevirapine or protease-inhibitor (PI lopinavir/ritonavir) containing regimen. Similarly, t-tests or ANOVA statistics assessed maternal and infant characteristics associated with total language development. Results obtained in the study revealed no significant differences between the overall language abilities of infants exposed to regimen containing nevirapine or a PI versus regimen that contained efavirenz. The comparison of mean total Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language scores by infant age and maternal and infant characteristics revealed no significant association between variables except for hospitalization. Results obtained suggest that overall language development may not be significantly affected by in utero ART exposure however, further research is warranted to assess whether these infants are at an increased risk of late language emergence. Key words: HIV, in-utero antiretroviral therapy exposure, early language development, Rossetti Infant Toddler Language Scale, HIV, HIV exposed uninfected children.
{"title":"The effects of in utero exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the language abilities of HIV exposed uninfected infants","authors":"Tarryn Stevens, S. Schwartz, A. Mupawose, S. Moonsamy, V. Black","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0428","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the possible effects of in-utero antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure on early language development in HIV exposed uninfected infants. 27 mother-infant pairs consented to the study. Early language development was assessed using the Rossetti Infant Toddler Language Scale. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the caregiver and infant characteristics, as well as the language and communication abilities of infants exposed to in-utero ART. T-test statistics compared the early linguistic development of infants conceived while taking efavirenz and infants that were conceived on a nevirapine or protease-inhibitor (PI lopinavir/ritonavir) containing regimen. Similarly, t-tests or ANOVA statistics assessed maternal and infant characteristics associated with total language development. Results obtained in the study revealed no significant differences between the overall language abilities of infants exposed to regimen containing nevirapine or a PI versus regimen that contained efavirenz. The comparison of mean total Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language scores by infant age and maternal and infant characteristics revealed no significant association between variables except for hospitalization. Results obtained suggest that overall language development may not be significantly affected by in utero ART exposure however, further research is warranted to assess whether these infants are at an increased risk of late language emergence. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: HIV, in-utero antiretroviral therapy exposure, early language development, Rossetti Infant Toddler Language Scale, HIV, HIV exposed uninfected children.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"164-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2017.0428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49026173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Onifade, A. Ojerinde, G. J. Emeka, Agbedana, W. Oluogun
Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection exhibit a generalized, non-HIV-specific polyclonal B-cell activation resulting in hypergammaglobulinemia of all immunoglobulin isotypes as well as increased production of HIV-specific IgG and IgM. These immunoglobulins have the potential to be used as markers for monitoring the progression of HIV infection. With the inherent challenges of cost and convenience in the use of the conventional markers for HIV monitoring, that is, viral load and CD4+ count, there is the need to investigate the possible prognostic role of the above mentioned immunoglobulins in the management of HIV patients in Nigeria. The IgG, IgA and IgM profile as well as the CD4+ T cell count of forty HIV seropositive subjects was assayed before and after 3 months follow-up in a case series descriptive study. The Igs were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while CD4 count was done using flow cytometry. In the determination of concentration/value changes of parameters at baseline and follow up in HIV progression, only IgM, waist and hip circumference showed significant differences (p < 0.05) within the period under study. While in the determination of the effect of therapy on the subjects, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed only in the values of CD4 count and BMI. While statistically significantly inverse relationship was observed between the CD4 counts and IgM concentrations, the values of IgG and IgA were inverse but not significant in relation to CD4 count. This study concluded that immunoglobulins (G, A and M) are not reliable in monitoring short term response to therapy unlike CD4 count although IgM has good diagnostic value like CD4 at baseline. Key words: HIV/AIDS, CD4+ count, viral load, antiretroviral, immunoglobulins.
{"title":"The role of IgG, IgA and IgM as immunological markers of HIV/AIDS progression","authors":"A. Onifade, A. Ojerinde, G. J. Emeka, Agbedana, W. Oluogun","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0421","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection exhibit a generalized, non-HIV-specific polyclonal B-cell activation resulting in hypergammaglobulinemia of all immunoglobulin isotypes as well as increased production of HIV-specific IgG and IgM. These immunoglobulins have the potential to be used as markers for monitoring the progression of HIV infection. With the inherent challenges of cost and convenience in the use of the conventional markers for HIV monitoring, that is, viral load and CD4+ count, there is the need to investigate the possible prognostic role of the above mentioned immunoglobulins in the management of HIV patients in Nigeria. The IgG, IgA and IgM profile as well as the CD4+ T cell count of forty HIV seropositive subjects was assayed before and after 3 months follow-up in a case series descriptive study. The Igs were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while CD4 count was done using flow cytometry. In the determination of concentration/value changes of parameters at baseline and follow up in HIV progression, only IgM, waist and hip circumference showed significant differences (p < 0.05) within the period under study. While in the determination of the effect of therapy on the subjects, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed only in the values of CD4 count and BMI. While statistically significantly inverse relationship was observed between the CD4 counts and IgM concentrations, the values of IgG and IgA were inverse but not significant in relation to CD4 count. This study concluded that immunoglobulins (G, A and M) are not reliable in monitoring short term response to therapy unlike CD4 count although IgM has good diagnostic value like CD4 at baseline. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: HIV/AIDS, CD4+ count, viral load, antiretroviral, immunoglobulins.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"152-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2017.0421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42715612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-01Epub Date: 2017-07-31DOI: 10.5897/JAHR2017.0432
David H Adler, Beau Abar, Thola Bennie, Rokhsanna Sadeghi, Linda-Gail Bekker
Women of reproductive age account for nearly half of all HIV-infected people worldwide. Childbearing intention among HIV-infected women is complicated by social and reproductive concerns related to their HIV status. We conducted a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected sexually active South African women aged 17 to 21 in order to compare their childbearing intentions and to identify predictors of the desire to have children among women with HIV. We found the rate of childbearing intention to be similarly high among both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected study participants (80 and 79% respectively, p=0.81). History of previous parity was found to be associated with decreased intention to have children. No difference in childbearing intention was found between HIV-infected women on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and women not on ART. High rates of childbearing intention among HIV-infected women require integration of reproductive health services with comprehensive HIV/AIDS care in order to mitigate the risks of sexual and vertical transmission of HIV.
{"title":"Childbearing intentions among sexually active HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected female adolescents in South Africa.","authors":"David H Adler, Beau Abar, Thola Bennie, Rokhsanna Sadeghi, Linda-Gail Bekker","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Women of reproductive age account for nearly half of all HIV-infected people worldwide. Childbearing intention among HIV-infected women is complicated by social and reproductive concerns related to their HIV status. We conducted a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected sexually active South African women aged 17 to 21 in order to compare their childbearing intentions and to identify predictors of the desire to have children among women with HIV. We found the rate of childbearing intention to be similarly high among both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected study participants (80 and 79% respectively, p=0.81). History of previous parity was found to be associated with decreased intention to have children. No difference in childbearing intention was found between HIV-infected women on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and women not on ART. High rates of childbearing intention among HIV-infected women require integration of reproductive health services with comprehensive HIV/AIDS care in order to mitigate the risks of sexual and vertical transmission of HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 7","pages":"159-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2017.0432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35624394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. C. Umunnakwe, B. Grand, Moahi Kgomotso, C. U. Gertrude.
The need for an appropriate evaluation model with respect to workplace HIV/AIDS information, education and communication (IEC) programme implementation necessitated this study. The study adopted the documentary research method. The documents review relied to a large extent on documents from the ILO, the Botswana governments’ National Strategic Framework on HIV/AIDS and the Botswana Revised National policy on HIV and AIDS. Besides, the study also consulted other empirical literatures from electronic databases. These covered books, academic journals, official publications, websites of government and international HIV and AIDS organisations. In all, a total of 47 documents were reviewed. The criteria for the selection of the documents were being focused on HIV/AIDS policies, workplace HIV/AIDS information, education and communication programmes as well as theoretical frameworks. The key components of the input evaluation model (HIVADIEF Model) are programme intervention, resources, institutional support mechanisms and target groups. Each component had its measuring attributes. The study recommended HIVADIEF input evaluation model for researchers in the field of workplace HIV/AIDS information, education and communication programme evaluation in Botswana and elsewhere with a view to further developing and improving the input evaluation model for hospitality facilities. Key words: Information, education and communication, workplace, theoretical framework, inputs evaluation, HIV/AIDS, Botswana.
{"title":"Towards a model for inputs evaluation for workplace HIV/AIDS IEC programme based on process evaluation theoretical framework","authors":"A. C. Umunnakwe, B. Grand, Moahi Kgomotso, C. U. Gertrude.","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0393","url":null,"abstract":"The need for an appropriate evaluation model with respect to workplace HIV/AIDS information, education and communication (IEC) programme implementation necessitated this study. The study adopted the documentary research method. The documents review relied to a large extent on documents from the ILO, the Botswana governments’ National Strategic Framework on HIV/AIDS and the Botswana Revised National policy on HIV and AIDS. Besides, the study also consulted other empirical literatures from electronic databases. These covered books, academic journals, official publications, websites of government and international HIV and AIDS organisations. In all, a total of 47 documents were reviewed. The criteria for the selection of the documents were being focused on HIV/AIDS policies, workplace HIV/AIDS information, education and communication programmes as well as theoretical frameworks. The key components of the input evaluation model (HIVADIEF Model) are programme intervention, resources, institutional support mechanisms and target groups. Each component had its measuring attributes. The study recommended HIVADIEF input evaluation model for researchers in the field of workplace HIV/AIDS information, education and communication programme evaluation in Botswana and elsewhere with a view to further developing and improving the input evaluation model for hospitality facilities. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Information, education and communication, workplace, theoretical framework, inputs evaluation, HIV/AIDS, Botswana.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2016.0393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47630613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. N. Marceline, Ambassa Axel Cyriaque, Guiateu Tamo Ida Marlene, M. F. Paul
Co-infection with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) has become an important factor of co-morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection and its effect on the disease progression in people living with HIV/AIDS identified in Yaounde Central Hospital. Blood samples from 75 HIV positive patients were collected in Yaounde Central Hospital from November 2015 to February 2016, for the determination of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) using immunoassays. Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T-cells count and biochemical markers of liver function were also collected and analyzed. The socio-demographic data were also collected. The effect sizes were confirmed using G*Power version 3.1.9.2 software. The data were entered and analyzed using the SPSS Version 22.1 software. The statistical tests performed were x2, and Pearson correlation, with significant difference at the threshold p ≤ 0.05. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was identified in 12 patients out of 75 HIV-positive patients, for a HIV/HBV co-infection prevalence of 16%. The co-infection rate was higher in women 9 (12%) than in men 3 (4%). Among HIV infected patients, a negative and significant correlation was observed between CD4 count and ALT activity, and between the concentration of conjugated bilirubin and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) p≤ 0.05. The prevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection is higher among HIV positive patients in the Yaounde Central Hospital. HIV associated with HBV plays a role in the disease progression. Consequently, it is important that a national management programme is in place in the country to monitor the incidence and morbidity rates of these affections. Key words: Co-infection, seroprevalence, hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T-cells, liver enzymes, disease progression.
HIV和乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)合并感染已成为并发发病和死亡的重要因素。本研究的目的是确定在雅温得中心医院确诊的HIV/AIDS患者中HIV/HBV合并感染的血清患病率及其对疾病进展的影响。2015年11月至2016年2月，在雅温得中心医院采集了75例HIV阳性患者的血液样本，采用免疫分析法检测乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)。收集并分析各组患者CD4 t细胞计数及肝功能生化指标。还收集了社会人口统计数据。使用G*Power version 3.1.9.2软件确认效应量。使用SPSS Version 22.1软件录入数据并进行分析。统计学检验为x2, Pearson相关，在阈值p≤0.05时差异有统计学意义。在75名艾滋病毒阳性患者中，有12名患者发现乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)，艾滋病毒/乙型肝炎病毒合并感染患病率为16%。合并感染率女性9(12%)高于男性3(4%)。在HIV感染者中，CD4计数与ALT活性、结合胆红素浓度与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性呈显著负相关，p≤0.05。在雅温得中心医院，艾滋病毒阳性患者中艾滋病毒/乙型肝炎病毒合并感染的流行率较高。与HBV相关的HIV在疾病进展中起作用。因此，重要的是在该国制定一项国家管理方案，以监测这些疾病的发病率和发病率。关键词:合并感染，血清阳性率，乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)，人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)， CD4 t细胞簇，肝酶，疾病进展
{"title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus (HIV/HBV) co-infection in people living with HIV/AIDs identified in Yaound Central Hospital, Cameroon: Seroprevalence and impact on the disease progression","authors":"D. N. Marceline, Ambassa Axel Cyriaque, Guiateu Tamo Ida Marlene, M. F. Paul","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0422","url":null,"abstract":"Co-infection with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) has become an important factor of co-morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection and its effect on the disease progression in people living with HIV/AIDS identified in Yaounde Central Hospital. Blood samples from 75 HIV positive patients were collected in Yaounde Central Hospital from November 2015 to February 2016, for the determination of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) using immunoassays. Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T-cells count and biochemical markers of liver function were also collected and analyzed. The socio-demographic data were also collected. The effect sizes were confirmed using G*Power version 3.1.9.2 software. The data were entered and analyzed using the SPSS Version 22.1 software. The statistical tests performed were x2, and Pearson correlation, with significant difference at the threshold p ≤ 0.05. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was identified in 12 patients out of 75 HIV-positive patients, for a HIV/HBV co-infection prevalence of 16%. The co-infection rate was higher in women 9 (12%) than in men 3 (4%). Among HIV infected patients, a negative and significant correlation was observed between CD4 count and ALT activity, and between the concentration of conjugated bilirubin and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) p≤ 0.05. The prevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection is higher among HIV positive patients in the Yaounde Central Hospital. HIV associated with HBV plays a role in the disease progression. Consequently, it is important that a national management programme is in place in the country to monitor the incidence and morbidity rates of these affections. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Co-infection, seroprevalence, hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T-cells, liver enzymes, disease progression.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"26 34","pages":"123-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2017.0422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41291649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Shodimu, O. Yusuf, J. Akinyemi, A. Fagbamigbe, E. Bamgboye, E. Ngige, K. Issa, Emmanuel Abatta, Onoride Ezire, Perpertual Amida, A. Bashorun
Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndromes (HIV/AIDS)-related stigmatization and discrimination have been acknowledged as an impediment to mitigating the HIV epidemic and little is known about its contributory factors in Nigeria. Therefore, this study investigated factors associated with HIV/AIDS perceived stigmatization and discrimination among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. This was a retrospective analysis of data on 15,639 women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) collected during the National HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey (NARHS Plus II) conducted in 2012. Perceived stigma was measured using specific questions and scored as follows: less or equal to 3 points (low stigma), 4 to 6 points (moderate stigma) and greater than or equal to 7 points (high stigma). Data were summarized using descriptive statistics while chi square test was used to assess significance of association of qualitative variables and level of stigma. A multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to determine variables associated with stigma at 5% level of significance. The mean age of women was 29 ± 9.54 years. About 44, 21 and 35% reported low, moderate and high stigma, respectively. Level of education and HIV knowledge were significantly associated with perceived stigmatization (p<0.001). Respondents with poor HIV knowledge were three times more likely to report high level of stigma (odd ratio (OR) = 3.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.54 - 4.49, p< 0.001). In addition, respondents with primary education were 4 times more likely to report high stigma when compared with those that have higher education (OR = 3.80, 95% CI = 2.36-6.13, p <0.001). Perceived HIV/AIDS-related stigmatization was common among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Low education level, condom and antiretroviral drug awareness were significantly related to perceived stigmatization among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Key words: Perceived stigmatization and discrimination, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndromes (HIV/AIDS), women of reproductive age.
人类免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病毒/艾滋病）相关的污名化和歧视已被公认为减缓艾滋病毒流行的障碍，而尼日利亚对其促成因素知之甚少。因此，本研究调查了尼日利亚育龄妇女中与艾滋病毒/艾滋病相关的污名化和歧视因素。这是对2012年进行的全国艾滋病毒/艾滋病和生殖健康调查（NARHS Plus II）期间收集的15639名育龄妇女（15至49岁）数据的回顾性分析。感知耻辱感使用特定问题进行测量，得分如下：小于或等于3分（低耻辱感）、4至6分（中等耻辱感）和大于或等于7分（高耻辱感）。数据使用描述性统计进行汇总，卡方检验用于评估定性变量和污名程度之间的相关性的显著性。拟合多项式逻辑回归模型，以确定与柱头相关的变量的显著性水平为5%。女性平均年龄为29±9.54岁。分别约有44%、21%和35%的人报告了低、中等和高污名。教育水平和HIV知识与感知到的污名化显著相关（p＜0.001）。HIV知识差的受访者报告高污名化程度的可能性是其他人的三倍（奇数比（OR）＝3.38，95%置信区间（CI）＝2.54-4.49，p＜0.001。此外，与受过高等教育的受访者相比，受过初等教育的受访者报告高度污名化的可能性高出4倍（OR=3.80，95%CI=2.36-6.13，p<0.001）。在尼日利亚育龄妇女中，与艾滋病毒/艾滋病相关的污名化很常见。教育水平低、对避孕套和抗逆转录病毒药物的认识与尼日利亚育龄妇女的耻辱感有很大关系。关键词：感知到的污名化和歧视，人体免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病毒/艾滋病），育龄妇女。
{"title":"Determinants of perceived stigmatizing and discriminating attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS among women of reproductive age in Nigeria","authors":"M. A. Shodimu, O. Yusuf, J. Akinyemi, A. Fagbamigbe, E. Bamgboye, E. Ngige, K. Issa, Emmanuel Abatta, Onoride Ezire, Perpertual Amida, A. Bashorun","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0391","url":null,"abstract":"Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndromes (HIV/AIDS)-related stigmatization and discrimination have been acknowledged as an impediment to mitigating the HIV epidemic and little is known about its contributory factors in Nigeria. Therefore, this study investigated factors associated with HIV/AIDS perceived stigmatization and discrimination among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. This was a retrospective analysis of data on 15,639 women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) collected during the National HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey (NARHS Plus II) conducted in 2012. Perceived stigma was measured using specific questions and scored as follows: less or equal to 3 points (low stigma), 4 to 6 points (moderate stigma) and greater than or equal to 7 points (high stigma). Data were summarized using descriptive statistics while chi square test was used to assess significance of association of qualitative variables and level of stigma. A multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to determine variables associated with stigma at 5% level of significance. The mean age of women was 29 ± 9.54 years. About 44, 21 and 35% reported low, moderate and high stigma, respectively. Level of education and HIV knowledge were significantly associated with perceived stigmatization (p<0.001). Respondents with poor HIV knowledge were three times more likely to report high level of stigma (odd ratio (OR) = 3.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.54 - 4.49, p< 0.001). In addition, respondents with primary education were 4 times more likely to report high stigma when compared with those that have higher education (OR = 3.80, 95% CI = 2.36-6.13, p <0.001). Perceived HIV/AIDS-related stigmatization was common among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Low education level, condom and antiretroviral drug awareness were significantly related to perceived stigmatization among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Perceived stigmatization and discrimination, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndromes (HIV/AIDS), women of reproductive age.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"139-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2016.0391","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47935195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Dapiap, B. Adelekan, N. Ndembi, Fati Murtala-Ibrahim, P. Dakum, A. Aliyu
Antiretroviral (ART) regimen switch is a common occurrence in resource-limited settings where patients present late for care or with an AIDS-defining event. ART regimen switch can be attributed to several factors emanating from either the individual, program or facility level. This retrospective study was carried out in a resource-limited comprehensive facility in North-central Nigeria. Treatment records of 4,206 Adult HIV/AIDS patients initiated on first line ART regimen from 2006 to 2013 were extracted and examined for switch to second line ART regimen for the purpose of this study after ethical clearance had been sought. Absolute CD4 count, World Health Organisation (WHO) clinical stage and viral load results at treatment initiation, point of switch to second line and at the end of 2014 (end-point for the study) were obtained. About 75% of the 4,206 patients initiated on first line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were retained in care and were still on first line HAART at the end of 2014 with a significant difference in median CD4 count, BMI, WHO clinical staging and viral load at baseline compared to the end of the study period. Out of the 4,206 adults patients initiated on first line HAART, 71 were later switched to second line regimen due to either first-line immunological or virological failures although only 57 patients without traces of co-infection were included in this study. At end-point, a very high (87.7%) WHO defined immunological response was achieved. The study revealed that although immunologic and virologic response in patients before ART regimen switch was low, it improved tremendously after switch to second line regimen in all patients including those with available viral load results. The study results showed a 96.5% retention rate of patients switched to second line HAART and a correlation between virological suppression and immunological response. Key words: Immunological assessment, virologic response, HIV diagnosis, first line regimen, second line regimen.
{"title":"Immunological and clinical assessment of adult HIV patients following switch to second-line antiretroviral regimen in a large HIV Program in North-central Nigeria","authors":"S. Dapiap, B. Adelekan, N. Ndembi, Fati Murtala-Ibrahim, P. Dakum, A. Aliyu","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0416","url":null,"abstract":"Antiretroviral (ART) regimen switch is a common occurrence in resource-limited settings where patients present late for care or with an AIDS-defining event. ART regimen switch can be attributed to several factors emanating from either the individual, program or facility level. This retrospective study was carried out in a resource-limited comprehensive facility in North-central Nigeria. Treatment records of 4,206 Adult HIV/AIDS patients initiated on first line ART regimen from 2006 to 2013 were extracted and examined for switch to second line ART regimen for the purpose of this study after ethical clearance had been sought. Absolute CD4 count, World Health Organisation (WHO) clinical stage and viral load results at treatment initiation, point of switch to second line and at the end of 2014 (end-point for the study) were obtained. About 75% of the 4,206 patients initiated on first line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were retained in care and were still on first line HAART at the end of 2014 with a significant difference in median CD4 count, BMI, WHO clinical staging and viral load at baseline compared to the end of the study period. Out of the 4,206 adults patients initiated on first line HAART, 71 were later switched to second line regimen due to either first-line immunological or virological failures although only 57 patients without traces of co-infection were included in this study. At end-point, a very high (87.7%) WHO defined immunological response was achieved. The study revealed that although immunologic and virologic response in patients before ART regimen switch was low, it improved tremendously after switch to second line regimen in all patients including those with available viral load results. The study results showed a 96.5% retention rate of patients switched to second line HAART and a correlation between virological suppression and immunological response. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Immunological assessment, virologic response, HIV diagnosis, first line regimen, second line regimen.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"106-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2017.0416","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47260688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annamercy Makoni, N. Gombe, T. Juru, M. Mungati, D. Bangure, Gerald Shambira, M. Chemhuru, M. Tshimanga
HIV testing and counseling (HTC) indicators are captured for programming, decision making and program monitoring and evaluation. A preliminary review of Midlands province HTC data showed that a small proportion of men and children were being tested for HIV. The secondary HTC data to determine trends to inform programming was therefore analyzed. A descriptive study using secondary HTC data was carried out. Microsoft Excel was used to come up with Chi square for trends analysis and p-values were generated using Epi info 7. There were 623,174 clients in the HTC dataset from 2010 to 2014. There was a significant increase in HTC coverages from 4% (n=59 512) in 2010 to 21% (n=382 559) in 2014 (X2= 898 517; p<0.01). All districts recorded the highest HTC coverages in 2014, Gokwe having the lowest coverage of 14% (n=4 778). HTC positivity rates declined from 29% in 2010 to 7% in 2014 (X2= 32 551; p<0.01). There was a significant increase in HTC coverages across all age groups, sexes and districts. Positivity rates were significantly higher among males than females. Low HTC coverages and high positivity rates among men indicate the urgent need for routine HTC educational campaigns and behavior change communication programs for men. Key words: Human immunodeficiency virus testing and counseling, secondary dataset analysis, Zimbabwe.
{"title":"Human immunodeficiency virus testing and counseling trends analysis, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe: A secondary data analysis","authors":"Annamercy Makoni, N. Gombe, T. Juru, M. Mungati, D. Bangure, Gerald Shambira, M. Chemhuru, M. Tshimanga","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0418","url":null,"abstract":"HIV testing and counseling (HTC) indicators are captured for programming, decision making and program monitoring and evaluation. A preliminary review of Midlands province HTC data showed that a small proportion of men and children were being tested for HIV. The secondary HTC data to determine trends to inform programming was therefore analyzed. A descriptive study using secondary HTC data was carried out. Microsoft Excel was used to come up with Chi square for trends analysis and p-values were generated using Epi info 7. There were 623,174 clients in the HTC dataset from 2010 to 2014. There was a significant increase in HTC coverages from 4% (n=59 512) in 2010 to 21% (n=382 559) in 2014 (X2= 898 517; p<0.01). All districts recorded the highest HTC coverages in 2014, Gokwe having the lowest coverage of 14% (n=4 778). HTC positivity rates declined from 29% in 2010 to 7% in 2014 (X2= 32 551; p<0.01). There was a significant increase in HTC coverages across all age groups, sexes and districts. Positivity rates were significantly higher among males than females. Low HTC coverages and high positivity rates among men indicate the urgent need for routine HTC educational campaigns and behavior change communication programs for men. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Human immunodeficiency virus testing and counseling, secondary dataset analysis, Zimbabwe.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"117-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2017.0418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44585137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Abdu, G. Teshome, Dereje M. Melese, A. Girma, K. Daniel, A. Agizie
Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV is essential and critical way for prevention, care and treatment of HIV. It allows early detection of illness, reducing transmission, morbidity and mortality from it. But youth knowledge and attitude towards HIV testing services is not universal. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and factors associated with VCT for HIV among University Students in Ethiopia. Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among University students in Ethiopia using pretested, structured self-administered questionnaire. Single proportion formula was used to calculate the sample size (361). Multistage sampling with stratified sampling technique was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 with chi square test, bi-variate and multivariate analysis via OR, AOR, p-value and confidence interval. Binary logistic regression was used. Out of 361 sample 93.6% of them responded, with 178 (52.7%) male and most are below 25 years. Majority were single, orthodox in religion, and from urban residence. 86% of them have heard of voluntary testing for HIV and know that having early test will prevent future spread of HIV. Based on the scoring 66% are knowledgeable about VCT. Almost 60% of participants were willing to undergo the test and 80% advices their friends to have test. Also 40.5% had good attitude toward test for HIV and 65.7 and 29.6% were ever tested and tested in the previous year respectively. Fear of HIV test results, stigma, and service related factors were major barriers for testing. Being male (AOR=1.607, CI: (1.01-2.57) p value= 0.047) and first year (AOR= 3.25, 1.33 – 8.83) were significantly had lower odds of being knowledgeable than females and seniors respectively. Those who were not knowledgeable have two times odd of poor attitude (AOR=1.901(1.20-3.02) P=0.006)). Students from urban (AOR=2.088, CI: (1.273- 3.425) P=0.004), unseparated family (AOR=2.24CI: (1.02-4.92) P=0.045) and with poor attitude (AOR= 1.76 CI: (1.08-2.89) p=0.024) were more likely not to have test than counterparts. Knowledge and attitude towards HIV testing is not satisfactory. Freshman students are the target for behavioral interventions. Improving awareness and attitude of students through peer to peer discussion and other packages is crucial to increase the practice and ultimately combat HIV in higher institutions. Key words: Attitude, HIV/AIDS, Knowledge, University, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), associated factors.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors of voluntary counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS among Wolkite university students in Ethiopia","authors":"A. Abdu, G. Teshome, Dereje M. Melese, A. Girma, K. Daniel, A. Agizie","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2015.0362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2015.0362","url":null,"abstract":"Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV is essential and critical way for prevention, care and treatment of HIV. It allows early detection of illness, reducing transmission, morbidity and mortality from it. But youth knowledge and attitude towards HIV testing services is not universal. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, practice and factors associated with VCT for HIV among University Students in Ethiopia. Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among University students in Ethiopia using pretested, structured self-administered questionnaire. Single proportion formula was used to calculate the sample size (361). Multistage sampling with stratified sampling technique was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 with chi square test, bi-variate and multivariate analysis via OR, AOR, p-value and confidence interval. Binary logistic regression was used. Out of 361 sample 93.6% of them responded, with 178 (52.7%) male and most are below 25 years. Majority were single, orthodox in religion, and from urban residence. 86% of them have heard of voluntary testing for HIV and know that having early test will prevent future spread of HIV. Based on the scoring 66% are knowledgeable about VCT. Almost 60% of participants were willing to undergo the test and 80% advices their friends to have test. Also 40.5% had good attitude toward test for HIV and 65.7 and 29.6% were ever tested and tested in the previous year respectively. Fear of HIV test results, stigma, and service related factors were major barriers for testing. Being male (AOR=1.607, CI: (1.01-2.57) p value= 0.047) and first year (AOR= 3.25, 1.33 – 8.83) were significantly had lower odds of being knowledgeable than females and seniors respectively. Those who were not knowledgeable have two times odd of poor attitude (AOR=1.901(1.20-3.02) P=0.006)). Students from urban (AOR=2.088, CI: (1.273- 3.425) P=0.004), unseparated family (AOR=2.24CI: (1.02-4.92) P=0.045) and with poor attitude (AOR= 1.76 CI: (1.08-2.89) p=0.024) were more likely not to have test than counterparts. Knowledge and attitude towards HIV testing is not satisfactory. Freshman students are the target for behavioral interventions. Improving awareness and attitude of students through peer to peer discussion and other packages is crucial to increase the practice and ultimately combat HIV in higher institutions. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Attitude, HIV/AIDS, Knowledge, University, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), associated factors.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"98-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2015.0362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45109903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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