Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.224
T. Iwao
Background The number of patients with nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM) has increased exponentially in recent years. In Japan, approximately 88.8% of patients with NTM suffer from Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) Lung Disease. Incidence of MAC Lung Disease is increasing owing to a rapid increase in nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Although basic treatment for MAC Lung Disease is chemotherapy, clarithromycin monotherapy is contraindicated by specialists owing to its high potential to induce drug-resistant bacterial strains in patients with MAC Lung Disease. However, it is unclear how much such treatment cases exist in clinical practical. This is because no long-term investigation has been carried out. Materials and Methods This study investigated treatment with these medications from 2005 to 2017, by studying 1107 patients with MAC Lung Disease based on data in patient insurance claims. Results Results showed that approximately 10.3% (114 cases) were prescribed long-term CAM monotherapy for three months. Conclusion Generally, administration of antibiotics over a long period of time is potentially detrimental to some patients. Better awareness of the types of treatments and their potential negative effects will be beneficial to clinical practitioners. In the immediate future, it seems to be effective to develop an educational system on single agent administration of antimicrobial agents.
{"title":"A Survey of Clarithromycin Monotherapy for Patients with MAC Lung Disease in Japan","authors":"T. Iwao","doi":"10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.224","url":null,"abstract":"Background The number of patients with nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM) has increased exponentially in recent years. In Japan, approximately 88.8% of patients with NTM suffer from Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) Lung Disease. Incidence of MAC Lung Disease is increasing owing to a rapid increase in nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Although basic treatment for MAC Lung Disease is chemotherapy, clarithromycin monotherapy is contraindicated by specialists owing to its high potential to induce drug-resistant bacterial strains in patients with MAC Lung Disease. However, it is unclear how much such treatment cases exist in clinical practical. This is because no long-term investigation has been carried out. Materials and Methods This study investigated treatment with these medications from 2005 to 2017, by studying 1107 patients with MAC Lung Disease based on data in patient insurance claims. Results Results showed that approximately 10.3% (114 cases) were prescribed long-term CAM monotherapy for three months. Conclusion Generally, administration of antibiotics over a long period of time is potentially detrimental to some patients. Better awareness of the types of treatments and their potential negative effects will be beneficial to clinical practitioners. In the immediate future, it seems to be effective to develop an educational system on single agent administration of antimicrobial agents.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86321021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.225
Esayas Tadesse Gebramariam, Mustefa Ahmed
Background: The irrational use of medicines is a worldwide problem increasing morbidity, mortality and costs through increasing adverse medicine reactions and hence patients are not achieving their desired outcomes. In Ethiopia, although there are studies that show the presence of irrational use of medicines in the country, there is limited objective evidence on evaluating medicine use from prescriber, patient and health facility perspectives. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate rational medicine of the improved asphalt were contrasted together with each other as well as with the perspicuous asphalt. Conclusions Methods: Retrospective and prospective cross sectional study were employed to collect data from prescriptions dispensed through main pharmacies and Information for patients respectively. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect information from prescription papers and respondents after obtaining a verbal consent. Data was entered, cleaned, edited and analyzed using SPSS Version 23.0 statistical software package. Results: The average number of medicines prescribed per encounter was 1.74. The% of encounters in which an antibiotic and injection was prescribed was 48.9% and 12.6% respectively. The mean consultation time spent between the prescriber and patient was 5.12 minutes and the mean pharmacy dispensing time was 1.28 minutes. The availability of selected tracer medicines in the health facilities was 79.6%. Conclusion: The study identified that the pattern of prescribing was appreciable and nearly similar with WHO standard reference. However, the patient care factors needs to be improved.
背景:药物的不合理使用是一个世界性的问题，通过增加药物不良反应增加发病率、死亡率和成本，因此患者不能达到预期的结果。在埃塞俄比亚，虽然有研究表明该国存在不合理使用药物的情况，但从处方者、患者和卫生机构的角度评价药物使用情况的客观证据有限。因此，本研究的目的是评价改良沥青的合理性，并将其与普通沥青进行对比。方法:采用回顾性和前瞻性横断面研究，分别收集通过主要药房配药的处方资料和患者资料。在获得口头同意后，采用结构化问卷从处方纸和受访者中收集信息。使用SPSS Version 23.0统计软件包对数据进行录入、整理、编辑和分析。结果:平均每次就诊处方药物数为1.74。处方抗生素和注射的比例分别为48.9%和12.6%。处方者与患者之间的平均咨询时间为5.12分钟，平均药房调剂时间为1.28分钟。卫生设施中选定示踪药物的可得性为79.6%。结论:本研究确定的处方模式较为合理，与WHO标准基本一致。然而，患者护理因素有待改进。
{"title":"Evaluation of Rational Medicine Use based on WHO Core Drug Use Indicators in Public Hospitals in West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Esayas Tadesse Gebramariam, Mustefa Ahmed","doi":"10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.225","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The irrational use of medicines is a worldwide problem increasing morbidity, mortality and costs through increasing adverse medicine reactions and hence patients are not achieving their desired outcomes. In Ethiopia, although there are studies that show the presence of irrational use of medicines in the country, there is limited objective evidence on evaluating medicine use from prescriber, patient and health facility perspectives. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate rational medicine of the improved asphalt were contrasted together with each other as well as with the perspicuous asphalt. Conclusions Methods: Retrospective and prospective cross sectional study were employed to collect data from prescriptions dispensed through main pharmacies and Information for patients respectively. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect information from prescription papers and respondents after obtaining a verbal consent. Data was entered, cleaned, edited and analyzed using SPSS Version 23.0 statistical software package. Results: The average number of medicines prescribed per encounter was 1.74. The% of encounters in which an antibiotic and injection was prescribed was 48.9% and 12.6% respectively. The mean consultation time spent between the prescriber and patient was 5.12 minutes and the mean pharmacy dispensing time was 1.28 minutes. The availability of selected tracer medicines in the health facilities was 79.6%. Conclusion: The study identified that the pattern of prescribing was appreciable and nearly similar with WHO standard reference. However, the patient care factors needs to be improved.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81651777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.227
J. Hasan
Background: Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) pathogen Carbapenem-Resistance Klebsiella pneumonia (CR-Kp) associated Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a serious infectious disease and tigecycline with high or conventional dose, is one of the last resort potential antibiotics for its treatment. Objective: The major objective of this study was to evaluate the key role of adverse events in preferring the better dosing option of tigecycline. Methods: Total 45 middle-aged MDR-CR-Kp associated VAP patients and treated with high (200 mg/day) and conventional dose (100 mg/day) of tigecycline (intravenous) distributed into two groups. Group-wise microbiological eradication rate, secondary infection rate, 30 days mortality rate and dose-related adverse events were analyzed and compared, accordingly. Result: After 5 days, highest microbiological eradication was observed in HD-group (79.17%) than CD-group (47.62%) with low rate of secondary infections (8.33% versus 33.33%). The 30 days mortality rate was relatively higher in HD-group (45.83% versus 38.10%). Severity and frequency of high-dose associated adverse events were higher in HD-group at all parameters than CD-group (elevation of ALT: 33.33%/23.81%; AST: 41.67%/28.57%; bilirubin: 37.50%/19.05%; reduction of blood pH: 45.83%/9.52%, respectively). Conclusion: High dose of tigecycline showed relatively higher therapeutic response in MDR-CR-Kp associated VAP treatment than conventional dose but, with increased rate of adverse events, which questioned its practice.
{"title":"Tigecycline in CR-Kp Associated VAP with High Dose vs. Conventional Dose: Adverse Events are the Key Superiority-determiner","authors":"J. Hasan","doi":"10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-1052.19.8.227","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) pathogen Carbapenem-Resistance Klebsiella pneumonia (CR-Kp) associated Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a serious infectious disease and tigecycline with high or conventional dose, is one of the last resort potential antibiotics for its treatment. Objective: The major objective of this study was to evaluate the key role of adverse events in preferring the better dosing option of tigecycline. Methods: Total 45 middle-aged MDR-CR-Kp associated VAP patients and treated with high (200 mg/day) and conventional dose (100 mg/day) of tigecycline (intravenous) distributed into two groups. Group-wise microbiological eradication rate, secondary infection rate, 30 days mortality rate and dose-related adverse events were analyzed and compared, accordingly. Result: After 5 days, highest microbiological eradication was observed in HD-group (79.17%) than CD-group (47.62%) with low rate of secondary infections (8.33% versus 33.33%). The 30 days mortality rate was relatively higher in HD-group (45.83% versus 38.10%). Severity and frequency of high-dose associated adverse events were higher in HD-group at all parameters than CD-group (elevation of ALT: 33.33%/23.81%; AST: 41.67%/28.57%; bilirubin: 37.50%/19.05%; reduction of blood pH: 45.83%/9.52%, respectively). Conclusion: High dose of tigecycline showed relatively higher therapeutic response in MDR-CR-Kp associated VAP treatment than conventional dose but, with increased rate of adverse events, which questioned its practice.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77326522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052.1000223
Mulugeta Russom, A. Berhe, L. Hagos
Background Alopecia is not a well-known adverse effect of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. It is however, been frequently reported in Eritrea and 83% of the reports of alopecia associated with second-line anti-TB drugs in the global adverse drug reaction database, as of July 25, 2017, were submitted from Eritrea. It is wondering why this much variation is happening and this study is therefore aimed at quantifying the risk, identifying possible risk factors and elucidating the causal association between alopecia and the second-line anti-TB drugs in Eritrea. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study that included all patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Eritrea enrolled to Merhano MDR-TB referral hospital for treatment between June 2011 and December 2016. Results A total of 152 eligible MDR-TB patients on treatment were identified with a median observation time of 23 months. Historical longitudinal data of these patients was screened and found 35 cases of alopecia, possibly associated with MDR-TB treatment, with an incidence rate of about 13 cases per 1000 person-months. Majority of the cases (68.6%) developed alopecia after 18 months of exposure to MDR-TB treatment. Patients exposed to treatment for longer period of time (>23 months) were more likely to develop alopecia compared to those exposed for shorter time (p=0.001). Patients younger than 45 years of age reported higher rates of alopecia compared to the older age groups (adjusted OR=9.4; 95%CI: 2.41-36.86, p=0.001). Females were also more likely to develop alopecia compared to males (adjusted OR=3; 95%CI: 1.24 - 7.34, p=0.015). Conclusion Alopecia associated with MDR-TB treatment is frequent but its delayed time to onset might be a reason to be missed by several similar studies conducted elsewhere. Even though alopecia is not life-threatening and does not cause physical pain, the cosmetic effects of hair loss can be psychologically devastating.
{"title":"Second-line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs and Risk of Alopecia: A Retrospective Cohort study","authors":"Mulugeta Russom, A. Berhe, L. Hagos","doi":"10.4172/2167-1052.1000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1052.1000223","url":null,"abstract":"Background \u0000 \u0000Alopecia is not a well-known adverse effect of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. It is however, been frequently reported in Eritrea and 83% of the reports of alopecia associated with second-line anti-TB drugs in the global adverse drug reaction database, as of July 25, 2017, were submitted from Eritrea. It is wondering why this much variation is happening and this study is therefore aimed at quantifying the risk, identifying possible risk factors and elucidating the causal association between alopecia and the second-line anti-TB drugs in Eritrea. \u0000 \u0000Methods \u0000 \u0000This was a retrospective cohort study that included all patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Eritrea enrolled to Merhano MDR-TB referral hospital for treatment between June 2011 and December 2016. \u0000 \u0000Results \u0000 \u0000A total of 152 eligible MDR-TB patients on treatment were identified with a median observation time of 23 months. Historical longitudinal data of these patients was screened and found 35 cases of alopecia, possibly associated with MDR-TB treatment, with an incidence rate of about 13 cases per 1000 person-months. Majority of the cases (68.6%) developed alopecia after 18 months of exposure to MDR-TB treatment. Patients exposed to treatment for longer period of time (>23 months) were more likely to develop alopecia compared to those exposed for shorter time (p=0.001). Patients younger than 45 years of age reported higher rates of alopecia compared to the older age groups (adjusted OR=9.4; 95%CI: 2.41-36.86, p=0.001). Females were also more likely to develop alopecia compared to males (adjusted OR=3; 95%CI: 1.24 - 7.34, p=0.015). \u0000 \u0000Conclusion \u0000 \u0000Alopecia associated with MDR-TB treatment is frequent but its delayed time to onset might be a reason to be missed by several similar studies conducted elsewhere. Even though alopecia is not life-threatening and does not cause physical pain, the cosmetic effects of hair loss can be psychologically devastating.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77159336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052.1000221
A. M. Baye, Oumer Sada
Background: Self-medication is widely practiced for a wide range of illness or symptoms for both over the counter and prescription only drugs. It is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-illness. Inappropriate self-medication practice results economical wastages, impairment due to the adverse drug reactions, contraindication, prolong suffering and damaging of vital organs due to over dose. Misuse of antibiotics by the public results not only harm to the patients but also leads to the developments of drug resistant bacteria. Objective: This study was conducted to assess self-medication practice in Dessie community pharmacies. Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted in Dessie community pharmacies starting from January 1 to 14, 2015. The sample size was 370 and we used systematic random sampling method to select the representative samples from the study population. Our data collection instruments were questionnaires. Data was analyzed by using Microsoft excel 2010. Result: Eleven community pharmacies were included in the study during the period of data collection. The majority of the respondents, 89.5%, were between 13 to 64 years of age. Of these clients, 45.1% of them were females. From the total clients, 42.4% obtained drugs without prescriptions for self-medication. The common illness/symptoms that necessitate self-medication were headache/fever (34.65%). Analgesics were requested by 27.7% of the respondents. One third of the clients obtained advice from health professionals other than pharmacy professionals. Conclusion: and recommendations: There is wide range of self-medication practice for a wide range of illness for over the counter and prescription only drugs at the study sites. Pharmacy professionals should maintain good dispensing practices and proper regulatory. Control mechanisms should be devised to prevent the use of prescription only medications without prescription.
{"title":"Self-Medication Practice in Community Pharmacies: The Case of Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia","authors":"A. M. Baye, Oumer Sada","doi":"10.4172/2167-1052.1000221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1052.1000221","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Self-medication is widely practiced for a wide range of illness or symptoms for both over the counter and prescription only drugs. It is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-illness. Inappropriate self-medication practice results economical wastages, impairment due to the adverse drug reactions, contraindication, prolong suffering and damaging of vital organs due to over dose. Misuse of antibiotics by the public results not only harm to the patients but also leads to the developments of drug resistant bacteria. Objective: This study was conducted to assess self-medication practice in Dessie community pharmacies. Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted in Dessie community pharmacies starting from January 1 to 14, 2015. The sample size was 370 and we used systematic random sampling method to select the representative samples from the study population. Our data collection instruments were questionnaires. Data was analyzed by using Microsoft excel 2010. Result: Eleven community pharmacies were included in the study during the period of data collection. The majority of the respondents, 89.5%, were between 13 to 64 years of age. Of these clients, 45.1% of them were females. From the total clients, 42.4% obtained drugs without prescriptions for self-medication. The common illness/symptoms that necessitate self-medication were headache/fever (34.65%). Analgesics were requested by 27.7% of the respondents. One third of the clients obtained advice from health professionals other than pharmacy professionals. Conclusion: and recommendations: There is wide range of self-medication practice for a wide range of illness for over the counter and prescription only drugs at the study sites. Pharmacy professionals should maintain good dispensing practices and proper regulatory. Control mechanisms should be devised to prevent the use of prescription only medications without prescription.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88290900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-28DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052.1000220
D. Marisavljević, O. Markovic, M. Zdravković, S. Hinic, N. Suvajdžić-Vuković, B. Filipović
Background: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in the patients with implanted coronary stents is related with serious risks of haemorrhage related to dual antiplatelet therapy on the one hand and stent thrombosis if antiplatelet therapy is interrupted on the other hand. Therefore, the main objective in these patients is the correction of thrombocytopenia and continuous use of antiplatelet drugs. Case report: We present the patient with implanted stents after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and severe ITP who was successfully treated with splenectomy. After the patient experienced AMI, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with implantation of stents has been performed. Thrombocytopenia (21 × 109/L) was registered for the first time after PCI intervention when it has been noticed a massive hematoma of whole right arm at the site of radial artery puncture. Immediately after the intervention dual antiplatelet therapy and prednisone has been started. Since corticosteroids and azathioprine treatment proved unsuccessful (platelet count <10 × 109/L), the patient has been prepared for splenectomy with intravenous immunoglobulins. As the platelet count was in stable range (40-50 × 109/L) after splenectomy, antiplatelet therapy has been readministered safely. Conclusion: As there are no definitive guidelines for treatment of patients with ITP and implanted stents, the treatment should be individualized to minimize risk of hemorrhagic as well as thrombotic complications. Our case suggests that splenectomy is an available and safe treatment for these patients. However, decision on splenectomy is a challenge; and before the surgical intervention the risk-benefit assessment should be considered.
{"title":"Challenge of Using Antiplatelet Drugs in Patients with Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia and Recently Implanted Coronary Stents-Splenectomy as a Therapeutic Option","authors":"D. Marisavljević, O. Markovic, M. Zdravković, S. Hinic, N. Suvajdžić-Vuković, B. Filipović","doi":"10.4172/2167-1052.1000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1052.1000220","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in the patients with implanted coronary stents is related with serious risks of haemorrhage related to dual antiplatelet therapy on the one hand and stent thrombosis if antiplatelet therapy is interrupted on the other hand. Therefore, the main objective in these patients is the correction of thrombocytopenia and continuous use of antiplatelet drugs. \u0000Case report: We present the patient with implanted stents after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and severe ITP who was successfully treated with splenectomy. After the patient experienced AMI, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with implantation of stents has been performed. Thrombocytopenia (21 × 109/L) was registered for the first time after PCI intervention when it has been noticed a massive hematoma of whole right arm at the site of radial artery puncture. Immediately after the intervention dual antiplatelet therapy and prednisone has been started. Since corticosteroids and azathioprine treatment proved unsuccessful (platelet count <10 × 109/L), the patient has been prepared for splenectomy with intravenous immunoglobulins. As the platelet count was in stable range (40-50 × 109/L) after splenectomy, antiplatelet therapy has been readministered safely. \u0000Conclusion: As there are no definitive guidelines for treatment of patients with ITP and implanted stents, the treatment should be individualized to minimize risk of hemorrhagic as well as thrombotic complications. Our case suggests that splenectomy is an available and safe treatment for these patients. However, decision on splenectomy is a challenge; and before the surgical intervention the risk-benefit assessment should be considered.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87788041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-24DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052-C1-001
A. Hartzema
{"title":"Strengthening the clinical evidence provided by observational studies","authors":"A. Hartzema","doi":"10.4172/2167-1052-C1-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1052-C1-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88087993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052.1000218
W. F. Elbossaty
Autism is neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired in social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication, in addition to unique strengths and differences. There were different reasons for induced autism which include genetics and environmental factors. Many vitamins may be play important role in induced of autism. The major vitamin is vitamin D. Deficiency of vitamin D influence on the development of autism. The main method in treatment of autism the treatment with vitamin D supplements.
{"title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Autism","authors":"W. F. Elbossaty","doi":"10.4172/2167-1052.1000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1052.1000218","url":null,"abstract":"Autism is neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired in social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication, in addition to unique strengths and differences. There were different reasons for induced autism which include genetics and environmental factors. Many vitamins may be play important role in induced of autism. The major vitamin is vitamin D. Deficiency of vitamin D influence on the development of autism. The main method in treatment of autism the treatment with vitamin D supplements.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75812298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-26DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052.1000217
Addisu Alemayehu Gube, Rufael Gonfa, T. Tadesse
Background: Antibiotic are among the most prescribed drug in medical ward. Because of the rise in health care cost lack of uniformity in drug prescribing and the emergency of antibiotic resistance monitoring and control of antibiotic use are growing concern and strict antibiotic policies should be warranted. Inappropriate use of antibiotic can increase morbidity, mortality, patient cost and bacterial antibiotic resistance. Objective: To evaluate antibiotic use practice in medical ward of Fitche hospital, North Showa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methodology: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted by collecting data retrospectively from 200 patient cards drawn by Simple random sampling using balloting from Medical ward of Fitche hospital from March 10- May 30, 2016. After checking for completeness and consistency, data was entered in SPSS (IBM 20) and descriptive statistics was carried. Result: Out of the total 200 patient cards, 110 (55%) were of male and 90 (45%) were of female. Most antibiotics were prescribed for empirical treatment 163 (81.5%) and least for prophylactic treatment 5 (2.5%). In this study, of the total 340 drugs prescribed in Medical ward, the prevalence of antibiotics use was 220 (64.7%). In this study, 65% received more than one antibiotic. And the most commonly prescribed groups of antibiotic were Cephalosporin 32.5% and the most commonly prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone 27.5%. Conclusion: This study revealed that of the total of 340 drugs prescribed for 200 patients in Medical Ward of Fitche District Hospital, 64.7% were antibiotics and the most commonly prescribed groups of antibiotic were Cephalosporin and the most commonly prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone. And majority of patients in Medical ward 65% received more than one antibiotic.
{"title":"Evaluation of Antibiotic Use in Medical Ward of Fitche District Hospital, North Showa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Addisu Alemayehu Gube, Rufael Gonfa, T. Tadesse","doi":"10.4172/2167-1052.1000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1052.1000217","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antibiotic are among the most prescribed drug in medical ward. Because of the rise in health care cost lack of uniformity in drug prescribing and the emergency of antibiotic resistance monitoring and control of antibiotic use are growing concern and strict antibiotic policies should be warranted. Inappropriate use of antibiotic can increase morbidity, mortality, patient cost and bacterial antibiotic resistance. \u0000 \u0000Objective: To evaluate antibiotic use practice in medical ward of Fitche hospital, North Showa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. \u0000 \u0000Methodology: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted by collecting data retrospectively from 200 patient cards drawn by Simple random sampling using balloting from Medical ward of Fitche hospital from March 10- May 30, 2016. After checking for completeness and consistency, data was entered in SPSS (IBM 20) and descriptive statistics was carried. \u0000 \u0000Result: Out of the total 200 patient cards, 110 (55%) were of male and 90 (45%) were of female. Most antibiotics were prescribed for empirical treatment 163 (81.5%) and least for prophylactic treatment 5 (2.5%). In this study, of the total 340 drugs prescribed in Medical ward, the prevalence of antibiotics use was 220 (64.7%). In this study, 65% received more than one antibiotic. And the most commonly prescribed groups of antibiotic were Cephalosporin 32.5% and the most commonly prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone 27.5%. \u0000 \u0000Conclusion: This study revealed that of the total of 340 drugs prescribed for 200 patients in Medical Ward of Fitche District Hospital, 64.7% were antibiotics and the most commonly prescribed groups of antibiotic were Cephalosporin and the most commonly prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone. And majority of patients in Medical ward 65% received more than one antibiotic.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85444097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-28DOI: 10.4172/2167-1052.1000216
Jabessa Dula, Lemessa Oljira, B. Geda, Tadele Kinati
Insufficient knowledge about Sexually Transmitted Infections and issues around sexual and reproductive health services are among the major barriers to successfully prevent the disease among adolescent populations in the world. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge of adolescents about STIs and identify the barriers to seek sexual and reproductive health service among Chercher high school regular students in west Hararge zone Oromiya region from February-March 2014. Institutional based cross sectional study design was used. A simple random sampling procedure was used to randomly select students across the sections. Data were collected using a pre tested self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratio with 95% CI was employed to test the association between variables and multiple logistic regressions was used to control for the possible confounders. Only (17.5%) of the participants were knowledgeable. Respondents who aged 10-14 were 61% less likely to be knowledgeable (AOR=0.39, 95% CI=0.17-0.91). Students whose fathers were either merchant or NGO employer were about 78% less likely to have knowledge [AOR=0.22, 95% CI 0.10-0.51]. Knowledge about sexually transmitted disease was very low. Therefore strengthening of information, education and communication on the issue was recommended.
对性传播感染以及性健康和生殖健康服务方面的问题认识不足，是在世界青少年中成功预防这一疾病的主要障碍之一。该研究的目的是评估2014年2月至3月奥罗米亚地区西哈勒日地区彻彻高中普通学生对性传播感染的了解情况，并确定寻求性健康和生殖健康服务的障碍。采用基于机构的横断面研究设计。一个简单的随机抽样程序被用来随机选择各个部门的学生。数据收集使用预先测试的自我管理问卷。采用95% CI的优势比来检验变量之间的相关性，并采用多元逻辑回归来控制可能的混杂因素。只有(17.5%)的参与者是有知识的。10-14岁的受访者有61%的可能性不太了解(AOR=0.39, 95% CI=0.17-0.91)。父亲是商人或非政府组织雇主的学生拥有知识的可能性约为78% [AOR=0.22, 95% CI 0.10-0.51]。对性传播疾病的了解非常少。因此，建议加强关于这一问题的信息、教育和交流。
{"title":"Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Disease and Barriers to Seeking Sexual and Reproductive Health Care among Chercher High School Students","authors":"Jabessa Dula, Lemessa Oljira, B. Geda, Tadele Kinati","doi":"10.4172/2167-1052.1000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1052.1000216","url":null,"abstract":"Insufficient knowledge about Sexually Transmitted Infections and issues around sexual and reproductive health services are among the major barriers to successfully prevent the disease among adolescent populations in the world. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge of adolescents about STIs and identify the barriers to seek sexual and reproductive health service among Chercher high school regular students in west Hararge zone Oromiya region from February-March 2014. Institutional based cross sectional study design was used. A simple random sampling procedure was used to randomly select students across the sections. Data were collected using a pre tested self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratio with 95% CI was employed to test the association between variables and multiple logistic regressions was used to control for the possible confounders. Only (17.5%) of the participants were knowledgeable. Respondents who aged 10-14 were 61% less likely to be knowledgeable (AOR=0.39, 95% CI=0.17-0.91). Students whose fathers were either merchant or NGO employer were about 78% less likely to have knowledge [AOR=0.22, 95% CI 0.10-0.51]. Knowledge about sexually transmitted disease was very low. Therefore strengthening of information, education and communication on the issue was recommended.","PeriodicalId":7385,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85125137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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