Life metabolism最新文献

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Donut and spheroid mitochondria: eating, regenerating or trash them out? 甜甜圈和球形线粒体:吃掉、再生还是扔掉?

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load008

W. Ding, Han-Ming Shen

In response to stress, mitochondrion undergoes constant morphological changes, including the formation of donut and spheroid mitochondria, and both are believed to be implicated in its biological functions.

在应激反应中，线粒体会发生不断的形态变化，包括甜甜圈和球状线粒体的形成，这两者都被认为与其生物学功能有关。

引用次数: 0

Hierarchical inhibition of mTORC1 by glucose starvation-triggered AXIN lysosomal translocation and by AMPK 葡萄糖饥饿触发的AXIN溶酶体易位和AMPK对mTORC1的分级抑制

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load005

Mengqi Li, Xiaoyan Wei, Jinye Xiong, Jin-Wei Feng, Chen-Song Zhang, Sheng-Cai Lin

When glucose is replete, mTORC1 is active and anchored to the lysosomal surface via the two GTPases, RAG and Rheb, which are regulated by Ragulator and TSC2, respectively. When glucose is low, aldolase senses low fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and promotes the translocation of AXIN−LKB1 to the lysosomal surface, which leads to the activation of AMPK and the inhibition of RAGs, sundering mTORC1 from the lysosome and causing its inactivation. AMPK can also inactivate mTORC1 by phosphorylating Raptor and TSC2. However, the hierarchy of AXIN- and AMPK-mediated inhibition of mTORC1 remains poorly defined. Here, we show that AXIN translocation does not require AMPK expression or activity. In glucose starvation conditions, knockout of AXIN extended the half-life of mTORC1 inhibition from 15 min to 60 min, whereas knockout of AMPK only extended it to 30 min. RAGB GTP (constitutively active RAGB) almost entirely blocked the lysosomal dissociation and inhibition of mTORC1 under glucose starvation, but it did not inhibit AMPK, indicating that under these conditions it is AXIN lysosomal translocation that inhibits mTORC1, and it does so via inhibition of RAGs. AICAR, a mimetic of AMP, which activates both cytosolic AMPK and lysosomal AMPK, fully inhibited mTORC1 even when it is stably anchored to the lysosome by RAGB GTP, whereas glucose starvation mildly inhibited such anchored mTORC1. Together, we demonstrate that the lysosomal translocation of AXIN plays a primary role in glucose starvation-triggered inhibition of mTORC1 by inhibiting RAGs, and that AMPK activity inhibits mTORC1 through phosphorylating Raptor and TSC2, especially under severe stress.

当葡萄糖充满时，mTORC1是活跃的，并通过两个gtp酶RAG和Rheb锚定在溶酶体表面，这两个gtp酶分别由调节剂和TSC2调节。当葡萄糖低时，醛缩酶感知低果糖-1,6-二磷酸，促进AXIN−LKB1易位到溶酶体表面，导致AMPK的激活和RAGs的抑制，将mTORC1从溶酶体中分离出来，导致其失活。AMPK也可以通过磷酸化Raptor和TSC2使mTORC1失活。然而，AXIN-和ampk介导的mTORC1抑制的层次结构仍然不明确。在这里，我们发现AXIN易位不需要AMPK的表达或活性。在葡萄糖饥饿条件下，敲除AXIN将mTORC1抑制的半衰期从15分钟延长至60分钟，而敲除AMPK仅将半衰期延长至30分钟。RAGB GTP(组成型活性RAGB)几乎完全阻断了葡萄糖饥饿条件下溶酶体解离和mTORC1的抑制，但它不抑制AMPK，这表明在这些条件下，是AXIN溶酶体移位抑制了mTORC1，并且是通过抑制rag来实现的。AICAR是一种AMP的模拟物，它激活胞质AMPK和溶酶体AMPK，即使当mTORC1被RAGB GTP稳定地锚定在溶酶体上时，也能完全抑制mTORC1，而葡萄糖饥饿则轻度抑制这种锚定的mTORC1。总之，我们证明了AXIN的溶酶体易位通过抑制RAGs在葡萄糖饥饿引发的mTORC1抑制中起主要作用，并且AMPK活性通过磷酸化Raptor和TSC2来抑制mTORC1，特别是在严重应激下。

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引用次数: 0

Type 2 diabetes originated from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 2型糖尿病源于非酒精性脂肪肝

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load007

X. Xiong, Xiaoying Li

Both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are highly prevalent metabolic liver diseases. Accumulating epidemiological evidence now indicates that NAFLD and T2DM are strongly associated, yet the causative relationship remains to be elucidated. Liver serves as a hub for nutrient and energy metabolism in the body. Here we demonstrated the pathogenesis linking NAFLD to T2DM through a series of studies and the attenuation of T2DM progression after NALFD improvement in cohort study. We proposed the urgent necessity of NAFLD management and NAFLD drug development, which might be novel therapeutic avenues for T2DM.

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)和2型糖尿病(T2DM)都是非常普遍的代谢性肝病。越来越多的流行病学证据表明NAFLD和2型糖尿病密切相关，但病因关系仍有待阐明。肝脏是人体营养和能量代谢的中枢。在这里，我们通过一系列研究证明了NAFLD与T2DM之间的发病机制，并在队列研究中证明了NALFD改善后T2DM进展的衰减。我们提出了NAFLD管理和NAFLD药物开发的迫切必要性，这可能是治疗2型糖尿病的新途径。

引用次数: 2

You are what you eat: feeding neurons in nutrient regulation of behavior 你吃什么就是什么:在行为的营养调节中喂养神经元

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load006

Jessie C Morrill, Qingchun Tong

In a recent paper published in Life Metabolism, Yuan et al. demonstrated that deprivation of the essential amino acid, leucine, alleviated depressive behaviors that were induced by chronic stress. Specifically, the antidepressant effects were shown to be mediated by the activation of agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons, which are known for the ability to sense bodily energy status and promote energy intake, revealing a neural basis for the availability of nutrients in controlling mental behaviors.

在最近发表在《生命代谢》杂志上的一篇论文中，袁等人证明，剥夺必需氨基酸亮氨酸可以缓解慢性压力引起的抑郁行为。具体而言，抗抑郁作用是由表达agouti相关蛋白（AgRP）的神经元的激活介导的，该神经元以感知身体能量状态和促进能量摄入的能力而闻名，揭示了营养物质在控制心理行为中的可用性的神经基础。

引用次数: 0

Leucine deprivation results in antidepressant effects via GCN2 in AgRP neurons 亮氨酸剥夺通过GCN2在AgRP神经元中产生抗抑郁作用

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-02-04 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load004

Feixiang Yuan, Shangming Wu, Ziheng Zhou, Fuxin Jiao, Hanrui Yin, Yuguo Niu, Haizhou Jiang, Shanghai Chen, F. Guo

Essential amino acids (EAAs) are crucial nutrients, whose levels change in rodents and patients with depression. However, how the levels of a single EAA affects depressive behaviors remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that although deprivation of the EAA leucine has no effect in unstressed mice, it remarkably reverses the depression-like behaviors induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS). This beneficial effect is independent of feeding and is applicable to the dietary deficiency of other EAAs. Furthermore, the effect of leucine deprivation is suppressed by central injection of leucine or mimicked by central injection of leucinol. Moreover, hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neural activity changes during CRS and leucine deprivation, and chemogenetically inhibiting AgRP neurons eliminates the antidepressant effects of leucine deprivation. Finally, the leucine deprivation-regulated behavioral effects are mediated by amino acid sensor general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) in AgRP neurons. Taken together, our results suggest a new drug target and/or dietary intervention for the reduction of depressive symptoms.

必需氨基酸(EAAs)是至关重要的营养素，其水平在啮齿动物和抑郁症患者中会发生变化。然而，单一EAA的水平如何影响抑郁行为仍然难以捉摸。在这里，我们证明，尽管剥夺EAA亮氨酸对非应激小鼠没有影响，但它显著逆转了慢性约束应激(CRS)诱导的抑郁样行为。这种有益效果不依赖于饲喂，也适用于其他eaa的日粮缺乏。此外，中央注射亮氨酸或中央注射亮醇可抑制亮氨酸剥夺的影响。此外，下丘脑针刺相关肽(AgRP)神经活动在CRS和亮氨酸剥夺过程中发生变化，化学遗传学上抑制AgRP神经元可消除亮氨酸剥夺的抗抑郁作用。最后，氨基酸传感器一般控制非抑制2 (GCN2)在AgRP神经元中介导亮氨酸剥夺调节的行为效应。综上所述，我们的结果提示了一种新的药物靶点和/或饮食干预来减轻抑郁症状。

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引用次数: 1

Inter-tissue communication of mitochondrial stress and metabolic health. 线粒体应激与代谢健康的组织间通讯。

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load001

Hanlin Zhang, Xinyu Li, Wudi Fan, Sentibel Pandovski, Ye Tian, Andrew Dillin

Mitochondria function as a hub of the cellular metabolic network. Mitochondrial stress is closely associated with aging and a variety of diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer. Cells autonomously elicit specific stress responses to cope with mitochondrial stress to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. Interestingly, mitochondrial stress responses may also be induced in a non-autonomous manner in cells or tissues that are not directly experiencing such stress. Such non-autonomous mitochondrial stress responses are mediated by secreted molecules called mitokines. Due to their significant translational potential in improving human metabolic health, there has been a surge in mitokine-focused research. In this review, we summarize the findings regarding inter-tissue communication of mitochondrial stress in animal models. In addition, we discuss the possibility of mitokine-mediated intercellular mitochondrial communication originating from bacterial quorum sensing.

线粒体是细胞代谢网络的中枢。线粒体应激与衰老和包括神经变性和癌症在内的多种疾病密切相关。细胞自主地引发特定的应激反应，以应对线粒体应激，维持线粒体稳态。有趣的是，线粒体应激反应也可能在没有直接经历这种应激的细胞或组织中以非自主的方式诱导。这种非自主的线粒体应激反应是由称为分裂因子的分泌分子介导的。由于它们在改善人类代谢健康方面具有重要的转化潜力，因此以丝分裂因子为重点的研究激增。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于线粒体应激在动物模型中的组织间通讯的发现。此外，我们讨论了起源于细菌群体感应的分裂因子介导的细胞间线粒体通讯的可能性。

引用次数: 2

Metabolism along the life journey of T cells. 代谢沿着T细胞的生命之旅。

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load002

Min Peng, Ming O Li

T cells are one of few cell types in adult mammals that can proliferate extensively and differentiate diversely upon stimulation, which serves as an excellent example to dissect the metabolic basis of cell fate decisions. During the last decade, there has been an explosion of research into the metabolic control of T-cell responses. The roles of common metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, in T-cell responses have been well characterized, and their mechanisms of action are starting to emerge. In this review, we present several considerations for T-cell metabolism-focused research, while providing an overview of the metabolic control of T-cell fate decisions during their life journey. We try to synthesize principles that explain the causal relationship between cellular metabolism and T-cell fate decision. We also discuss key unresolved questions and challenges in targeting T-cell metabolism to treat disease.

T细胞是成年哺乳动物中为数不多的能够在刺激下广泛增殖和多样化分化的细胞类型之一，这是剖析细胞命运决定的代谢基础的一个很好的例子。在过去的十年里，对t细胞反应的代谢控制的研究出现了爆炸式的增长。常见的代谢途径，包括糖酵解、脂质代谢和线粒体氧化磷酸化，在t细胞反应中的作用已经得到了很好的表征，它们的作用机制也开始出现。在这篇综述中，我们提出了以t细胞代谢为重点的研究的几个考虑因素，同时概述了t细胞生命旅程中代谢控制命运决定的概况。我们试图综合解释细胞代谢和t细胞命运决定之间因果关系的原理。我们还讨论了针对t细胞代谢治疗疾病的关键未解决的问题和挑战。

引用次数: 1

Adipose triglyceride lipase: the first transacylase for FAHFAs. 脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶：第一种反式脂肪酸酶。

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac016

Juan Wang, Guosheng Liang, Tong-Jin Zhao

In a recent article published in Nature, Patel et al. identified adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2) as the first biosynthetic enzyme of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), further expanding the knowledge on bioactive lipid research and being a potential paradigm shift for ATGL studies.

最近，Patel 等人在《自然》（Nature）杂志上发表文章，确认脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶（ATGL，又称含 2 类磷脂酶结构域）是羟基脂肪酸酯（FAHFAs）的首个生物合成酶，进一步拓展了生物活性脂质研究的知识面，并有可能成为 ATGL 研究的范式转变。

引用次数: 0

Nonvesicular trafficking of cholesterol by aster proteins 紫菀蛋白对胆固醇的非囊性运输

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load003

Dougall M. Norris, Y. Aw, Hongyuan Yang

In a recent article published in Nature Metabolism, Peter Tontonoz and colleagues found that the Aster/GramD1 proteins were required for plasma membrane cholesterol to reach the endoplasmic reticulum in mouse liver during fasting, LDL uptake, or reverse cholesterol transport. The Aster/GramD1 pathway plays a key role in maintaining hepatic and systemic cholesterol/lipid homeostasis.

在最近发表在《自然代谢》杂志上的一篇文章中，Peter Tontonoz和他的同事发现Aster/GramD1蛋白是小鼠肝脏在禁食、LDL摄取或逆向胆固醇运输过程中质膜胆固醇到达内质网所必需的。Aster/GramD1通路在维持肝脏和全身胆固醇/脂质稳态中起关键作用。

引用次数: 0

The metabolic adaptation in wild vertebrates via omics approaches 通过组学方法研究野生脊椎动物的代谢适应

Life metabolism

Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac040

Xin Du, Yisi Hu, Guangping Huang, Fuwen Wei

Metabolism is the basis for sustaining life and essential to the adaptive evolution of organisms. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, genetic mechanisms of adaptive evolution, including metabolic adaptation, have been extensively resolved by omics approaches, but a deep understanding of genetic and epigenetic metabolic adaptation is still lacking. Exploring metabolic adaptations from genetic and epigenetic perspectives in wild vertebrates is vital to understanding species evolution, especially for the early stages of adaptative evolution. Herein, we summarize the advances in our understanding of metabolic adaptations via omics approaches in wild vertebrates based on three types of cases: extreme environment, periodically changing environment, and changes of species characteristics. We conclude that the understanding of the formation of metabolic adaptations at the genetic level alone can well identify the adaptive genetic variation that has developed during evolution, but cannot resolve the potential impact of metabolic adaptations on the adaptative evolution in the future. Thus, it seems imperative to include epigenomics and metabolomics in the study of adaptation, and that in the future genomic and epigenetic data should be integrated to understand the formation of metabolic adaptation of wild vertebrate organisms.

新陈代谢是维持生命的基础，对生物体的适应性进化至关重要。随着高通量测序技术的发展，包括代谢适应在内的适应性进化的遗传机制已被组学方法广泛解决，但对遗传和表观遗传代谢适应仍缺乏深入的了解。从遗传和表观遗传学的角度探索野生脊椎动物的代谢适应对于理解物种进化至关重要，尤其是在适应进化的早期阶段。在此，我们基于三种类型的情况总结了我们通过组学方法对野生脊椎动物代谢适应的理解进展：极端环境、周期性变化的环境和物种特征的变化。我们的结论是，仅从遗传水平上理解代谢适应的形成，就可以很好地识别进化过程中形成的适应性遗传变异，但不能解决代谢适应对未来适应性进化的潜在影响。因此，似乎有必要将表观基因组学和代谢组学纳入适应研究，并在未来整合基因组和表观遗传学数据，以了解野生脊椎动物代谢适应的形成。

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引用次数: 1

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Life metabolism

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