Worldwide Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency syndromes (HIV/AIDS) have created an enormous challenge on the survival of infected patients. Identifying baseline factors that predict morbidity could allow their possible modification in order to improve pediatric HIV care. Retrospective cohort study was conducted in 228 HIV infected children starting antiretroviral treatment at Wolaita zone selected health facilities, Ethiopia. WHO reference population was used to calculate Z- scores for height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate analysis using Cox regression proportional hazard model. Survival were calculated and compared with the Kaplan Meier and log rank test. Males account 121(53.1%), mean age was 6.29 years. Mean survival time using Kaplan Meier analysis was 89.3 months (95% CI 85.71-92.97). Incidence of mortality rate 21.02 per 1000 person years of observation (95% CI 12.8-34.3). Overall nutritional status was, 62.5% stunted, 43.0% underweight and 44.7% wasted at baseline. As a result, rural residence AHR 4.30 (95% CI, 1.25-14.8), fair/poor of first three-month ART adherence AHR 8.95(95% CI 2.624-33.72), severely wasted children at baseline AHR 7.040 (95% CI, 1.27-39.13) and age of children were predictors of mortality. Mortality among HIV-infected children was high and strongly associated with malnutrition, residence in rural area, low adherence to ART, and beginning of ART at an advanced age; highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions including promotion of early initiation and adherence to ART. Key words: Children, malnutrition, mortality, HIV/AIDS.
{"title":"Predictors on mortality of human immunodeficiency virus infected children after initiation of antiretroviral treatment in Wolaita zone health facilities, Ethiopia: Retrospective cohort study","authors":"Shimelash Bitew, A. Mekonen, Meselech Assegid","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0412","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency syndromes (HIV/AIDS) have created an enormous challenge on the survival of infected patients. Identifying baseline factors that predict morbidity could allow their possible modification in order to improve pediatric HIV care. Retrospective cohort study was conducted in 228 HIV infected children starting antiretroviral treatment at Wolaita zone selected health facilities, Ethiopia. WHO reference population was used to calculate Z- scores for height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate analysis using Cox regression proportional hazard model. Survival were calculated and compared with the Kaplan Meier and log rank test. Males account 121(53.1%), mean age was 6.29 years. Mean survival time using Kaplan Meier analysis was 89.3 months (95% CI 85.71-92.97). Incidence of mortality rate 21.02 per 1000 person years of observation (95% CI 12.8-34.3). Overall nutritional status was, 62.5% stunted, 43.0% underweight and 44.7% wasted at baseline. As a result, rural residence AHR 4.30 (95% CI, 1.25-14.8), fair/poor of first three-month ART adherence AHR 8.95(95% CI 2.624-33.72), severely wasted children at baseline AHR 7.040 (95% CI, 1.27-39.13) and age of children were predictors of mortality. Mortality among HIV-infected children was high and strongly associated with malnutrition, residence in rural area, low adherence to ART, and beginning of ART at an advanced age; highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions including promotion of early initiation and adherence to ART. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Children, malnutrition, mortality, HIV/AIDS.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"89-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43500989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with increased nutrient needs and compromised body immunity. Minimal information exists on effect of food-based interventions on health status of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study investigated the efficacy of amaranth grain (Amaranthus cruentus) consumption on CD4 count and morbidity patterns among PLHIV. A one group pre-test-post-test study design was used on a sample of 66 pre-ART adults living with HIV. The study involved collection of baseline characteristics of the respondents; this was followed by consumption of amaranth grain porridge (100 g) for six months. Post-test data was collected and paired t- test was used to compare pre-test and post-test data. Daily consumption of 100 g of amaranth grain porridge increased nutrient intake. A significant increase (P=0.004) in CD4 count from 498.2±163 SD at baseline to 608 ± 157 SD post-test was observed. There was a significant decline in the number of respondents with any form of illnesses from a total of 52 (78.8%) at baseline to 21 (31.8%) respondents at month six (P=0.031). Amaranth grain increased nutrient intake, CD4 count and consequently reduced the prevalence of illness. The study recommends that nutrition and health practitioners should educate PLHIV on importance of use of amaranth grain to complement usual dietary intake. Key words: Amaranth grain, CD4 count, morbidity pattern, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV).
{"title":"Efficacy of amaranth grain consumption on CD4 count and morbidity patterns among adults living with HIV in Nyeri, Kenya","authors":"Z. Ndungu, E. Kuria, N. Gikonyo, D. Mbithe","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0415","url":null,"abstract":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with increased nutrient needs and compromised body immunity. Minimal information exists on effect of food-based interventions on health status of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study investigated the efficacy of amaranth grain (Amaranthus cruentus) consumption on CD4 count and morbidity patterns among PLHIV. A one group pre-test-post-test study design was used on a sample of 66 pre-ART adults living with HIV. The study involved collection of baseline characteristics of the respondents; this was followed by consumption of amaranth grain porridge (100 g) for six months. Post-test data was collected and paired t- test was used to compare pre-test and post-test data. Daily consumption of 100 g of amaranth grain porridge increased nutrient intake. A significant increase (P=0.004) in CD4 count from 498.2±163 SD at baseline to 608 ± 157 SD post-test was observed. There was a significant decline in the number of respondents with any form of illnesses from a total of 52 (78.8%) at baseline to 21 (31.8%) respondents at month six (P=0.031). Amaranth grain increased nutrient intake, CD4 count and consequently reduced the prevalence of illness. The study recommends that nutrition and health practitioners should educate PLHIV on importance of use of amaranth grain to complement usual dietary intake. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Amaranth grain, CD4 count, morbidity pattern, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV).","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"81-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48182220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micronutrients reduce morbidity and slow the rate of disease progression and thus, micronutrient supplementation in HIV is recommended. This study established the level of uptake of micronutrient supplements among people living with HIV in Kayole, Nairobi County. A cross-sectional analytical design was adopted on a comprehensive sample of 153 adults living with HIV, enrolled at Comprehensive Care Centre in Kayole Health Centre. Data is described by use of percentages while relationships are assessed using chi-square. Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informants was transcribed and analyzed to complement the quantitative findings. Results showed that only 13.7% of the respondents were on micronutrients at the time of the study. The micronutrient supplements commonly supplemented were vitamin and mineral mix (50.3%), zinc (34%), vitamin B6 (24.2%), vitamin A (24.2%), folate (12.4%), and iron (15%). The main reason for supplementation was; those on Antiretroviral Therapy (66.7%), due to the presence of opportunistic infections (40.5%), those who had no appetite (28.1%), underweight cases (21.6%) and those on tuberculosis treatment (17.0%). The main reason for low uptake was due to stock outs at treatment centre (24.8%), the high cost of supplements (13.7%) and side effects after intake (5.9%). Adults living with HIV are aware of the importance of micronutrients and had taken micronutrient supplements at one point during the treatment period. However, uptake at the time of the study was low. This was due to lack of guidelines for supplementation, high cost of supplements, stock-outs in health facilities and side effects. This study recommends proper education and sensitization on supplementation. Standard guidelines and policies for micronutrient supplementation should be developed. A pull system should be adapted in the supply of supplements. Key words: Micronutrients, supplementation, people living with HIV, Kenya, adults.
{"title":"Level of micronutrient supplements uptake among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kayole, Nairobi County, Kenya","authors":"P. Chege, O. Muthamia","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2017.0414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2017.0414","url":null,"abstract":"Micronutrients reduce morbidity and slow the rate of disease progression and thus, micronutrient supplementation in HIV is recommended. This study established the level of uptake of micronutrient supplements among people living with HIV in Kayole, Nairobi County. A cross-sectional analytical design was adopted on a comprehensive sample of 153 adults living with HIV, enrolled at Comprehensive Care Centre in Kayole Health Centre. Data is described by use of percentages while relationships are assessed using chi-square. Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informants was transcribed and analyzed to complement the quantitative findings. Results showed that only 13.7% of the respondents were on micronutrients at the time of the study. The micronutrient supplements commonly supplemented were vitamin and mineral mix (50.3%), zinc (34%), vitamin B6 (24.2%), vitamin A (24.2%), folate (12.4%), and iron (15%). The main reason for supplementation was; those on Antiretroviral Therapy (66.7%), due to the presence of opportunistic infections (40.5%), those who had no appetite (28.1%), underweight cases (21.6%) and those on tuberculosis treatment (17.0%). The main reason for low uptake was due to stock outs at treatment centre (24.8%), the high cost of supplements (13.7%) and side effects after intake (5.9%). Adults living with HIV are aware of the importance of micronutrients and had taken micronutrient supplements at one point during the treatment period. However, uptake at the time of the study was low. This was due to lack of guidelines for supplementation, high cost of supplements, stock-outs in health facilities and side effects. This study recommends proper education and sensitization on supplementation. Standard guidelines and policies for micronutrient supplementation should be developed. A pull system should be adapted in the supply of supplements. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Micronutrients, supplementation, people living with HIV, Kenya, adults.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47083910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haileselasie Berhane Alema, Kebede Haile Misgina, M. Weldu
Disclosure of HIV positive status to sexual partners, friends or relatives is crucial for HIV prevention and care implementation strategies. Hence, it is important to explore factors determining individuals to disclose their HIV positive status in order to achieve a goal of zero new HIV infection. Facility based mixed cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August, 2013 among 361 HIV positive adults attending Axum Health Facilities. They were selected through systematic random sampling. Data were collected by trained counselors and ART nurses and then entered into SPSS version 20 databases. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of HIV positive status disclosure at 95% confidence intervals and p-value of less than 0.05. Among 361 respondents, 289 disclosed their HIV status to someone and 151(41.8%) to intimate partners. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, variables significantly associated at p-value <0.05 were married; knowing partner’s HIV status and membership in an HIV-Support Group were positive predictors of disclosure. These findings were supported by qualitative study in which fear of discrimination, fear of breaking confidentiality and fear of families make them to conceal their status. The rate of HIV positive status disclosure among HIV positive adults has remained low. Marital status of respondents, knowledge of partners’ HIV status and being member in Anti- HIV/AIDS Association were identified as predictors of HIV positive status disclosure. Addressing the issues of disclosure was recommended to encourage free disclosure and coping with negative reactions, which is a crucial way for adherence to treatment. Key words: Adult, Axum health facilities, Ethiopia, HIV positive disclosure.
{"title":"Determinant factors of HIV positive status disclosure among adults in Axum Health Facilities, Northern Ethiopia: Implication on treatment adherence","authors":"Haileselasie Berhane Alema, Kebede Haile Misgina, M. Weldu","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0402","url":null,"abstract":"Disclosure of HIV positive status to sexual partners, friends or relatives is crucial for HIV prevention and care implementation strategies. Hence, it is important to explore factors determining individuals to disclose their HIV positive status in order to achieve a goal of zero new HIV infection. Facility based mixed cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August, 2013 among 361 HIV positive adults attending Axum Health Facilities. They were selected through systematic random sampling. Data were collected by trained counselors and ART nurses and then entered into SPSS version 20 databases. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of HIV positive status disclosure at 95% confidence intervals and p-value of less than 0.05. Among 361 respondents, 289 disclosed their HIV status to someone and 151(41.8%) to intimate partners. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, variables significantly associated at p-value <0.05 were married; knowing partner’s HIV status and membership in an HIV-Support Group were positive predictors of disclosure. These findings were supported by qualitative study in which fear of discrimination, fear of breaking confidentiality and fear of families make them to conceal their status. The rate of HIV positive status disclosure among HIV positive adults has remained low. Marital status of respondents, knowledge of partners’ HIV status and being member in Anti- HIV/AIDS Association were identified as predictors of HIV positive status disclosure. Addressing the issues of disclosure was recommended to encourage free disclosure and coping with negative reactions, which is a crucial way for adherence to treatment. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Adult, Axum health facilities, Ethiopia, HIV positive disclosure.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"52-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45622412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is of critical importance because even minor deviations from the prescribed regimen can result in viral resistance. Multiple factors influence adherence among people living with human immune virus. But at present little is known about the patient’s experience and adherence when taking such complex regimens. The major aim of the study was to assess factors associated with antiretroviral treatment adherence among people living with human immune virus A facility based cross-sectional study design was used, with systematic sampling technique on 300 adult patients on antiretroviral therapy. Factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral drugs were analyzed with bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. A total of 300 patients on antiretroviral therapy involved in this research and despite requirement of complete or near complete adherence to antiretroviral therapy only 205(68.3%) were found to be adherent. The bivariate and multivariate logistic regression showed that factors like mild depression (AOR=3.24) 95% CI(2.04-8.67), moderate depression (AOR=3.06) 95%CI(1.61-5.67), alcohol abuse (COR=2.562) p=0.049, current khat chewing (COR=2.85) p=0.025, disclosure status (COR=0.426) p=0.004, presence of opportunistic infection (AOR=5.44) 95%CI(1.833-16.10), and presence of comorbid disease (COR=4.256) p=0.002 showed association to adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Generally about three out ten patients on antiretroviral therapy were found to be non-adherent to antiretroviral regimen in Bale zone. Depression and the presence of opportunistic infection are adversely linked to adherence status of these patients. Key words: Adherence, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), ART Clinic, Bale.
{"title":"Factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral treatment among patients living with HIV/AIDS, in Bale zone, south eastern Ethiopia","authors":"M. Beshir, Adamu Tesfaye","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0407","url":null,"abstract":"Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is of critical importance because even minor deviations from the prescribed regimen can result in viral resistance. Multiple factors influence adherence among people living with human immune virus. But at present little is known about the patient’s experience and adherence when taking such complex regimens. The major aim of the study was to assess factors associated with antiretroviral treatment adherence among people living with human immune virus A facility based cross-sectional study design was used, with systematic sampling technique on 300 adult patients on antiretroviral therapy. Factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral drugs were analyzed with bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. A total of 300 patients on antiretroviral therapy involved in this research and despite requirement of complete or near complete adherence to antiretroviral therapy only 205(68.3%) were found to be adherent. The bivariate and multivariate logistic regression showed that factors like mild depression (AOR=3.24) 95% CI(2.04-8.67), moderate depression (AOR=3.06) 95%CI(1.61-5.67), alcohol abuse (COR=2.562) p=0.049, current khat chewing (COR=2.85) p=0.025, disclosure status (COR=0.426) p=0.004, presence of opportunistic infection (AOR=5.44) 95%CI(1.833-16.10), and presence of comorbid disease (COR=4.256) p=0.002 showed association to adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Generally about three out ten patients on antiretroviral therapy were found to be non-adherent to antiretroviral regimen in Bale zone. Depression and the presence of opportunistic infection are adversely linked to adherence status of these patients. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Adherence, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), ART Clinic, Bale.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"67-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47525103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzes the range of vulnerabilities among the left behind women (LBW) and their coping strategies primarily focusing on Self Help Groups (SHGs). The basic data used in this paper were collected as part of the Mid Term Review of a cross country intervention on Enhancing Mobile Populations’ Access to HIV&AIDS Services, Information and Support (EMPHASIS) in South Asia in 2012. The reproductive vulnerabilities of the left behind women like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reproductive tract infections (RTIs), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are primarily due to the risky sexual behaviour of husbands at destination. The other vulnerabilities faced by the left behind women are the lack of capacity in treatment seeking, physical harassments and social vulnerabilities with the blind administrative response. The self-help groups have proved to be a boon in the life of these left behind women in Bangladesh and have also moulded their lives for beneficence. Compared to their previous lives without the association of self-help groups, left behind women can now address their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and impart this knowledge to their husband and ask them to abstain from sex in India or to have safe sex with female sex workers (FSWs). Self help groups also have impacted their social and financial positions reducing social harassment. The mobility of the left behind women has increased in and outside community improving their treatment seeking behaviour. They have now become literate about their sexual and reproductive rights and negotiate with their husbands to use condoms when they come back. Key words: Left behind women, cross border migration, Bangladesh, reproductive vulnerability, HIV & AIDS.
{"title":"Cross border migration enhancing reproductive vulnerability of the left behind women and their coping mechanism through self help groups: A study of Bangladesh","authors":"S. Singh, A. Siddhanta","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0390","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the range of vulnerabilities among the left behind women (LBW) and their coping strategies primarily focusing on Self Help Groups (SHGs). The basic data used in this paper were collected as part of the Mid Term Review of a cross country intervention on Enhancing Mobile Populations’ Access to HIV&AIDS Services, Information and Support (EMPHASIS) in South Asia in 2012. The reproductive vulnerabilities of the left behind women like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reproductive tract infections (RTIs), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are primarily due to the risky sexual behaviour of husbands at destination. The other vulnerabilities faced by the left behind women are the lack of capacity in treatment seeking, physical harassments and social vulnerabilities with the blind administrative response. The self-help groups have proved to be a boon in the life of these left behind women in Bangladesh and have also moulded their lives for beneficence. Compared to their previous lives without the association of self-help groups, left behind women can now address their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and impart this knowledge to their husband and ask them to abstain from sex in India or to have safe sex with female sex workers (FSWs). Self help groups also have impacted their social and financial positions reducing social harassment. The mobility of the left behind women has increased in and outside community improving their treatment seeking behaviour. They have now become literate about their sexual and reproductive rights and negotiate with their husbands to use condoms when they come back. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Left behind women, cross border migration, Bangladesh, reproductive vulnerability, HIV & AIDS.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"60-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43961267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Botswana continues to have a high level of HIV prevalence, with about 17% of the population living with HIV AIDS (BAIS IV, 2013). Female sex workers are classified among the most at risk population group in the country. However, sub-national disaggregated data on new infections are not available. Hence, there is a need to focus great attention on other proxies of infection. The present study examines predictors of HIV testing among female sex workers (FSWs) in Botswana. The FSWs were recruited into the study using the time-location cluster sampling method (TLS) to collect data on prevalence and incidence of HIV and other STIs and their risk factors for HIV. The logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate crude odds ratios and identify the factors associated with having an HIV test among the FSWs. HIV prevalence among sex workers in Botswana was found to be 3 times higher than in the general population. Analysis of the results shows that the sex workers most likely to seek HIV testing were young women with no children. The odds of testing for HIV were almost 4 times more for FSWs who had first sex older as compared to the odds of testing for those who are 17 to 19 years old. Lack of or inconsistent condom use and currently having symptoms of STIs such as lower abdominal pain and genital ulcerations were also factors associated with HIV testing. Results further show that FSW hold little discrimination and stigma related attitudes towards PLWA. FSWs have little participation in the HIV prevention, treatment and care efforts currently accessed by the general population. It is recommended is that this framework should also be extended to FSW’s and their clients in order to curb HIV and STIs. Key words: Female sex workers, HIV testing, Botswana, prevalence, associated factors, odds ratio.
{"title":"Factors associated with HIV testing among female sex workers in Botswana","authors":"K. Setlhare, G. D. Manyeagae","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0404","url":null,"abstract":"Botswana continues to have a high level of HIV prevalence, with about 17% of the population living with HIV AIDS (BAIS IV, 2013). Female sex workers are classified among the most at risk population group in the country. However, sub-national disaggregated data on new infections are not available. Hence, there is a need to focus great attention on other proxies of infection. The present study examines predictors of HIV testing among female sex workers (FSWs) in Botswana. The FSWs were recruited into the study using the time-location cluster sampling method (TLS) to collect data on prevalence and incidence of HIV and other STIs and their risk factors for HIV. The logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate crude odds ratios and identify the factors associated with having an HIV test among the FSWs. HIV prevalence among sex workers in Botswana was found to be 3 times higher than in the general population. Analysis of the results shows that the sex workers most likely to seek HIV testing were young women with no children. The odds of testing for HIV were almost 4 times more for FSWs who had first sex older as compared to the odds of testing for those who are 17 to 19 years old. Lack of or inconsistent condom use and currently having symptoms of STIs such as lower abdominal pain and genital ulcerations were also factors associated with HIV testing. Results further show that FSW hold little discrimination and stigma related attitudes towards PLWA. FSWs have little participation in the HIV prevention, treatment and care efforts currently accessed by the general population. It is recommended is that this framework should also be extended to FSW’s and their clients in order to curb HIV and STIs. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Female sex workers, HIV testing, Botswana, prevalence, associated factors, odds ratio.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"42-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2016.0404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42807580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Y. Teweldemedhin, J. Swartz, Erling Kavita, A. Siebert
The aim of this paper was to assess the Work Place Programme (WPP) for HIV/AIDS in Namibia. The methodological framework consisted of the following stages: (i) defining the target population, (ii) clustering the producers, (iii) applying the selection criteria and (iv) applying the eligibility criteria. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistical procedures, as well as the triangulation of data. The study was conducted in Namibia, in the capital city of Windhoek and the city of Swakopmund, which is a tourist hub between the desert and the coastline. The results show that of the 108 companies sampled, none had a WPP in place, while a few had some undocumented HIV/AIDS activities. Companies indicated that WPP implementation strategies had been inactive for long periods of time and that many HIV and AIDS activities were centered on World Aids Day. This was attributed to budgetary constraints; there is perception that such programmes are the responsibility of the government. This prevented such programmes from featuring in the business’s strategic planning and not yet mainstreamed into company operations. This study suggested that effective HIV and AIDS policy need to integrate within the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR), is essential for adequate health care management in the tourism industry. Key words: Policy, corporate social responsibility (CSR), Work Place Programme (WPP), HIV/AIDS, Namibia.
{"title":"Assessment of the workplace programme for HIV/AIDS in the tourism industry sector of Namibia","authors":"M. Y. Teweldemedhin, J. Swartz, Erling Kavita, A. Siebert","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0403","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper was to assess the Work Place Programme (WPP) for HIV/AIDS in Namibia. The methodological framework consisted of the following stages: (i) defining the target population, (ii) clustering the producers, (iii) applying the selection criteria and (iv) applying the eligibility criteria. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistical procedures, as well as the triangulation of data. The study was conducted in Namibia, in the capital city of Windhoek and the city of Swakopmund, which is a tourist hub between the desert and the coastline. The results show that of the 108 companies sampled, none had a WPP in place, while a few had some undocumented HIV/AIDS activities. Companies indicated that WPP implementation strategies had been inactive for long periods of time and that many HIV and AIDS activities were centered on World Aids Day. This was attributed to budgetary constraints; there is perception that such programmes are the responsibility of the government. This prevented such programmes from featuring in the business’s strategic planning and not yet mainstreamed into company operations. This study suggested that effective HIV and AIDS policy need to integrate within the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR), is essential for adequate health care management in the tourism industry. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Policy, corporate social responsibility (CSR), Work Place Programme (WPP), HIV/AIDS, Namibia.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"4 6 1","pages":"31-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2016.0403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71135491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prevalence of HIV among female sex workers (FSW) in India is highest in the state of Maharashtra (7.4%). Mumbai, the capital city of Maharashtra, with a large sex industry mainly consisting of brothels, lags behind in the overall average decline in HIV seen in this state over the last decade. Condoms are now widely used by sex workers through the pro-active role of Mumbai District AIDS Control Society (MDACS) and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs), but many associated risk behaviours remain and contribute to the high HIV prevalence among FSW in Mumbai. This community-based descriptive study was conducted to assess HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and sexual risk behaviours among FSW in Mumbai in 2015. Knowledge was assessed using a ‘cumulative knowledge score’ by taking 18 questions to assess HIV/AIDS knowledge. Sexual behavioural practises among FSW with occasional clients, regular male clients, regular non-paying male partner and non-regular non-paying clients were also assessed separately. Ninety-one FSW working in brothels in Mumbai gave informed consent and were purposively selected to participate in the study. The mean age of the respondents was 32.9, three out of four were illiterate and 62% were either married or had a live-in partner. 85% of the study population reported above average satisfactory score (score≥8) on cumulative knowledge on HIV/AIDS and a nearly 100% used condom both with regular and occasional clients. The study revealed some risk factors among FSW and their regular non-paying partners that need to be urgently tackled. Most of the FSW (86%) use more than one condom during a sexual act, and it was also found out that they tend to engage in risky sexual practices with their regular non-paying partner without condom, thinking that it was not necessary. Key words: HIV, female sex workers, knowledge, risk behaviour, condom use, India, Mumbai, brothels.
{"title":"A study on HIV knowledge and preventive behavioral practices among FSWS in Mumbai","authors":"G. Adithyan, Bal Rakshase, A. Ekstrom","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0398","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of HIV among female sex workers (FSW) in India is highest in the state of Maharashtra (7.4%). Mumbai, the capital city of Maharashtra, with a large sex industry mainly consisting of brothels, lags behind in the overall average decline in HIV seen in this state over the last decade. Condoms are now widely used by sex workers through the pro-active role of Mumbai District AIDS Control Society (MDACS) and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs), but many associated risk behaviours remain and contribute to the high HIV prevalence among FSW in Mumbai. This community-based descriptive study was conducted to assess HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and sexual risk behaviours among FSW in Mumbai in 2015. Knowledge was assessed using a ‘cumulative knowledge score’ by taking 18 questions to assess HIV/AIDS knowledge. Sexual behavioural practises among FSW with occasional clients, regular male clients, regular non-paying male partner and non-regular non-paying clients were also assessed separately. Ninety-one FSW working in brothels in Mumbai gave informed consent and were purposively selected to participate in the study. The mean age of the respondents was 32.9, three out of four were illiterate and 62% were either married or had a live-in partner. 85% of the study population reported above average satisfactory score (score≥8) on cumulative knowledge on HIV/AIDS and a nearly 100% used condom both with regular and occasional clients. The study revealed some risk factors among FSW and their regular non-paying partners that need to be urgently tackled. Most of the FSW (86%) use more than one condom during a sexual act, and it was also found out that they tend to engage in risky sexual practices with their regular non-paying partner without condom, thinking that it was not necessary. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: HIV, female sex workers, knowledge, risk behaviour, condom use, India, Mumbai, brothels.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2016.0398","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47445954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ilomuanya Margaret, Okubanjo Omotunde, Azubuike Chukwuemeka, Oguntibeju, Adeyemi, A. Dolapo, M. Chima
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the concomitant use of herbal medicine and anti-retroviral drugs in people living with HIV/AIDs and to evaluate the reasons given by the patients for concomitant administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with herbal drugs in order to establish a possible link between the use of herbal medicines and adherence. A cross sectional study design was utilized via systematic sampling for recruitment of HIV positive individuals receiving their medications in Amuwo-Odofin and Ojo areas in Lagos, Nigeria. Based on the inclusion criteria, 351 HIV positive patients were recruited into the study from the HIV outpatient clinics of two hospitals and had the questionnaires administered to them. 42.7% of the respondents stated that they use herbal medicines. The association for each of the herbal medicines with side effects experienced with the use of ARVs was statistically significant upon cross-tabulation and was a major predictor of herbal drug use. The prevalence of herbal drug use in patients who were adhering to HAART medication was not significantly different from those who were not adhering to medication (p = 0.75 and χ2 = 6.902). The use or lack of use of herbal medicine is not a determinant for adherence. The most profound reason for herb use was to improve treatment. However, herb/drug interaction studies are imperative to ascertain if interactions occurring are beneficial or harmful. The pharmacist must counsel and re-counsel patients on HAART, not to use herbal products with their antiretroviral medications to avoid drug-herb interactions which could be potentially life threatening. Key words: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), herbal drugs, adherence.
{"title":"Evaluation of the frequency of use of herbal drugs with concomitant administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy and its effect on medication adherence in two health care facilities in south western Nigeria","authors":"Ilomuanya Margaret, Okubanjo Omotunde, Azubuike Chukwuemeka, Oguntibeju, Adeyemi, A. Dolapo, M. Chima","doi":"10.5897/JAHR2016.0399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JAHR2016.0399","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the concomitant use of herbal medicine and anti-retroviral drugs in people living with HIV/AIDs and to evaluate the reasons given by the patients for concomitant administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with herbal drugs in order to establish a possible link between the use of herbal medicines and adherence. A cross sectional study design was utilized via systematic sampling for recruitment of HIV positive individuals receiving their medications in Amuwo-Odofin and Ojo areas in Lagos, Nigeria. Based on the inclusion criteria, 351 HIV positive patients were recruited into the study from the HIV outpatient clinics of two hospitals and had the questionnaires administered to them. 42.7% of the respondents stated that they use herbal medicines. The association for each of the herbal medicines with side effects experienced with the use of ARVs was statistically significant upon cross-tabulation and was a major predictor of herbal drug use. The prevalence of herbal drug use in patients who were adhering to HAART medication was not significantly different from those who were not adhering to medication (p = 0.75 and χ2 = 6.902). The use or lack of use of herbal medicine is not a determinant for adherence. The most profound reason for herb use was to improve treatment. However, herb/drug interaction studies are imperative to ascertain if interactions occurring are beneficial or harmful. The pharmacist must counsel and re-counsel patients on HAART, not to use herbal products with their antiretroviral medications to avoid drug-herb interactions which could be potentially life threatening. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), herbal drugs, adherence.","PeriodicalId":73590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS and HIV research (Online)","volume":"9 1","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/JAHR2016.0399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41729861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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